Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2018 Jun 26;6(4):521–538. doi: 10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30631-4

The Future of Antiviral Chemotherapy

Suzanne Crowe *, John Mills †,**
PMCID: PMC7135513  PMID: 3067915

Abstract

Over the past two decades, alongside the production of vaccines against many viruses, effective drugs have been developed for many other common viral infections. Initially, many of these drugs were available only for topical application because of their toxicity. However, advances in our knowledge of viral replication and of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of antiviral action have identified virus-specific targets for chemotherapeutic intervention with fewer side effects.

References

  • 1.Alexander G.J., Brahm J., Fagan E.A. Loss of HBsAg with interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B-virus infection. Lancet. 1987;1:66–68. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92735-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Androphy E.J., Droretzky I., Maluish A.E. Response of warts in epidermodysplasia verruciformis to treatment with systemic and intralesional alpha interferon. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;11:197–202. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(84)70149-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Anonymous. Failure of high dose 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine in the therapy of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:599–603. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197503202921201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Anonymous. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) Med Lett. 1980;22:94–95. [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Balfour H.H. Resistance of herpes simplex to acyclovir. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:404–406. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Barre-Sinoussi F., Chermann J.C., Rey F. Isolation of a T lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Science. 1983;220:868–871. doi: 10.1126/science.6189183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Bauer D.J., St. Vincent L., Kempe C.H. Prophy lactic treatment of small pox contacts with N-methylisatin-β-thiosemicarbazone. Lancet. 1963;2:494–496. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)90230-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Biron K.K., Elion G.B. In vitro susceptibility of varicella-zoster virus to acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980;18:443–448. doi: 10.1128/aac.18.3.443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Broder S., Yarchoan R., Collins J.M. Effects of suramin on HTLVIII/LAV infection presenting as Kaposi’s sarcoma or AIDS-related complex: clinical pharmacology and suppression of virus replication in vivo. Lancet. 1985;2:627–630. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90002-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Buchanan R.A., Hess F. Vidarabine: pharmacology and clinical experience. Pharmacol Ther. 1980;8:143–171. [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Bulmovici-Klein E., Ong K.R. Reverse transcriptase activity in lymphocyte cultures of AIDS patients treated with HPA-23. AIDS Res. 1986;2:279–283. doi: 10.1089/aid.1.1986.2.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Carter W.A., Strayer D.R., Brodsk I. Clinical, immunological and virological effects of ampligen, a mismatched double-stranded RNA, in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet. 1986;1:1286–1292. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90543-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Centers for Disease Control Recommendations for preventing possible transmission of HTLVIII/LAV from tears. MMWR. 1985;34:533–534. [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Chang Y.C., Huang E.S., Lin J.C. Unique spectrum of activity of 9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(propoxy)methyl]-guanine against herpesviruses in vitro and its mode of action against HSV1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983;80:2767–2770. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Chen I.S.Y. Regulation of AIDS virus expression. Cell. 1986;47:1–2. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90359-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Cheson B.D., Levine A.M., Mildvan D. Suramin therapy in AIDS and related disorders. JAMA. 1987;258:1347–1351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Clover R.D., Crawford S.A., Abell T.D. Effective ness of rimantadine prophylaxis of children within families. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:706–711. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140210104036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Cobo M., Foulks G.N., Liesgang T. Oral acyclovir in the therapy of acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1574–1583. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(85)33842-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Collaborative DHPG Treatment Study Group Treatment of serious cytomegalovirus infection with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxyemethyl)guanine in patients with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:801–805. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198603273141301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Corey L., Fife K.H., Benedetti J.K. Intravenous acyclovir for treatment of primary genital herpes. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:914–921. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-914. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Crowe S., Mill J. Chemotherapy of herpesvirus infections: present successes and future hopes. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1985;4:459–463. doi: 10.1007/BF02014424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Crowe S., Mills J., McGrath M.S. Quantitative immunocytofluorographic analysis of CD4 surface antigen expression and HIV infection of human peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 1987;3:135–145. doi: 10.1089/aid.1987.3.135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Crum C.P., Ikenberg H., Richart R.M. Human papillomavirus type 16 and early cervical neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:880–883. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198404053101403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Crumpacker C., Heagy W., Bubley A. Ribavirin treatment of AIDS and ARC. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:664–674. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Crumpacker C.S., Schnipper L.E., Marlowe S.I. Resistance to antiviral drugs of herpes simplex virus isolated from a patient treated with acyclovir. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:343–346. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198202113060606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Dalgleish A.G., Beverley P.C.L., Clapham P.R. The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature. 1984;312:763. doi: 10.1038/312763a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Davies W.L., Grunert R.R., Haff R.F. Antiviral activity of amantadine. Science. 1964;144:862–863. doi: 10.1126/science.144.3620.862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Davis G.L., Hoofnagle J.H. Interferon in viral hepatitis: role in pathogenesis and treatment. Hepatology. 1986;6:1038–1041. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840060537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Davtyan D., Vintners H. Wernicke’s encephalopathy in AIDS patients treated with zidovudine. Lancet. 1987;1:919–920. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92892-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.De Clercq E. Suramin, a potent inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. Cancer Lett. 1979;8:9–22. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(79)90017-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.de Miranda P., Blum M.R. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983;12(suppl B):29–37. doi: 10.1093/jac/12.suppl_b.29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Dolin R., Reichman R.C., Madore H.P. A con trolled trial of amantadine and rimantadine in the prophylaxis of influenza A infection. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:580–584. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198209023071002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Duggan A.J. The treatment of African trypanosomiasis. Trop Doct. 1973;4:162–164. doi: 10.1177/004947557300300405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Elion G.B. History, mechanism of action, spectrum and selectivity of nucleoside analogues. In: Mills J., Corey L., editors. Antiviral Chemotherapy. Elsevier; New York: 1986. pp. 118–137. [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Erice A., Jordan M.C., Chace B.A. Ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients and other immunocompromised hosts. JAMA. 1987;257:3082–3087. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Erlich K.S., Normoyle J.L. Condylomata acuminata: waging a successful fight against anogenital warts. Female Patient. 1987;12:51–66. [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Eron L.J., Judson F., Tucker S. Interferon therapy for condylomata acuminata. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1059–1064. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198610233151704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Esmann V., Geil J.P., Kroon S. Prednisolone does not prevent post-herpetic neuralgia. Lancet. 1987;2:126–129. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92331-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Farthing C.F., Dalgleish A.G., Clark A. Phosphonoformate (foscarnet): a pilot study in AIDS and ARC. AIDS. 1987;1:21–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Feinberg M.B., Jarrett R.F., Aldovina A. HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA. Cell. 1986;46:807–817. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90062-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Fiala M., Chow A.W., Miyasaki K. Susceptibility of herpesviruses to three nucleoside analogues and their combinations and enhancement of the antiviral effect at acid pH. J Infect Dis. 1974;129:82–85. doi: 10.1093/infdis/129.1.82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Fischl M.A., Richman D.D., Grieco M.H. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:185–191. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198707233170401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Furth P.A., Kazakis A.M. Nail pigmentation changes associated with azidothymidine (zidovudine) Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:350. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-350. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Gall S.A., Hughes C.E., Mounts P. Efficacy of human lymphoblastoid interferon in the therapy of resistant condyloma acuminata. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67:643. doi: 10.1097/00006250-198605000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Garcia A., Smith C.I., Weissberg J.I. Adenine arabinoside monophosphate (vidarabine phosphate) in combination with human leukocyte interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:278–285. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Gartmer S., Markovits P., Markovitz D.M. Role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLVIII/LAV infection. Science. 1986;233:215–219. doi: 10.1126/science.3014648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Gaul J., Pedersen C., Poulsen A.G. Effect of foscarnet (phosphonoformate) on HIV isolation, T cell subsets and lymphocyte function in AIDS patients. AIDS. 1987;1:27–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Gilbert B.E., Knight V. Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;30:201–205. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.2.201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Gilbert B.E., Wilson S.Z., Knight V. Ribavirin small particle aerosol treatment of infections caused by influenza virus strains A/Victoria/7/83 (H1N1) and B/Texas/1/84. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;27:309–313. doi: 10.1128/aac.27.3.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Gill P.S., Rarick M., Brynes R.K. Azidothymidine associated with bone marrow failure in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:502–505. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Goldberg L.H., Kaufman R., Conant M. Oral acyclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15:255–264. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(86)70165-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Greenberg S.B. Human interferon in viral diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:383–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Greenberg H.B., Pollard R.B., Lutwick L.I. Effect of human leukocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:517–521. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197609022951001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Gruters R.A., Neefies J.J., Tersmetter M. Interference with HIV induced syncytium formation and viral infectivity by inhibitors of trimming glucosidase. Nature. 1987;330:74–77. doi: 10.1038/330074a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Hagler D.N., Frame P.T. Azidothymidine neurotoxicity. Lancet. 1986;2:1392–1393. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92029-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Hall C.B., McBride J.T., Walsh E.E. Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:1143–1147. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198306163082403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Hall C.B., Walsh E.E., Hruska J.F. Ribavirin treatment of experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection: a controlled double-blinded study in young adults. JAMA. 1983;249:2666–2670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Hamre D., Bernstein J., Donovick R. Activity of p-amino-benzaldehyde, 3-thiosemicarbazone on vaccinia virus in chick embryos and in the mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1950;73:275–278. [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Hayden F.G., Gwaltney J.M. Intranasal interferon 2 for prevention of rhinovirus infection and illness. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:543–549. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.3.543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Hayden F.G., Monto A.S. Oral rimantadine HC1 therapy of influenza A virus H3N2 subtype infection in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;29:339–341. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.2.339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Hayden F.G., Hall J., Douglas K.G. Therapeutic effect of aerosolized amantadine in naturally acquired infection due to influenza A virus. J Infect Dis. 1980;141:535–542. doi: 10.1093/infdis/141.5.535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Ho D.D., Schooley R.T., Rota T.R. HTLVIII in the semen and blood of a healthy homosexual man. Science. 1984;226:451–453. doi: 10.1126/science.6208608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Holland G.N., Sakamato M.J., Hardy D. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinopathy in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:1794–1800. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050240068042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Hollander H., Levy J.A. Neurologic abnormalities and recovery of human immunodeficiency virus from cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:692–695. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-5-692. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Hoofnagle J.H., Peters M., Mullen K.D. Random ized controlled trial of a four month course of recombinant human interferon in patients with chronic type B hepatitis. Hepatology. 1985;5:1033. [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Horwitz J.P., Chua J., Noel M. Nucleosides: the monomesylates of 1-(2’-deoxy-β-lyxofuranosyl) thymine. J Org Chem. 1964;29:2076–2078. [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Imperato P.J. A perspective on influenza control. Lan cet. 1986;1:728–730. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91113-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Kaplan L.D., Wolfe P.R., Volberding P.A. Lack of response to suramin in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med. 1987;82:615–620. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90108-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Kaufman H.E., Martola E., Dohlman C. Use of 5 iodo-2’-deoxyuridine (IDU) in treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1962;68:235–239. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030239015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Klatzmann D., Barre-Sinoussi F., Nugeyre M.T. Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T lymphocytes. Science. 1984;225:59. doi: 10.1126/science.6328660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Knight V., McClung H.W., Wilson S.Z. Ribavirin small-particle aerosol treatment of influenza. Lancet. 1981;2:945–949. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91152-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Krasny H.C., Lias S.H., Good S.S. Oral pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the prodrug of acyclovir A134U in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;33:256. [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Laskin O. Acyclovir and suppression of frequently recurring herpetic whitlow. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:494–495. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-494. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Laskin O.L., Cederberg D.M., Mills J. Ganciclovir for the treatment and suppression of serious infections caused by cytomegalovirus. Am J Med. 1987;83:201–207. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90685-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Levy J.A., Shimabukuro J., Hollander H. Isolation of AIDS-associated retroviruses from cerebrospinal fluid and brain of patients with neurological symptoms. Lancet. 1985;2:586–588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Lifson J.D., Reyes A.R., McGrath M.S. AIDS retrovirus induced cytopathology: giant cell formation and involvement of CD4 antigen. Science. 1986;232:1123–1127. doi: 10.1126/science.3010463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Luby J.P., Gnan J.W., Alexander W.J. A colloborative study of patient-initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes with topical acyclovir or placebo. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:1–7. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Lynch P.J. Condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts) Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1985;28:142–151. doi: 10.1097/00003081-198528010-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Lyte M., Shinitzky M. A special lipid mixture of membrane fluidization. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985;812:133–138. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90530-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Mansell PWA, Heseltine PNR, Roberts RB, et al: Ribavirin delays progression of the lymphadenopathy syndrome to AIDS (abstract). Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, 1987
  • 81.McCabe B.F., Clark K.F. Interferon and laryngeal papillomatosis: the Iowa experience. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1983;92:2. doi: 10.1177/000348948309200102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.McCormick J.B., Getchell J.P., Mitchell S.W. Ribavirin suppresses replication of lymphadenopathy-associated virus in cultures of human adult T lymphocytes. Lancet. 1984;2:1367–1369. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92060-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.McCormick J.B., King I.J., Webb P.A. Lassa fever: effective therapy with ribavirin. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:20–26. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198601023140104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.McDougal J.S., Kennedy M.S., Sligh J.M. Binding of HTLVIII/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. Science. 1986;231:382–385. doi: 10.1126/science.3001934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.McKendrick M.W., McGill J.I., White J.E. Oral acyclovir in acute herpes zoster. B Med J. 1986;293:1529–1532. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6561.1529. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.McKinlay M.A., Otto M.J. Recent developments in antiviral chemotherapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:479–493. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.McKinlay M.A., Steinberg B.A. Oral efficacy of WIN S1711 in mice infected with human poliovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;29:30–32. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.1.30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88.McSharry J.J., Caliguiri L.A., Eggers H.J. Inhibition of uncoating of poliovirus by arildone, a new antiviral agent. Virology. 1979;97:307–315. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90342-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Mertz A.J. Diagnosis and treatment of genital herpes infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:341–366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Mertz GJ, Eron L, Davis LG, and the Collaborative Study Group. Suppression of frequently-recurring genital herpes with oral acyclovir: long-term efficacy and toxicity (abstract). Proceedings of the 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1986
  • 91.Millet V.M., Dreisbach M., Bryson Y.J. Double-blinded controlled study of central nervous system side effects of amantadine, rimantadine and chlorpheniramine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982;21:1–6. doi: 10.1128/aac.21.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Mills J., Hauer L., Gottlieb A. Recurrent herpes labialis in skiers. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:76–78. doi: 10.1177/036354658701500111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Mitchell W.M., Montefiori D.C., Robinson W.E. Mismatched double-stranded RNA (ampligen) reduces concentration of zidovudine (azidothymidine) required for in-vitro inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus. Lancet. 1987;1:890–892. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92862-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Mitsuya H., Broder S. Inhibition of the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) by 2’,3’-dideoxynucleosides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:1911–1915. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1911. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Mitsuya H., Popovic M., Yarchoan R. Suramin protection of T cells in vitro against infectivity and cytopathic effect of HTLVIII. Science. 1984;226:172–174. doi: 10.1126/science.6091268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Mitsuya H., Weinhold K.J., Furman P.A. 3’azide 3’-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of HTLV-III/LAV in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:7096. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.20.7096. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97.Montanier L., Grust J., Chamaret S. Adaptation of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell line. Science. 1984;225:63. doi: 10.1126/science.6328661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Montefiore D.C., Mitchell W.M. Antiviral activity of mismatched double-stranded RNA against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:2985–2989. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Oberg B. Antiviral effect of phosphonoformate (PFA, Foscarnet sodium) Pharmacol Ther. 1983;19:387–415. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(82)90074-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Oxford J.S., Galbraith A. Antiviral activity of amantadine: a review of laboratory and clinical data. Pharmacol Ther. 1980;11:181–262. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(80)90072-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Patriarca P.A., Arden N.H., Koplan J.P. Prevention and control of type A influenza infections in nursing homes. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:732–740. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-732. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Patriarca P.A., Kater N.H., Kendal A.P. Safety of prolonged administration of rimantadine hydrochloride in the prophylaxis of influenza A infections in nursing homes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984;26:101–105. doi: 10.1128/aac.26.1.101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Payler D.K., Purdham P.A. Influenza A prophylaxis with amantadine in a boarding school. Lancet. 1984;1:502–505. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92861-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Pert C.B., Hill J.M., Ruff M.R. Octapeptides deduced from the neuropeptide receptor-like patern of antigen T4 in brain potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus receptor binding and T cell infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1986;83:9254–9258. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.23.9254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Pitha P.M., Bilello J.A., Riggin C.H. Effect of interferon on retrovirus replication. Texas Rep Biol Med. 1982;41:603–609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Popovic M., Sarngadharan M.G., Read F. Detection, isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science. 1984;224:497–500. doi: 10.1126/science.6200935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Reichman R.C., Badger G.L., Mertz G.J. Treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections with oral acyclovir: a controlled trial. JAMA. 1984;251:2103–2109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Richman D.D., Kornbluth R.S., Carson D.A. Failure of dideoxynucleosides to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication in cultured human macrophages. J Exp Med. 1987;166:1144–1149. doi: 10.1084/jem.166.4.1144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Richman D.D., Fischl M.A., Grieco M.H. The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:192–197. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198707233170402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Robert-Guroff M., Brown M., Gallo R.C. HTLV-III neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. Nature. 1985;316:72–74. doi: 10.1038/316072a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Rodriguez W.J., Parrott R.H. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of serious respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:425–439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Rozenbaum W., Dormont D., Spire B. Antimoniotungstate (HPA23) treatment of three patients with AIDS and one with prodrome. Lancet. 1985;1:450–451. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91162-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113.Sacks S.L., Portnoy J., Lawee D. Clinical course of recurrent genital herpes and treatment with foscarnet cream: results of a Canadian multicenter trial. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:178–186. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.2.178. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Salahuddin S.Z., Rose R.M., Groopman J.E. Human T lymphotropic virus type III infection of human alveolar macrophages. Blood. 1986;68:281–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115.Samo T.C., Greenberg S.B., Louch R.B. Efficacy and tolerance of intranasally applied recombinant leucocyte A interferon in normal volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:535–541. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.3.535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 116.Sandstrom E.G., Kaplan J.C., Byington R.E. Inhibition of HTLV-III in vitro by phosphonoformate. Lancet. 1985;1:1480–1482. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92255-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Sarin M., Gallo R.C., Scheer D.I. Effects of a novel compound (AL721) on HTLVIII infectivity in vitro (letter) N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1289–1290. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198511143132011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118.Sattentau Q.J., Dalgleish A.G., Weiss R.A. Epitopes of the CD4 antigen and HIV infection. Science. 1986;234:1120–1123. doi: 10.1126/science.2430333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 119.Schulman J.L. Effect of 1-amantanamine hydrochloride (amantadine HC1) and methyl-1-adamatanethylamine hydrochlorine (rimantadine HC1) on transmission of influenza virus infection in mice. Exp Biol Med. 1968;128:1173–1178. [Google Scholar]
  • 120.Shepp D.H., Dandliker P.S., Meyers J.D. Treatment of varicella-zoster virus infection in severely immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:208–212. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198601233140404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 121.Shepp D.H., Dandliker P.A., deMiranda P. Activity of 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine in the treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:368–373. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-3-368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 122.Shepp D.H., Newton B.A., Dandliker P.S. Oral acyclovir therapy for mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in immunocompromised marrow transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:783–785. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-6-783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 123.Silva P.D., Micha J.P., Silva D.G. Management of condyloma acuminatum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13:457–463. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(85)70189-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 124.Smith T.J., Kremer M.J., Luo M. The site of attachment in human rhinovirus type 14 for antiviral agents that inhibit uncoating. Science. 1986;233:1286–1293. doi: 10.1126/science.3018924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 125.Spruance S, Hamill M, Hage W, et al: Suppression of herpes simplex labialis at ski resorts with oral acyclovir (abstract). Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1986
  • 126.Taber L.H., Knight V., Gilbert B.E. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of bronchiolitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Pediatrics. 1983;72:613–616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 127.Toltzis P. Mechanism of action of ribavirin. In: Mills J., Corey L., editors. Antiviral Chemotherapy. Elsevier; New York: 1986. pp. 75–77. [Google Scholar]
  • 128.Tominack R.L., Hayden F.G. Rimantadine hydrochlo ride and amantadine hydrochloride use in influenza A virus infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:459–478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 129.Tsunoda A, Maassal HF, Cochran KW, et al: Antiviral activity of L-methyl-l-admantane-methylamine hydrochloride. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1965, pp 533-560 [DOI] [PubMed]
  • 130.Turner R.B., Felton A., Kosak K. Prevention of experimental coronavirus colds with intranasal a-2b interferon. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:443–450. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.3.443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 131.Uylangco C.V., Beroy A.J., Santiago L.T. A double blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of ribavirin in the treatment of acute measles. Excerpta Med. 1981;2:389–391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 132.Vance J.C., Bart B.J., Hansen R.C. Intralesional recombinant alpha 2 interferon for the treatment of patients with condyloma acuminatum or verruca plantaris. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:272–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 133.Van Voris L.P., Betts R.F., Hayden F.G. Successful treatment of naturally occurring influenza A/USSR/ 77H1N1. JAMA. 1981;245:1128. doi: 10.1001/jama.245.11.1128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 134.Vittecog D, Auran B, Rouquette B, et al: Evaluation of the antiviral activity and tolerance of HPA23 in 38 patients with HIV related disorders (abstract). Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, 1987
  • 135.Weber J.N., Clapham P.R., Weiss R.A. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in two cohorts of homosexual men: neutralizing sera and association of antigag antibody with prognosis. Lancet. 1987;1:19–122. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91964-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 136.Wetterberg L., Alexius B., Saaf J. Peptide T in treatment of AIDS. Lancet. 1987;1:159. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91989-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 137.Whitley R., Alford C., Hess F. Vidarabine: a preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1980;20:267–282. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198020040-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 138.Whitley R.J., Soong S., Dolin R. Adenine arabinoside: therapy of biopsy-proved herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:313–318. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 139.Whitley R.J., Alford C.A., Hirsch M.S. Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:144–149. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198601163140303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 140.Whitley R.J., Hilty M., Haynes R. Vidarabine therapy in immunocompromised patients. J Pediatr. 1982;101:125–131. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80201-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 141.Whitley R.J., Levin M., Barton N. Infections caused by herpes simplex virus in the immunocompromised host: natural history and topical acyclovir therapy. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:323–329. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.3.323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 142.Whitley R.J., Nahmias A.J., Soong S.J. Vidarabine therapy of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Pediatrics. 1980;66:495–501. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 143.Whitley R.J., Soong S.J., Dolin R. Adenine arabinoside therapy of biopsy-proved herpes simplex encephalitis: NIAID Collaborative Antiviral Study. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:289–294. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197708112970601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 144.Whitley R.J., Soong S.J., Dolin R. Early vidarabine therapy to control the complications of herpes zoster in immunosuppressed patients. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:971. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198210143071602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 145.Wong-Staal F., Gallo R.C. Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature. 1985;317:395–403. doi: 10.1038/317395a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 146.Wood M.J., Geddes A.M. Antiviral therapy. Lancet. 1987;2:1189–1192. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91329-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 147.Yarchoan R., Berg G., Browers P. Response of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurological disease to 3’-azido-3’-deoxy thymidine. Lancet. 1987;1:132–135. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91968-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 148.Yarchoan R., Klecker R.W., Weinhold K.J. Administration of 3’-azido-3’-deoxy thymidine an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet. 1986;1:575–580. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92808-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Dermatologic Clinics are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES