A antigen, 246
A phagocytophilum
agent survival in, 301
seroprevalence of, 299
transfusion transmission of, 299–300
ABO blood group system, 217–218
Accuracy, definition of, 82
Acetylcholinesterase, 208, 217
Acridine orange, 13
Adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase, 217
Adhesion molecule, 215
classification of, 208
ADP ribosyl transferase-4, 208
Advisory Committee on Blood Safety and Availability, 8
Africa, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II prevalence in, 49
Alloantibodies
of cats, 118, 119
induced canine, 121–122
natural canine, 121
Allogeneic blood, autologous v, economic evaluation of, 137
Allogeneic blood transfusion-related immunomodulation effect, 267–268, 273–274
Alloimmunization, prevention of, 252
Amicus Dual, 262, 263, 264
Amicus separator, 259
Amicus Single, 262, 263, 264
Amotosalen HCL, plus ultraviolet A, 19–20
Analysis, meta-, 271–272
components of, 271
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 295
Antibiotic lableling, fluorescent, in bacterial detection system, 15–16
Antibiotic probe, 13
Antibody(ies)
human polyclonal, 203
monoclonal, 204
Antigen(s)
blood cell, construction of, 248
carbohydrate, 206
human platelet, 203
identified tumor-associated, 192
platelet, 203, 219–222
red blood cell, 203, 207–219
shared tumor, 193
Anti-Nak antibody, 222
Aquaporin-1-channel-forming integral protein, 208, 212
Aquaporin-3, 208, 212
Asia, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II prevalence in, 49–51
Autoantibodies
canine, 122
feline, 118–119
Autologous blood, allogeneic blood v, economic evaluation of, 137
B antigen, 246
B divergens, 295
seroprevalence of, 299
transfusion transmission of, 299–300
B microti
agent survival in, 301
seroprevalence of, 299
transfusion transmission of, 299–300
Babesia microti, 295
Babesiosis
diagnosis of, 297
seroprevalence of, 298–299
symptoms of, 296
Bacterial culture system, automated, 13–16
Bacterial detection system, 13
dielectrophoretic method in, 16
DNA or RNA-based, 13, 15
endotoxin-based, 16
fluorescent antibiotic labeling in, 15–16
Pall pO;i2 method of, 13, 14–15
peptidoglycan component detection in, 16
stained sample examination in, 16
storage metabolic parameter changes and, 15
Band 3-anion exchanger-1 transporter, 208, 210, 211–212
Basal cell adhesion molecule, 208, 215
Basigin, 216
Battery, definition of, 179
Bg antigen, 216
Biological product deviation, 38, 42
Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Working Party, 25–26
Birds, blood groups of, 123–124
Bleeding
major, 163
minor, 162
risk of, platelet count and, 159
in solid tumor patients, 165
Blood
donor, initial aliquot removal of, 17
escalating cost of, 1-2
sickle homoglobin, rheology of, 170
solvent-detergent treated, 6
in surgery study, 285–286
Blood bank factory, future, 254
Blood component(s)
follow-up of, in recall, 42
managing recall of, 40–41
reducing recall of, 43
Blood donor(s)
attitudes of, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing, 87–88
behavior of, factors influencing, 280–281
deferral rates of, 282
risk factor-based management of, 301–302
screening of, 16–17
seroconversion of, 43
Blood filter(s), 170–171
failure of, 171–173
Sepacell RS-2002, 171
sickle trait and, 174–175
Blood group
avian, 123–124
canine, 119–123
feline, 117–118
ferret, 123
human v canine, 121
Blood group antigen, canine, 122–123
Blood product(s)
benchmarks for use of, 285–286
cellular, leukoreduction of, 169–170
during storage, 283–285
Jehovah’s Witnesses’ beliefs regarding, 108–111
loss of, 281–283
manipulation of, 303
monitoring use of, 285
pathogen elimination in, cost-effectiveness of, 138
production of, regulatory requirements in, 279
professional education regarding, 97–99
transfusion-related acute lung injury due to, 185, 186
triggers for, 286–287
usage guidelines for, 97
Blood Products Advisory Committee, 8
Blood screening, 302–303
cost of, 2-3
Blood separation, 258–259
Blood transfusion
alternative strategies to, 111–113
alternatives to, demand for, 106
auditing of, 97–99
autologous, 101
British Committee for Standards in Haematology guidelines for, 98–99
computerized interventions for, 101–102
computerized regular timely feedback of, 101–102
cost issues regarding, 112–113
cost-effective interventions in, 136–138
decision-making for, 267
diseases transmitted in, risk of, 182
during war and peace, 288
economic evaluation in, 129
fatality due to, 185
future in, 288–289
guidelines for, 94–95
hemoglobin concentration and, 286
improvement interventions for, 99–101
indications for, 95–97
informed consent for, 181–182
Jehovah’s Witnesses’ beliefs regarding, 107–111
major surgery without, 111–113
minors and, 108–110
policy for, 94–95
product ordering for, 96
professional education regarding, 112
reaction to, risks of, 181
refusing, 287–288
risk factor-based donor management in, 301–302
safety adaptations for, 128
safety intervention cost-benefit in, 131–136
safety intervention cost-effectiveness in, 132–135
safety intervention cost-utility in, 133–135
safety issues regarding, 113
tick-borne infection transmitted by, 293–294
of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 89
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 76
emergence of, 177
epidemiology of, 74
in Europe, 74
geographical risk of, 75
global epidemic of, 75
public health implications of, 75–76
in United Kingdom, 74
British Committee for Standards in Haematology, published guidelines of, 98
BS 6002, 33
C3-C4, 218
C4b-C4a, 208
C807T polymorphism, 220
C:T ratio, 96–97
Canada, leukoreduction in, 27, 28, 29, 31
Cancer vaccine, clinical trials of, 194–196
Canine blood groups, 121
Canine erythrocyte antigen, 120
Carbohydrate antigen, 206
Carbohydrate transferases, classification of, 208
Carribean basin, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II prevalence in, 52–53
Cartwright blood group system, 217
Cat(s)
alloantibodies of, 118, 119
autoantibodies of, 118–119
blood group antigens of, 119
blood groups of, 117–118
blood types of, geographic distribution of, 118
bloot type B frequencies in, 118
CD36, 222
CD44, 215
CD99, 216
CD108, 208
CD109, 222
CD147, 216
CDw108, 216
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 185
Channel molecule, classification of, 208, 210
Chido-Rogers blood group systems, 218
Chronic wasting disease, 76
Coagulation, leukoreduction failure and, 172
Colorado tick fever virus, 295–297
agent survival in, 301
diagnosis of, 298
Colton blood group system, 212
Complement receptor 1, 208, 214
Complementary DNA expression libraries, 205
Confidentiality, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing, 86
Conformance, calculation of, 31–34
Cost
of allogeneic versus autologous blood, 137
in blood transfusion, 112–113
of blood transfusion safety interventions, 129
Cost index, 1
Cost-benefit evaluation, of blood transfusion safety interventions, 131
Cost-effectiveness evaluation
of blood transfusion safety interventions, 132–135
of donor blood pathogen elimination, 138
of transfusion medicine interventions, 136–138
Cost-utility evaluation, of blood transfusion safety interventions, 133–135
Coulter counter analysis, 265
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 76
classic, 177
classic v variant, 178–179
FDA guidance regarding, 39
variant, see Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing, patient care following, 88
Cromer blood group system, 214
Cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma, transfusion-related acute lung injury due to, 186
Crystal structure, 205–206
CS-3000 Double, 262, 263, 264
CS-3000 Single, 262, 263, 264
DEA 1-8, canine, 120–121
Decay accelerating factor, 208, 214
Dendritic cell
identification of, 191
molecular biology of, 191–192
sensitization of, 192–194
Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy
clinical trials of, 194–196
product preparation for, 196–198
quality assurance in, 198–199
rationale for, 189–191
Diagnosis-related groups, Medicare reimbursement and, 3-4
Dielectrophoresis, in bacterial detection system, 13, 16
DNA or RNA-based bacterial detection system, 13, 15
DNA-RNA chemoluminescence, 13
Dog, blood groups of, 119–120
Dombrock blood group system, 217
Donor, blood, see Blood donor(s)
Duffy glycoprotein, 213–214
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 295
agent survival in, 301
Ehrlichoiosis
diagnosis of, 297
symptoms of, 296
Emergency patient(s), blood transfusion and, 111–112
Endotoxin, in bacterial detection system, 13, 16
England, leukoreduction in, 27–32
Enzymatic conversion, 254
Enzyme, expressing red blood cell antigens, 208
Enzyme-linked immunoassay, 13, 16
Epifluorescence microscopy, 13, 16
ERMAP, 208
Erythrocyte differentiation-related factor messenger RNA, 84–85
Erythrocyte membrane-associated protein, 216–217
Europe
bovine spongiform encephalopathy in, 74
human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II prevalence in, 51–52
Evidence-based medicine
definition of, 268–269
evidence hierarchy for, 269–270
Evidence hierarchy, 269–270
Fatal familial insomnia, 76
FDA
blood memos of, 37
guidance of, 39
regulatory requirements of, 38–40
Febrile reaction, risk of, in transfusion, 181
Feline spongiform encephalopathy, 76
Fenwal instruments, 258
Ferret, blood groups of, 123
Filtration time, leukoreduction failure and, 172–173
Flow cytometry, for leukocyte counting, 29
Fluorescent antibiotic labeling, in bacterial detection system, 15–16
France, leukoreduction in, 27, 28, 30, 32
Fresh frozen plasma, transfusion-related acute lung injury due to, 185, 186
Fucosyltransferase, 248
Fy glycoprotein, 208
Galactosyltransferase, 248
Gamma-irradiation, 18–19
Gelling, of blood, 170
Genomics, definition of, 84
Germany, leukoreduction in, 27, 28, 30, 32–33
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, 76
GIL blood group system, 212
Globosidases, 218
Glycophorin A, 203, 207–209
Glycophorin B, 207–209
Glycophorin C, 208, 209–210
Glycophorin D, 208, 209–210
Glycoprotein Ia, 220
Glycoprotein Ib alpha, 221
Glycoprotein Ib beta, 221
Glycoprotein IIIa, 220–221
Glycoprotein IV, 222
Glycoprotein V, 221–222
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, 205, 207
Glycosyltransferases, 217–218
Gobosidases, 208
GPI-anchored protein, 222
Gram stain, in bacterial detection system, 13, 16
Group A red blood cells, to group O, 247–249
Group B red blood cells, to group O, 246–247
H antigen, 246
H blood group system, 217–218
Hematopoietic stem cell, quality control for, 198–199
Hemolytic reaction, risk of, in transfusion, 181
Hemorrhage, platelet count and, 163
Hermes antigen, 208
Hospital, operating margin of, 4
Hospital Liaison Committees, 110–111
Hospital transfusion committee
development of, 93–94
functions of, 94–99
membership of, 94
HPA-1 platelet antigen system, 220–221
HPA-15w system, 222
HPA-2 platelet antigen system, 221
HPA-4 platelet antigen system, 220–221
HPA-5 system, 220
HTVL-I-associated myelopathy-tropical spastic paraparesis, 47–48
Human blood groups, 121
Human platelet antigen system, 203
Human polyclonal antibodies, 203
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
confirmatory tests for, 48–49
screening for, 48
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II, prevalence of, 49–53
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I, transmission of, 46–47
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II, transmission of, 46–47
Hypotonic shock response, 61
I blood group system, 217–218
I domain, 220
Immunofluorescence assay, in bacterial detection system, 13, 16
Index
of hospital costs, 1
market basket, 1-3
producer price, 3
Indian blood group system, 215
Informed consent
for blood transfusion, 181–182
overview of, 179–180
risk denial and, 180–181
in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing, 85–86
Integrin adhesion molecule, classification of, 209
Integrin alpha-2, 220
Integrin beta-3, 220–221
Intercellular adhesion molecule-4, 208
INTERCEPT blood system, for platelets, 19
International Society for Blood Transfusion, 206–207
Italy, leukoreduction in, 27, 28, 30, 33
Jehovah’s Witnesses, beliefs of
regarding blood transfusion, 107–111
regarding medical treatment, 106–107
JMH blood group, 216
Kell blood group system, 217
Kell glycoprotein, 208
Kidd glycoprotein, 208, 213
Knops blood group system, 214
Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric population comparison, 31
Kunicki method, 63
Kuru, 76
L-carnitine, 18
effect of, on irradiated red cells, 59
molecular structure of, 59
photochemically-treated red cells and, 60
platelet storage and, 61–64
red cell storage and, 58–61
red cell volume and, 60, 61
Laboratory Accreditation Program of the College of American Pathologists, 40
Laboratory testing, accuracy of, 82
Latex particle agglutination, 13
Le blood group system, 217–218
Leucine-rich receptor molecule, 209
Leukocyte counting, 28–30
Leukocyte reduction, 254
Leukofiltration, failure of, 171–173
Leukoreduction, 273–274
of cellular blood products, 169–170
cost of, 2-3
countries monitoring, 31–34
discard limits for, 27
filtration performance issues and, 30
monitoring of, 31–34
review of, 34–35
sampling for, 27–28
of sickle hemoglobin blood, 170–171
specifications for, 26–27
tick-borne infection and, 303
universal, see Universal leukoreduction
upper specified limit for, 27
Leukoreduction filter, in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission, 89–90
Leukotrap filter, Pall, 90
Lutheran blood group system, 215
Lutheran glycoprotein, 208
LW blood group system, 215–216
LW glycoprotein, 208
Lyme disease, 294
Market basket index, 1-3
Market withdrawal, FDA definition of, 37
Material risk, definition of, 179
Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule, 96, 100
Medical directive, 109
Medicare reimbursement
diagnosis-related groups and, 3-4
for blood, 1-2
lag of, 6-7
prospective, 4
MER2, 208, 218–219
Meta-analysis, 271–272
Metalloproteinase, 217
Methionine, 77
screening for, 89
Millipore filter, 170
Minors
blood transfusions and, 108–110
mature, 110
Monoclonal antibodies, 204
Morphology score, 63
Nageotte chamber counting, 28–29
National Blood Services, 283
Negative predictive value, definition of, 82
Negligence
definition of, 179
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing and, 86–87
Neonate(s), red blood cell transfusion to, 173–174
Netherlands, leukoreduction in, 27,28, 30, 33
Neurothelin, 208, 216
North America, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II prevalence in, 52
Nucleic acid testing, 136
cost of, 2
Null phenotype, 205
Odds ratio, 271
OK blood group system, 216
Orphan molecule, 218
Oxygenation, leukoreduction failure and, 173
P1 blood group system, 218
Pall bacterial detection system, 13–15
Paraglobosidases, 218
Pathogen inactivation, 254
methodology for, 18–20
tick-borne infection and, 303
PEG conjugates, 249
PEG-red blood cells, 245, 247, 249–254
antigenic, 253–254
chemistry of, 251
function of, 251
immunogenic, 253–254
in vivo survival of, 252–253
linear, 249, 250–251
monofunctional, 252
morphology of, 251
multifunctional, 252
preparing, 250
second-generation, 251–252
serological problems with, 250–251
Phosphatidylserine, 63, 64
Plasma membrane protein, classification of, 206–207
Platelet(s)
apheresis-derived, 18
bacterial contamination of, 11–12, 16–17
counting of, 259
microcytic, 265
optimizing transfusion indications for, 18
pretransfusion bacterial detection and, 12–16
storage of, and L-carnitine, 61–64
storage temperature for, 17
storage time for, 17
stored apheresis, and L-carnitine, 64
universal leukoreduction and, 18
Platelet antigen system, 203, 219–222
Platelet count
bleeding risk and, 159
bleeding risk studies and, 162–163
hemorrhage and, in nontransfused thrombocytopenic patients, 154–155
major bleeding and, 163
minor bleeding and, 162
platelet survival and, 154
Platelet GPIa-IIa complex, 220
Platelet swirling pattern, 13
Platelet transfusion, 96
in active bleeding, 156–158
5, 10, or 20 × 103 microns per liter triggers of, 161
at 5 × 103 microns per liter, 158–160
hemostasis and, 155–156
prophylactic, trigger trials for, 158
prophylactic versus therapeutic, 156, 157
prophylactic versus therapeutic trials of, 158
protocol for, 159
requirements for, 157
solid tumor patients and, 164–165
stem-cell transplant patients and, 163–164
stool blood loss and, 161
thrombocytopenia duration and, 161
transfusion-related acute lung injury due to, 186
trigger for, 153–154
Platelet transfusion-associated septic risk, reduction of, 12
Plateletpheresis
collections of, 260
improved technology for, 257
Polymerase chain reaction, 13
Portugal, leukoreduction in, 27, 28
Positive predictive value, definition of, 82
P-Pk blood group system, 218
Prion, definition of, 177–178
Prion protein, 178
screening for, 84–85
Prion protein gene, human, 77
Process performance, 31–32
Producer price index, 3
Proteomics, definition of, 84
Quality control, in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy products, 198–199
R rickettsii, agent survival in, 301
Randomized controlled trial(s)
in evidence hierarchy, 270–271
meta-analysis of, 271
systemic reviews of, 271–272
RAPH blood group system, 218–219
Reagent strip, 13
Recall
of blood components, 36–38
FDA definition of, 37
managing blood, 40–41
reducing, of blood components, 43
Receptor, expressing red blood cell antigens, 208
Red blood cell
group A, to group O, 247–249
group B, to group O, 246–247
irradiated, and L-carnitine, 59
pegylation, 249–254
photochemically-treated, and L-carnitine, 60
stealth, 254
storage of, and L-carnitine, 58–61
universal donor, 245
volume of, and L-carnitine, 60, 61
Red blood cell antigen, structural molecules of, 207
Red blood cell antigen system, 203, 207–219
Red blood cell leukoreduction, cost reimbursement and, 2
Red blood cell transfusion
to neonates, 173–174
stool blood loss and, 161
transfusion-related acute lung injury due to, 186
Rh, classification of, 207–209
Rh-associated glycoprotein, 210
Rh complex, 210
Rh null phenotype, 205
Rh polypeptides, 210–211
Riboflavin, plus ultraviolet A, 19
Ribosomal RNA probe, 13
Rickettsia rickettsii, 295–296
Risk, in blood transfusion, and informed consent, 181–182
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
diagnosis of, 297–298
symptoms of, 296–297
Safe and good use of blood in surgery study, 112
Scianna-Radin blood group system, 216–217
Scientific evidence hierarchy, 269–270
Scotland, leukoreduction in, 27, 28
Scrapie, 76
Screening, for Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, 48
Screening test
accuracy of, 82–83
for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 84–85
definition of, 83
efficacy of, 83–84
predictive value of, 84
specificity of, 83
for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 84–85
Se blood group system, 217–218
Sensitivity, definition of, 82
Sepacell filter, 170–171
Sepacell RS-2000 filter, 171
Severe acute respiratory syndrome, FDA guidance regarding, 39
Sickle hemoglobin, 168–169
Sickle hemoglobin blood
early filtration experiments with, 170–171
magnitude of, 170
rheology of, 170
Sickle trait
filtration failure and, 174
filtration time and, 174–175
Sickling, of blood, 170
Smallpox vaccination, FDA guidance regarding, 39
Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacyrlamide gel electrophoresis, 204–205
Solid tumor patient
bleeding in, 165
platelet transfusion and, 164–165
thrombocytopenia in, 165
Solvent-detergent treated plasma component, 6
South America, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-II prevalence in, 52–53
Specificity, definition of, 82
Spectra Dual, 262, 263, 264
Spectra separator, 258–259
Spectra Single, 262, 263, 264
Split rate, 260, 263
collection yield and, 261, 262
distribution yield and, 261, 262
Spongiform encephalopathies, transmissible, 76
SPSS analysis, 259
Stability monitoring, 32
Standard of care, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing and, 86
Standards of the American Association of Blood Banks, 40
Stem-cell transplant patients, platelet transfusion in, 163–164
Structural molecule, classification of, 208
Summary effect, 271
Surgery, without blood transfusion, 111–113
Surgical blood order equation, 100
T-cell stimulation, dendritic cells and, 191–192
Temperature, leukoreduction failure and, 171–172
Therapeutic intervention efficacy, in evidence hierarchy, 271
Therapeutic privilege, definition of, 179–180
Thrombocytopenia
duration of, and platelet transfusion, 161
in solid tumor patients, 165
Thrombocytopenic patient
fecal blood loss in, 155
hemorrhage in, and platelet count, 154–155
Tick-borne encephalitis, diagnosis of, 298
Tick-borne encephalitis virus, 295–297
Transferase, carbohydrate, 208
Transfusion, decision-making for, 267
Transfusion medicine, evidence-based policy decisions in, 272–274
Transfusion Medicine Epidemiology Review, 78
Transfusion reaction, risk of, 181
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
admitting diagnosis in, 186
fatality age and, 185
fatality gender and, 185, 186
incidence of, 184–185
symptoms of, 185
Transfusion requirements, in critical care study, 287
Transfusion trigger, reduction of, 18
Transmissible mink encephalopathy, 76
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, 76
surveillance for, 89
transfusion studies in, 81
Transporter molecule, 210
TRIM effect, 267–268, 273–274
Tumor-associated antigen
classification of, 193
identified, 192
Ultraviolet A
amotosalen HCL plus, 19–20
riboflavin plus, 19
United Kingdom
bovine spongiform encephalopathy in, 74
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in, 78
North American disease testing and, 86
Universal donor red blood cells, 245
Universal leukoreduction, 2-3, 18
Urticaria, risk of, and transfusion, 181
Vaccination, cancer, clinical trials of, 194–196
Valine, 77
screening for, 89
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
active surveillance for, 89
animal infectivity levels in, 80
animal studies of, 79
blood supply and, 177
case-control study of, 77
v classic, 178–179
etiology of, 76–77
fractionated products in, 81
human studies of, 79
immunocytochemical epidemiologic surveillance and, 77–78
incidence of, 76
intracranial animal studies of, 79–80
intravenous animal studies in, 80
leukofiltration and, 81
leukoreduction filter transmission of, 89–90
pathogenesis of, 76–77
risk absence for, 89
secondary, 78
testing for, legal aspects of, 85–87
in transfusion, 79
transfusion transmission of, 89
transmission of, impact of, 90
treatment of, 81
in United Kingdom, 78
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease testing
communicating implementation of, 90
communicating strategy for, 90
cost benefit of, 91
exploiting United Kingdom experience prior to, 90
false positives in, 90
geographic deferrals and, 90–91
impact of, on blood donation, 90
informed consent in, 85–86
issues regarding, 88
for risk factors, 89
validating, 88–89
Venepuncture site, disinfection of, 17
VLA protein, 220
WA-1, 295
agent survival in, 301
seroprevalence of, 299
transfusion transmission of, 299–300
Wales, leukoreduction in, 27, 28
West Nile virus, FDA guidance regarding, 39
White blood cell reduction, 254, 273–274
Xg blood group system, 216
Xga glycoprotein, 208
Xk glycoprotein, 208, 212