Abstract
New technologies for vaccine development and infectious disease diagnosis are likely to be introduced in the near future. With this new technology comes the opportunity to vaccinate companion animals against even more infectious agents than is currently practiced in the United States. As we look forward, it becomes particularly important to review current vaccination standards applied to dogs with respect to current knowledge of duration of immunity, awareness of incidence, and likelihood of injurious or even fatal adverse events associated with vaccination, and individual risk factors that dictate which vaccines are most appropriate at which stage of life.
References
- 1.Appel M.J.G. Does canine coronavirus augment the effects of subsequent parvovirus infection? Vet Med (Praha) 1988;83:360–366. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Appel M.J.G., Gillespie J.H. Canine distemper virus. Virology Monographs. 1972;11:1–97. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Barr S.C. Giardiasis in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1994;16:603–614. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Binn L.N., Eddy G.A., Lazar E.C. Viruses recovered from laboratory dogs with respiratory disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967;126:140–145. doi: 10.3181/00379727-126-32386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Bolin C.A. Diagnosis of leptospirosis: A reemerging disease of companion animals. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1996;11:166–171. doi: 10.1016/s1096-2867(96)80029-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Brown C.A., Roberts A.W., Miller M.A. Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs. JAVMA. 1996;209:1265–1267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Burr H., Coyne M., Gay C. Duration of Immunity in Companion Animals after Natural Infection and Vaccination. Pfizer Animal Health; Exton, PA: 1998. pp. 1–21. Research Report. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Burtonboy S. Performance of a high titre attenuated canine parvovirus vaccine I in pups with maternally derived antibody. Vet Rec. 1991;128:377–381. doi: 10.1136/vr.128.16.377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Carmichael L.E. Canine viral vaccines at a turning point—a personal perspective. In: Schultz R.D., editor. Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics. Academic Press; San Diego: 1999. pp. 289–307. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Carmichael L.E. Vaccines for dogs. In: Pastoret P.P., editor. Veterinary Vaccinology. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1997. pp. 327–331. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Donnelly J.J. DNA vaccines. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997;15:617–648. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Duval D., Giger U. Vaccine-induced immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in the dog. J Vet Intern Med. 1996;10:290–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02064.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Ford R.B., Vaden S.L. Canine infectious tracheobronchitis. In: Greene C.E., editor. Infectious Disease of the Dog and Cat. ed 2. WB Saunders; Philadelphia: 1998. pp. 33–38. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Hartman E.G., Van Houten M., Frik J.F. Humoral immune response of dogs after vaccination against Leptospirosis measured by an IgM and IgE specific ELISA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1984;7:245–254. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(84)90083-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Hogenesch H., Azcona-Olivera J., Scotte-Moncrieff C. Vaccine-induced autoimmunity in the dog. Adv Vet Med. 1999;41:733–747. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80056-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Iida H., Fukuda S., Kawashima N. Effect of maternally derived antibody levels on antibody responses to canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and infectious canine hepatitis virus after vaccinations in beagle puppies. Exp Anim. 1990;39:9–19. doi: 10.1538/expanim1978.39.1_9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Kontor E.J., Wegrzyn R.J., Goodnow R.A. Canine infectious tracheobronchitis: Effects of an intranasal live canine parainfluenza-Bonfetella bronchiseptica vaccine on viral shedding and clinical tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:1694–1698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Larson L.J., Schultz R.D. Comparison of selected canine vaccines for their ability to induce protective immunity against canine parvovirus infection. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:360–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Larson L.J., Schultz R.D. Efficacy of immunity induced by canine coronavirus (CCV) vaccines compared against immunity after natural infection with CCV [abstract]. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease; 1996. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Larson L.J., Schultz R.D. High-titer canine parvovirus vaccine: Serologic response and challenge-of-immunity study. Vet Med (Praha) 1996;91:210–218. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Liang F.T., Jacobson R.H., Straubinger R.K. Characterization of a Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE invariable region useful in canine Lyme disease serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4160–4166. doi: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4160-4166.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Morgan J.H., Cooper J. State of the art: Bacterial vaccines, [abstract]. Proceedings of the Second International Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics Conference, Oxford; 2000. p. 19. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Pardo M.C., Bauman J.E., Mackowiak M. Protection of dogs against canine distemper by vaccination with a canary pox virus recombinant expressing virus fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:833–836. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Pastoret P.P. State of the art: Viral vaccines [abstract]. Proceedings of the Second International Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics Conference, Oxford; 2000. p. 17. [Google Scholar]
- 25.Povey R.C., Carman P.S., Ewert E. The duration of immunity to an inactivated adju-vanted canine parvovirus vaccine. Can Vet J. 1983;24:245–248. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Rice Conlon J.A., Mather T.N., Tanner P. Efficacy of a nonadjuvanted, outer surface protein A recombinant vaccine in dogs after challenge by ticks naturally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2000;1:96–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Richards J., Rodan I., Elston T. 2000. 2000 Report of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine Advisory Panel on Feline Vaccines, Nashville. [Google Scholar]
- 28.Schultz R.D. Current and future canine and feline vaccination programs. Vet Med (Praha) 1998;3:233–254. [Google Scholar]
- 29.Schultz R.D. Duration of immunity to canine vaccines: What we know and don’t know. Proceedings for the Canine Infectious Diseases Workshop: From Clinics to Molecular Pathogenesis; James A. Baker Institute; August 1999. Available on-line. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Sikes R.K., Peacock G.V., Acha P. Rabies vaccines: Duration of immunity study in dogs. JAVMA. 1971;159:1491–1499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Van Kampen K.R. Rabies: Guidelines for Medical Professionals. Veterinary Learning Systems; Trenton, NJ: 1999. Rabies vaccines; pp. 67–71. [Google Scholar]
- 32.Weiner D.B., Kennedy R.C. Genetic vaccines. Sci Am. 1999;282:50–57. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0799-50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Wohl J.S. Canine leptospirosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1996;11:1215–1241. [Google Scholar]