Novel coronavirus infection in newborn babies aged <28 days in China

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly [1–8]. On 31 January 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern. By 13 March 2020, COVID-19 had been confirmed in 127 countries, with 145 166 cases and 5428 deaths worldwide.

Short abstract

Neonates are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The symptoms in neonates were milder and outcomes were less severe compared to adults. Intrauterine vertical transmission is not impossible but direct evidence is still lacking. https://bit.ly/342jGK9

To the Editor:

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly [1–8]. On 31 January 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern. By 13 March 2020, COVID-19 had been confirmed in 127 countries, with 145 166 cases and 5428 deaths worldwide.

At an early stage of the epidemic, older adults were reported to be more likely to be infected [1–8]. Subsequently, infections in infants under 1 year of age were reported [8]. To date, little is known about the infection in newborn babies. Furthermore, data regarding intrauterine transmission are scarce [9]. In this study, we identified all infected newborn babies in China by 13 March 2020 and describe the clinical features, treatment, outcomes and intrauterine transmission potential.

For this retrospective study, we identified all neonatal infections with the COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2, between 8 December 2019 and 13 March 2020 in China. The summary number of new infections was released daily by the National Health Commission in China [10]. We systematically explored all the 81 026 cases that were laboratory-confirmed by 13 March 2020, as described previously [8]. In short, we retrieved the summary data from the central government and local health departments and screened for newborn babies <28 days of age. Local hospitals, administrative offices and families of patients were interviewed through telephone or online communication tools. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Wuhan University School of Health Sciences. The need for informed consent was waived as part of the public health outbreak investigation.

Data on the demographics, disease onset, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes were collected using standard forms. To analyse the intrauterine transmission potential, data were collected on the mother's disease onset (symptoms, timing of symptoms onset relative to delivery), diagnosis, Wuhan linkage (living in or visited Wuhan, or directly contacting visitors from Wuhan), delivery (delivery methods, hospital level, protection level, gestational age at delivery) and mother–child contact (separation, breastfeeding).

To detect neonatal infection, nasopharyngeal swabs or anal swabs were collected during hospitalisation. Quantitative real-time PCR was used according to the recommended protocol [11]. IgM/IgG antibodies were not used in the present study because this technology has been developed recently and had not been widely used at this stage.

For the mothers of the newborn babies, computed tomography (CT) scanning was used for preliminary screening. Abnormal results included ground-glass opacity and bilateral patchy shadowing. Suspected infection was defined as abnormal results on CT scanning coupled with typical clinical symptoms, including fever, cough, headache, sore throat, shortness of breath and sputum production. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. Confirmation of infection in mothers was based on nucleic acid tests.

Based on the data sources we used in this retrospective study, four nucleic acid-confirmed neonatal infections were identified through systematic and comprehensive searching among the 81 026 confirmed cases in China as of 13 March 2020 (table 1). All four patients were hospitalised. Three were male. The age at diagnosis ranged from 30 h to 17 days.

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of four hospitalised nucleic acid-confirmed infections in newborn babies

	Patient 1	Patient 2	Patient 3	Patient 4
Demographics
Sex	Male	Male	Male	Female
Age at diagnosis	30 h	17 days	5 days	5 days
Disease onset
Onset of symptoms	Shortness of breath	Fever, cough, vomiting	Fever	No symptoms
Setting of disease onset	Hospital	Home	Home	Hospital
Status of isolation	Isolated in hospital	No isolation	No isolation	Isolated in hospital
Diagnosis
Nucleic acid detection	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Time between symptoms onset and nucleic acid diagnosis	Same day	2 days	Same day	5 days#
Nucleic acid specimen swab	Nasopharyngeal	Anal	Anal	Nasopharyngeal
CT scan test	Increased lung marking	Increased lung marking		Increased lung marking
Treatment
Supportive treatment	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Intensive care unit	No	No	No	No
Mechanical ventilation	No	No	No	No
Outcomes
Any severe complications	No	No	No	No
Hospital stay days	14	23	30	16
Mother's disease onset
Symptoms	Fever	Cough	Fever, cough, appetite decline, oil intolerance	Fever
Timing of symptoms onset	Before delivery	After delivery	Before delivery	Before delivery
Mother's disease diagnosis
Infection status	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
CT diagnosis	Before delivery	After delivery	Before delivery	Before delivery
Nucleic acid detection	After delivery	After delivery	After delivery	After delivery
Epidemiology
Linkage to Wuhan	Residing in Wuhan	Residing in Wuhan	Visiting Wuhan	Residing in Wuhan
Contact with patients	No	Household member	No	No
Delivery
Method of delivery	Caesarean	Caesarean	Caesarean	Caesarean
Hospital level	III	III	II	III
Protection level	III	II	III	III
Gestational age	39 weeks, 6 days	Mature	Mature	40 weeks, 1 day
Mother–child contact
Immediate separation	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Breastfeeding	No	Yes	No	No

CT: computed tomography. ^#: time between date of birth and diagnosis.

Two newborn babies had fever, one had shortness of breath, one had cough and one had no noticeable symptoms. The onset of disease occurred in hospital for two newborn babies and at home for two newborn babies. Two newborn babies were in isolation and two were not in isolation at the time of disease onset.

Nucleic acid detection was performed using nasopharyngeal swabs for two newborn babies and anal swabs for two newborn babies. All four newborn babies tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. CT scans were performed in three newborn babies. All showed increased lung marking. The time between dates of admission/symptoms and diagnosis was 0–2 days.

Supportive treatment was provided for all four newborn babies. None required intensive unit care or mechanical ventilation. None had any severe complications. Three newborn babies were deemed to recover after two consecutive negative nucleic acid tests (separated by ≥24 h). Their hospital stay was 16, 23 and 30 days, respectively.

All four newborn babies’ mothers were diagnosed as infected. Three mothers showed symptoms before delivery and one after delivery. The most common symptoms in mothers were fever, followed by cough, appetite decline and oil intolerance. CT scans were performed for all four mothers, with three before and one after delivery. Abnormal findings were reported for all mothers. Nucleic acid detection was performed for all four mothers, with three after delivery and one before delivery. All four mothers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid.

Caesarean section was used for all four mothers, three at level III hospitals and one at a level II hospital. The protection level was III for three mothers and II for one mother. Three newborn babies were separated from their mothers immediately after being born and were not breastfed; one neonate had not been separated from the mother and was breastfed for 16 days until symptom onset.

Based on these findings, symptoms of neonatal infection appear to be generally mild compared to adult patients. No severe clinical complications or deaths were observed in newborn babies, compared to fatality rates of ∼4–15% in adults [1–4]. Note that infants <1 year of age also presented mild or no symptoms and rarely severe complications [8]. On the one hand, it is encouraging that newborn babies and infants appear to have mild symptoms, although close monitoring for clinical deterioration is still necessary. On the other hand, mild or no symptoms in the youngest make it difficult to detect and prevent further transmission of this virus in the general population.

The number of neonatal infections was four, compared to the previously reported nine infections in infants aged between 28 days and 1 year [8]. Proportionately, the infection rate might be higher in newborn babies than infants. Different exposure chances may partly explain the different infection rates, but different transmission routes may be another explanation. Vertical transmission may be an additional route for infections in newborn babies but not possible for infants, although a previous study of six pregnant women did not find any direct evidence [9].

The findings of the present study suggest intrauterine transmission potential. All four newborn babies were delivered through caesarean section and three were under level III protection. The possibility of intrapartum mother-to-child transmission by vaginal delivery was excluded. Except for patient 2 having contact with an infected visitor, all the other three newborn babies were in isolation when symptoms occurred. No mother–child contact or breastfeeding occurred in these three newborn babies. The time between birth and diagnosis was limited, ranging between 30 h and 5 days. Taken together, the chance of infection through ways other than intrauterine transmission is deemed to be low. However, there are other explanations for neonatal infections. Firstly, the possibility of nosocomial infection cannot be completely ruled out. Secondly, nasopharyngeal and anal swabs cannot directly indicate intrauterine infection, and no viral particles were found in the amniotic fluid or cord blood from six patients [9]. Thirdly, the number of neonatal infections is small, although it is possible that the identification of cases was incomplete due to a lack of identifying information for newborn babies. Fourthly, SARS-CoV, another coronavirus with a similar genome sequence [12], was not found to be vertically transmitted [13, 14]. Further research is warranted.

There are limitations to the present study. First, although a systematic and comprehensive search was made for SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborn babies <28 days of age, incomplete identification of cases is possible. Secondly, the present study identified mostly symptomatic patients. However, asymptomatic infection exists for COVID-19 [8, 15]. Thirdly, intrauterine tissue samples were not collected for these four newborn babies. Direct intrauterine detection of SARS-CoV-2 was not possible in the present study.

In summary, newborn babies are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The symptoms in newborn babies were milder and outcomes were less severe compared to adult patients. Intrauterine vertical transmission is not impossible, and further studies are warranted to search for virological evidence.

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