Résumé
Les infections virales respiratoires sont de très importants facteurs déclenchants des crises d'asthme. Chez l'enfant les études épidémiologiques les plus récentes, utilisant la PCR, leur attribuent le déclenchement de 80 à 85 % des crises, aussi bien pour les crises modérées que les crises nécessitant une hospitalisation. Le virus respiratoire syncytial et les virus parainfluenzae prédominent chez le nourrisson, les rhinovirus et le mycoplasme chez l'enfant plus grand. Les mécanismes précis de l'induction des crises d'asthme par les virus restent mal compris, toutefois de récentes études montrent une augmentation de l'activation des cellules inflammatoires dans le lavage alvéolaire. Les sujets atopiques, en dehors des périodes d'allergie, ne semblent pas avoir plus de manifestations respiratoires viro-induites que les non-atopiques. En revanche, chez le sujet asthmatique, l'infection virale aggrave les réactions immédiate et retardée de l'hypersensibilité immédiate après test de provocation allergénique, en augmentant la libération des médiateurs mastocytaires et le recrutement des éosinophiles dans les voies aériennes inférieures. Les études chez l'homme et l'animal suggèrent que la production locale de cytokines (IL4, IL8, RANTES, MIP-1a...) et l'expression accrue chez l'asthmatique de la molécule d'adhésion ICAM1 aient un rôle important pour le recrutement et l'activation des cellules de l'inflammation dans les voies aériennes. Une hypothèse, qui reste à démontrer serait que dans des situations où, comme dans l'asthme, les lymphocytes Th2 prédominent, un excès d'Il4 pourrait inhiber les CD8 cytotoxiques, les cellules NK et les Th1 et ainsi entraîner une diminution des défenses antivirales et une réaction inflammatoire broncho-pulmonaire plus sévère que chez le non-asthmatique.
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are very important triggers of asthma exacerbation. Recent epidemiologic studies support the hypothesis that they are associated with 80 to 85 % of acute attacks of asthma in children, both in mild exacerbations, and in more severe exacerbations leading to hospital admission. The respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses are predominantly detected in infants, while rhinovirus and mycoplasma are the commonest viruses in children. The detailed mechanism of virus-induced exacerbations remains poorly understood, al though recent studies have provided evidence of increased activation of inflammatory cells in bronchial lavage. Allergic individuals, outside of periods of allergy, do not seem to have more virus-induced respiratory manifestations than nonallergic individuals. In contrast, rhinovirus infection may intensify both the immediate and late response to allergen challenge by increasing mast cell mediator release and recruitment of eosinophils in the lower airways. Human and animal studies suggest that local production of cytokines (IL4, IL8, RANTES, MIP-1a...) and the increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) in asthmatic individuals, may play an important role for recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in the airways. One hypothesis, that remains to be demonstrated, would be that in the presence of Th2 predominance, as occurs in asthma, an excess of IL4 could inhibit the development of cytotoxic CD8, NK and Th1 activity, thereby resulting in decreased IFN production, more severe allergic inflammation and less efficient viral clearance.
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