Vascularites associées aux infections virales

Pascal Cohen; Loïc Guillevin

doi:10.1016/S0755-4982(04)98936-1

. 2008 Jan 3;33(19):1371–1384. [Article in French] doi: 10.1016/S0755-4982(04)98936-1

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Vascularites associées aux infections virales

Pascal Cohen ¹, Loïc Guillevin ^2,^⁎

PMCID: PMC7135323 PMID: 15615248

Résumé

Des virus, causes de vascularites

Si la plupart des vascularites systémiques sont de cause inconnue, la responsabilité d’une infection virale a été démontrée de façon formelle pour certaines d’entre elles, un traitement spécifique pouvant les guérir définitivement. Chaque virus incriminé rend compte d’un type particulier de vascularite.

Infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB)

Elle est la cause de la périartérite noueuse dans 36 à 50 % des cas. La symptomatologie apparaît de façon aiguë, en général dans les mois suivant l’infection; elle est comparable à celle observée en l’absence d’infection par VHB.

Cryoglobulinémies liées au virus de l’hépatite C (VHC)

Les manifestations cliniques sont celles d’une vascularite systémique avec un tropisme plus particulier pour la peau (atteinte le plus souvent inaugurale et presque constante), les nerfs périphériques, les glomérules. Elles surviennent assez tardivement au décours de l’infection.

Vascularites associées à l’infection par le VIH (virus de l’immunodéficience humaine)

Il existe un fort tropisme pour le système nerveux périphérique (multinévrites) et central.

Au cours de l’infection aiguë par le Parvovirus B19

Des lésions de vascularite ont été parfois signalées après la phase virémique, se limitant généralement à une ou plusieurs poussées de pupura vasculaire prédominant aux membres inférieurs.

Après infection par le virus varicelle-zona

Une vascularite se développe parfois, sous la forme d’un déficit neurologique central (déficit moteur avec ou sans aphasie environ un mois après un zona ophtalmologique), d’une atteinte de la rétine, plus rarement de la peau ou des reins.

Vascularites associées à l’infection par le cytomégalovirus (CMV)

Survenant essentiellement chez le sujet immunodéprimé, les vascularites après infection par le CMV sont diffuses intéressant surtout le tube digestif, en particulier le côlon, le système nerveux central et la peau.

Une complication rare de l’infection à HTLV1 (Human T-cell Lymphoma Virus)

Une vascularite rétinienne prenant volontiers la forme d’une rétinite nécrosante est souvent associée à une paraparésie spasmodique.

Stratégie thérapeutique

Pour de nombreuses vascularites d’origine virale, les traitements corticoïdes et immunosuppresseurs ne sont indiqués qu’en seconde intention en cas d’échec des antiviraux et de l’association d’antiviraux et d’échanges plasmatiques.

Summary

Viruses, the cause of vasculitis

Although the majority of systemic vasculitis are of unknown causes, the responsibility of a viral infection has been formally demonstrated in some of them and specific treatment can permanently cure them. Each virus incriminated accounts for a particular type of vasculitis.

Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV)

is the cause of polyarteritis nodosa in 36 to 50% of cases. The onset of the symptomatology is acute, usually within a few months following the infection; it is comparable to that observed in the absence of HBV infection.

Cryoglobulinemia related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV)

The clinical manifestations are those of systemic vasculitis with particular tropism for the skin (involvement generally inaugural and almost constant), peripheral nerves and the glomerula. They occur fairly late during the infection.

Vasculitis associated with HIV infection

There is strong tropism for the peripheral (multi-neuritis) and central nervous system.

During acute parvovirus B19 infection

Vasculitis lesions have occasionally been reported following the viremic phase, generally limited to one or several flares of vascular purpura predominating on the lower limbs.

Following varicella-herpes zoster infection

Vasculitis occasionally develops in the form of a central neurological deficiency (locomotor deficiency with or without aphasia around one month after an ophthalmologic herpes zoster) or involving the retina or, more rarely, the skin or the kidneys.

Vasculitis associated with cytomegaloviral infection

Predominantly observed in immunodepressed patients, vasculitis after CMV infection is diffuse and basically involving the digestive tube, notably the colon, the central nervous system and the skin.

A rare complication of an HTLV1 infection

Vasculitis of the retina often in the form of necrotic retinitis is often associated with spasmodic paraparessia.

Therapeutic strategy

For many vasculitis of viral origin, corticosteroid and immunosuppressive treatments are only indicated in second intention following failure with antiviral agents and the combination of antivirals and plasma exchanges.

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PERMALINK

Vascularites associées aux infections virales

Vasculitis associated with viral infections

Pascal Cohen

Loïc Guillevin

Résumé

Des virus, causes de vascularites

Infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB)

Cryoglobulinémies liées au virus de l’hépatite C (VHC)

Vascularites associées à l’infection par le VIH (virus de l’immunodéficience humaine)

Au cours de l’infection aiguë par le Parvovirus B19

Après infection par le virus varicelle-zona

Vascularites associées à l’infection par le cytomégalovirus (CMV)

Une complication rare de l’infection à HTLV1 (Human T-cell Lymphoma Virus)

Stratégie thérapeutique

Summary

Viruses, the cause of vasculitis

Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV)

Cryoglobulinemia related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Vasculitis associated with HIV infection

During acute parvovirus B19 infection

Following varicella-herpes zoster infection

Vasculitis associated with cytomegaloviral infection

A rare complication of an HTLV1 infection

Therapeutic strategy

Références

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

Add to Collections

PERMALINK

Vascularites associées aux infections virales

Vasculitis associated with viral infections

Pascal Cohen

Loïc Guillevin

Résumé

Des virus, causes de vascularites

Infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB)

Cryoglobulinémies liées au virus de l’hépatite C (VHC)

Vascularites associées à l’infection par le VIH (virus de l’immunodéficience humaine)

Au cours de l’infection aiguë par le Parvovirus B19

Après infection par le virus varicelle-zona

Vascularites associées à l’infection par le cytomégalovirus (CMV)

Une complication rare de l’infection à HTLV1 (Human T-cell Lymphoma Virus)

Stratégie thérapeutique

Summary

Viruses, the cause of vasculitis

Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV)

Cryoglobulinemia related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Vasculitis associated with HIV infection

During acute parvovirus B19 infection

Following varicella-herpes zoster infection

Vasculitis associated with cytomegaloviral infection

A rare complication of an HTLV1 infection

Therapeutic strategy

Références

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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