Figure 2.

Candidalysin the induces release of ATP, ROS/RNS and S100A8 alarmins. ATP (A) and ROS/RNS (B) molecules are released from oral epithelial cells following treatment with 70 µM candidalysin. Initial elevated ATP levels are recovered at 2 h post-treatment, whereas increased ROS/RNS levels are maintained for 6 h. At 24 h post-infection, induction of S100A8 by candidalysin-deficient strains is significantly suppressed (C (grey bars)) when compared to that of candidalysin-expressing strains (C (black bars)). Data are an average of three biological experiments. Unmatched, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison’s test was used to assess statistical significance. Error bars represent SD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.