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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2020 Mar 23;141(14):1127–1137. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041306

Table 4.

The association of isoflavone/tofu intake and coronary heart disease among women by menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use

Consumption levels P trend P interaction†
Isoflavones Q1 of intake Q2 of intake Q3 of intake Q4 of intake Q5 of intake 0.09
 Premenopause
  No. of case/person years 74/296580 70/306544 81/296294 71/298524 52/311546
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 25 23 27 24 17
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) 1.06 (0.77, 1.45) 0.77 (0.55, 1.07) 0.64 (0.45, 0.93) 0.01
 Postmenopausal, never used hormone
  No. of case/person years 214/107333 208/114726 209/120824 252/127021 193/118253
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 199 181 173 198 163
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) 0.81 (0.67, 0.98) 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) 0.28
 Postmenopausal, hormone use
  No. of case/person years 452/278805 439/275381 387/280382 393/277644 379/285889
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 162 159 138 142 133
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) 0.28
Tofu Non-consumer <1 serving/week ≥1 serving/week 0.002
 Premenopause
  No. of case/person years 331/1292926 13/162637 4/53924
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 26 8 7
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.40 (0.23, 0.71) 0.45 (0.16, 1.23) 0.02
 Postmenopausal, never used hormone
  No. of case/person years 971/493336 90/72316 15/22505
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 197 124 67
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.91 (0.73, 1.12) 0.51 (0.26, 0.99) 0.03
 Postmenopausal, hormone use
  No. of case/person years 1753/1137658 234/204859 63/55584
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 154 114 113
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.91 (0.80, 1.05) 1.04 (0.76, 1.42) 0.87

HR, hazard ratio; Q, Quintile

*

Estimates are calculated in Cox proportional hazards models. Adjusted for ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Asian, or other ethnicity), self-rated socioeconomic status (top 30%, median 40%, or bottom 30% for women), partner’s education (<high school, high school, or above college for women), smoking status (never, former, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day], or missing), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, and ≥15.0 g/day for women, 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day for men, or missing), physical activity (metabolic equivalents of tasks-hr/week), multivitamin use (yes/no), aspirin use (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no) and hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no), menopausal status and post-menopausal hormone use (pre-menopause, post-menopause [never, former, or current hormone use], or missing), oral contraceptive use (yes, no, or missing, Nurses’ Health Study II only), body mass index (kg/m2),total energy intake (kcal/day), and the modified alternate healthy eating index score.

†

Pinteraction was calculated using likelihood-ratio test.