Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2009 Jan 6;14:7–58. [Article in Spanish] doi: 10.1016/S1134-2072(07)71960-6

Tratamiento empírico de las infecciones en el adulto

PMCID: PMC7144493  PMID: 32288493

The content is available as a PDF (2.3 MB).

Bibliografía

  • 1.Goosens H., Ferech M., Vander Stichele R. Elseviers M for de ESAC Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005;365:579–587. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17907-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Lázaro E., Oteo J. Evolución del consumo y de la resistencia a antibióticos en España. Inf Ter Sis Nac Salud. 2006;30:10–19. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Palop V., Melchor A., Martinez-Mir I. Reflexiones sobre la utilización de antibióticos en atención primaria. Aten Primaria. 2003;32:42–47. doi: 10.1016/S0212-6567(03)78855-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Torralba Guirao M., Calero Garcia M.I., Segu i Tolsa J.L., Faixedas Brunsoms M.T., Lopez Calahorra P. Factores que influyen en el uso de antibióticos en atención primaria. Aten Primaria. 1999;24:274–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Gwaltney J.M., Bisno A.L. Pharyngitis. In: Mandell G.L., Dolan R., Bennet J.E., editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5.ª ed. Churchill Livingstone; Nueva York: 2000. pp. 656–662. [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Linder J.A., Chan J.S., Bates D.W. Evaluation and treatment of pharyngitis en primary care practice. Arch Intrn Med. 2006;166:1374–1379. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.13.1374. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Schroeder B.M. Diagnosis and management of group A Strepcoccal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(880):883–884. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Bisno A.L., Gerber M.A., Gwaltney J.M., Kaplan E.L., Schwartz R.H. Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:113–125. doi: 10.1086/340949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Paradise J.L., Bluestone C.D., Colborn D.K., Bernard B.S., Rockette H.F., Kurs Lasky M. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsilletectomy for recurrent throat infection in moderately affected children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:7–15. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.1.7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Piccirillo J. Acute bacterial sinusitis. NEJM. 2004;351:902–910. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp035553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Wright E., Frenkel S. Infectious adult rhinosinusitis. Etiology, diagnosis and management principles. J Otolaryngol. 2005;34:S7–S13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Wong D.M., Blumberg D.A., Lowe L.G. Guidelines for the use of antibiotics in acute upper respiratory tract infections. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:956–966. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Bjerrum L., Gahrn-Hansen B., Munck A. C-reactive protein measurement in general practice may lead to lower antibiotic prescribing for sinusitis. Br J Gen Prac. 2004;54:659–662. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.PRODIGY Guidance-sinusitis. National electronic Library of Infection. Última revisión en Febrero 2006. Disponible en: http://www.prodigy.nhs.uk/sinusitis
  • 15.Scheid D., Hamm R. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults: Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:1697–1704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Llor C. Utilitzacio d’antibiotics en les infeccions de les vies aeries altes en Medicina de Familia. Butlletí d’informacio terapeutica. Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Salut. 2005;17:41–46. [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Molero J, Ballester A, Boada A, et al. Infecciones del aparato respiratorio superior. En: Manual de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 2.ª ed. Madrid: 2005.
  • 18.Sander R. Otitis externa: A practical guide to treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:927–936. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Rosenfeld R., Singer M., Wasserman J., Stinnett S. Systematic review of topical antimicrobial therapy for acute otitis externa. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2006;134:S24–S48. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.02.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians Subcomittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. Clinical Practice Guideline. Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1451–1465. [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Pichichero M. Acute otitis media. Part II. Treatment in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Am Fam Physician. 2000;60:2410–2416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Smucny J., Fahey T., Becker L., Glazier R. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004;4:CD000245. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Wenzel R.P., Fowler A.A. N Engl J Med. 2006;55:2125–2130. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp061493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Richard S., Irwin M.D. Guidelines for Treating Adults with Acute Cough. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:476–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Smucny J, Becker L, Glazier R. Agonistas beta2 para la bronquitis aguda (Revision Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007. Número 2. Oxford: Update Software Lrd. Disponible en: http://www.updatesofware.com (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, 2007. Issue 2. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).
  • 26.Pachon J, Falguera M, Gidiol F, Sabriá M, Alvarez Lerna F. Infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior. Protocolos clínicos de la SEIMC. 2000. Disponible en: http://www.seimc.org/documentos/protocolos/clinicos/proto1.htm
  • 27.Ball P. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations. Chets. 1995;108:43S–52. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.2_Supplement.43S. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Alvarez F., Bouza E., García-Rodriguez J.A., Mayer M.A., Mensa J., Monsó E. Uso de antimicrobianos en la exacerbación de la enfermedad obstructiva crónica. Aten Pimaria. 2001;28:415–423. doi: 10.1016/S0212-6567(01)70405-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.LLor C., Naberan K. ¿Existe evidencia de tratar con antibióticos las agudizaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica leve? FMC. 2003;10:454–460. [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Miravitlles M., Mayodormo C., Artés M., Sánchez-Agudo L., Nicolau F., Segú J.L. Treatmente of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its exacerbations in general practice. Respir Med. 1999;93:173–179. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(99)90004-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Anthonisen N.R., Manfreda J., Warren C.P., Herschfield E.S., Harding G.K. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987:196–204. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Stocley R.A., O’Brien C., Pye A., Hill S.L. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000:1638–1645. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.6.1638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Ball P., Harris J.M., Lowson D., Tillotson G., Wilson R. Acute infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Q J Med. 1995;88:61–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterm. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(Suppl 36):20–27. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.00702002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Fine M.J., Smith M.A., Carson C.A., Mutha S.S., Sankey S.S., Weissfeld L.A. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1996;275:134–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Santos C., Llorente M.A., Carandell E., Gutiérrez M., Riera M., Ramirez A. Lugar de atención, etiología y tratamiento de las neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad de Palma de Mallorca. Med Clin (Barc) 1998;110:290–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Almirall J., Morató I., Riera F., Verdaguer A., Priu R., Coll P. Incidente of community-acquired pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a prospective multicentre study. Eur Respir J. 1993;6:14–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Alvarez F.J., Del Castillo D., García A., Romeo B., Del Rey J.J., Soto G. Estudio prospectivo de 221 neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad seguidas de forma ambulatoria. Etiología y evolución clínico-radiólogica. Med Clin (Barc) 2001;116:161–166. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7753(01)71760-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Metlay J.P., Kapoor W.N., Fine M.J. Does this patient have community acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination. JAMA. 1997;278:1440–1445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Bonet Monné S, Casals Font A, Cots Yago JM, Falcó Ferrer V, Gonzalez Saavedra MI, Hospital Guardiola I, et al. Patologia infecciosa del tracte respiratori baix. (En línia). Barcelona: Institut Catalá de la Salut. 2006. Guies de práctica clínica y material docent, núm 11. Disponible en: http://www.gencat.net/ics/professionals/guies/infecc_resp_baix/infecc_resp_baix.htm
  • 41.Hopstaken R.M., Muris J.W., Knottneus J.A., Kester A.D., Rin-Kens P.E., Dinant G.J. Contributions of sumptomd, signd, erythroctr sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein a diagnosis of pneumoniae in acute lower respiratory tract infection. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53:358–364. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Almirall J., Bolíbar I., Toràn P., Pera G., Boquet X., Balanzó X. Community-acquired Pneumonia. Maresme Study-Group. Contribution of C-reactive protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2004;125:1335–1342. doi: 10.1378/chest.125.4.1335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Van derr M.eerV., Neven A.K., Van den Broek P.J. Assendelft WJ. Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: systematic review. BMJ. 2005;331:26–31. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38483.478183.EB. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Fine M.J., Auble T.E., Yealy D.M., Hanusa B.H., Weissfeld L.A., Singer D.E. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquires pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–250. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199701233360402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Lim W.S., van der Eerden M.M., Laing R., Boersna W.G., Karalus N., Town G.I. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation stydy. Thorax. 2003;58:377–382. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.5.377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Macfarlane J.T., Boldy D. BTS guidelines for pneumonia 2004 update of BTS pneumonia guidelines: what's new? Thorax. 2004;59:364–366. doi: 10.1136/thx.2004.024992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Pallarés R., Linares J., Vadillo M., Cabellos C., Manresa F., Viladrich P.F. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporina and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:474–480. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199508243330802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.BTS Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonie in adults. Thorax. 2001; 56:64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • 49.Alvarez Martinez C.J. Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Fundamentos de tratamiento. Inf Ter SNS. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. 2003;27:1–10. [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Mills G.D., Ochley M.R., Arrol B. Effectiveness of blactam antibiotics compared with antibiotics active against atypical pathogens in non-severe community acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis. BMJ. 2005;330:456–458. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38334.591586.82. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Shefet D., Robenshtok E., Paul M., Leibocici L. Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-adquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1992–2000. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.17.1992. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Fernández Álvarez R., Suárez Toste I., Rubinos Cuadrado G., Medina Gonzálvez A., Guñón Blanco J.A., González Martín I. Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por gérmenes atípicos: tratamiento y evolución. Arch Bronconeumol. 2006;42:430–433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Pérez-Trallero E., García de la fuente C., García-Rey C., Baquero F., Aguilar L., Dal-Re Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens. Geographical and ecological analysis of resistance, coresistance, and coupled resistance to antimicrobials in respiratory pathogenic bacteria in Spain. Antimicrobiob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1965–1972. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.5.1965-1972.2005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Aguado-García J.M., Martín-Herrero J.E., Lumbreras C. Resistencias bacterianas y farmacodinámica como la prescripción de antibióticos en infecciones respiratorias. Enf Inf Microb Clin. 2004;22:230–237. doi: 10.1157/13059054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Alós J.L., Aracil B., Oteo J.L., Gómez Garcés J., The Spanish Group for the Study of Infections in the Primary Health Care Setting Significant increase in the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin-and miocamycin-susceptible (M. phenotype) Streptococcus pyogenes in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemoter. 2003;51:333. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Cots Yago JM, Llor Vilà C, Muñoz Gutiérrez J, Carandell Jäguer E. Infecciones del aparato respiratorio inferior. En: Arranz Izquierdo J, Cots Yago JM, Gómez García M, Monedero Mira MJ, editores. Manual de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Atención Primaria, 2.a ed. Madrid: 2005. p. 25-43.
  • 57.Llor C., Gonzalez I., Boada A., Cots J.M. Terapèutica de les infeccions de les vies aèries baixes. In: Llor C., Cots J.M., editors. Recomanacions sobre l’us d’antimicrobians en Atenció Primària. 5.ª ed. Sant Carles de la Ràpita; 2005. pp. 35–51. [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Woodhead M.A., Macfarlane J.T., McCrackens J.S., Rose D.H., Finche R.G. Prospective stydy of the aetilogy and outcome of pneumoniae in the community. Lancet. 1987;1:671–674. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90430-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Pallarés Robles J., Mata Cases M. Infecciones frecuentes en atención primaria. In: Martín Zurro, Cano J.F., editors. Atención Primaria. 5.ª ed. Concepto, organización y práctica clínica; 2003. pp. 1193–1234. [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Koning S., Verhagen A.P., van Suijlekom-Smit L.W.A., Morris A., Butler C.C., van der Wouden J.C. La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus. Update Software Ltd; Oxford: 2006. Intervenciones para el impétigo (Revisión Cochrane traducida) Número 3. [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Ghorayeb ZN. Erysipeloid. Disponible en: www.emedicine.com [última revisión 2007].
  • 62.O’Dell M.L. Publicado por American Academy of Family Physicians; Edición española: 2001. Actualización sobre enfermedades de la piel. Monografía. Edición española de la obra: Skin Disorders Update Monograph, Edition 258. [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Holdiness M.R. Management of cutaneus erytrasma. Drugs. 2002;62:1131–1141. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200262080-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Wharton J.R., Wilson P.L., Kincannon J.M. Erytrasma Treated With Single-Dose Claritromycin. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:671–672. doi: 10.1001/archderm.134.6.671. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Rovira España M., Herrero Barreda D., Molist Brunet N., Rodero Garrido J. Manual de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Atención Primaria. 2.ª ed. Ed. Jomagar; Madrid: 2005. Infecciones cutáneas, capítulo 9. P. 201-26. [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Stevens D.L., Bisno A.L., Chambers H.F., Everett E.D., Dellinger P., Goldstein E.J. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1373–1406. doi: 10.1086/497143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Stulberg D.L., Penrod M.A., Blatny R.A. Common Bacterial Skin Infections. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66:119–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Guidelines on the management of cellulitis in adults. Gia CREST. Última revisión 2005. Disponible en: www.crestni.org.uk. Cellulitis Group: Chair. Dr. Raymond Fulton.
  • 69.Palop Larrea V., Martínez-Mir I. Tratamiento empírico de las Infecciones en Atención Primaria. Fisterra. Guías Clínicas. 2004;4(33) [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Barberan Lopez J. Protocolos de Enfermedades Infecciosas. SEMI; 2004. Infecciones de la Piel y Tejidos Blandos, capítulo VII. p. 227-40. [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Medeiros I. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; Chichester, UK: 2004. Antibiotic prophilaxis for mamalian bites (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane Library (issue 1) [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Arribas Blanco J.M., Castello Fortet J.R. Ed. Mayo; Madrid: 2006. Cirugía Menor en Urgencias de Atención Primaria. Monografía. 21–23. [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Wareham D.W., Breuer J. Herpes Zoster. BMJ. 2007;334:1211–1215. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39206.571042.AE. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Nikkels A.F., Pierarad G.E. Treatment of mucocutaneous presentations of herpes simplex virus infections. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:475–487. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200203070-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Emmert D.H. Treatment of common cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:1697–1706. 708. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Dworkin R.H., Johnson R.V., Breuer J., Gnann J.V., Levin M.J., Backonja M. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(1):S1–S26. doi: 10.1086/510206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Gibbs S., Harvey I., Sterling J., Stark R. Local treatments for cutaneous warts: systematic review. BMJ. 2002;325:461. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Scheinfeld NS. Candidiasis Cutaneous. Disponible en: www.emedicine.com. Última revisión 2006.
  • 79.Roberts D.T., Taylor W.D., Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:402–410. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05242.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Bell-Syer S.EM., Hart R., Crawford F., Torgerson D.J., Tyrrell W., Russell I. La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus. Update Software Ltd.; Oxford: 2006. Tratamientos orales para la micosis cutánea del pie (Revisión Cochrane traducida) Número 3. [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Ectoparasitic Infections. MMWR. 2006;55. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/toc.htm
  • 82.Valle Rodríguez J.L., Gomez-LusCentelles M.L., Prieto Prieto J., Liébana Ureña J. Composición y ecología de la microbiota oral. In: Liébana Ureña J., editor. Microbiología oral. Interamericana McGraw-Hill; Madrid: 1995. pp. 402–407. [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Chow A.W. Infections of the oral cavity, neck and head. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., Dolin R., editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5.ª ed. Churchill Livingstone; Filadelfia: 2000. pp. 689–701. [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Brescó-Salinas M., Costa-Riu N., Berini-Aytés L., Gay-Escoda C. Susceptibilidad antibiótica de las bacterias causantes de infecciones odontogénicas. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2006;11:E70–E75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Calsina Gomis G., Vichino Samper E., Fernandez Sotanas A. Tratamiento de las infecciones y dolor odontológico. FMC. 2000;7:56–64. [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Bascones Martínez A., Aguirre Urizar J.M., Bermejo Fenoll A. Documento de consenso sobre el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las infecciones bacterianas odontogénicas. Av Odontoestomatol. 2005;21:311–319. [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Ceballos Salobreña A, Rodríguez Arcilla A. Micosis. En: Bagan, et al. editores. Medicina oral. Barcelona: Masson; 1995. p. 151-56.
  • 88.Bascones A., Manso F.J. Tratamiento de las infeccones orofaciales de origen bacteriano. In: Bascones A., Manso F.J., editors. Infecciones orofaciales. Diagnóstico y tratamiento. Avances Médico-Dentales; Madrid: 1994. pp. 89–116. [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Fiddian A.P., Yeo J.M., Stubbings R. Successful treatment of herpes labiales with topical acyclovir. Br Med J. 1983;286:1699–1701. doi: 10.1136/bmj.286.6379.1699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Fiddian A.P., Ivanyi L. Topical acyclovir in the management of recurrent herpes labialis. Br J Dermatol. 1983;109:321–326. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb03548.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Niimura M., Houda M., Nishikawa T. The optimal concentration of aciclovir ointment for the treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections: a controlled clinical trial. J Clin Therap Med. 1992;8:289–297. [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Pienaar ED, Young T, Colmes H. Intervenciones para la prevención y el tratamiento de la candidiasis orofaríngea asocada con la infección por VIH en adultos y niños. En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2006. Número 4. Oxford. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com
  • 93.Hann I.M., Prentice H.G., Blacklock H.A. Acyclovir prophylaxis against herpes virus infections in severly inmunocompromised patients: randomised double blind trial. Br Med J. 1983;287:384–388. doi: 10.1136/bmj.287.6389.384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Maestre J.R. Infecciones bacterianas mixtas de la cavidad oral. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2002;20:98–101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Granizo J.J., Jiménez M.J., Bascones A. Impacto ecológico del tratamiento antibiótico de las infecciones odontológicas. Rev Esp Quimioterap. 2006;19:14–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Gotzsche PC, Johanse HK. Profilaxis y tratamiento con nistatina en pacientes con inmunodepresión grave. En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2006. Número 4. Oxford. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com
  • 97.Horcajada J.P., Fariñas M.C. Implicaciones de las resistencias bacterianas en las infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad. Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005;23:1–3. doi: 10.1157/13070400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Rabanaque Mallén G., García Domingo C., Escombs Tullenque R. ¿Existen las mismas resistencias de uropatógenos a antibióticos en los ámbitos de atención primaria y hospitalaria? Aten Primaria. 2004;33:285–287. doi: 10.1016/S0212-6567(04)79417-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Andreu A., Alós J.I., Gobernado M., De la Rosa M., García Rodriguez A. Etiología y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de los uropatógenos de la infección urinaria de vías bajas adquirida en la comunidad. Estudio Nacional multicéntrico. Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005;23:4–9. doi: 10.1157/13070401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Lorente Garín J.A., Placer Santos J., Salvado Costa M., Segura Alvarez C., Gelabert Mas A. Evolución de la resistencia en las infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad. Rev Clin Esp. 2005;205:259–264. doi: 10.1157/13076148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Cano Romera A, López Plana A, Rodríguez Ferré A. Infecciones urinarias (on-line) 2006 (citado 25-9-06) (27 pantallas). Disponible en: http://www.cap.semfyc.com
  • 102.Deville W.L., Yzermans J.C., Van Duijin N.P., Bezemer P.D., Vand del Windt D.A., Bouter L.M. The urine dipstick test useful torule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol. 2004 doi: 10.1186/1471-2490-4-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Katchman E.A., Milo G., Paul M., Christiaens T., Baerheim A., Leibocivi L. Three-day vs longer duration of antibiotic treatment for cystitis in women: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Med. 2005;118:1119–1207. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Ferry S.A., Holm S.E., Stenlund H., Lundholm R., Monsen T.J. The natural course of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women illustrate by a randomized placebo controlled study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:296–301. doi: 10.1080/00365540410019642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Ludwing M., Hoyme U.B., Weidner W. Recurrent urinary tract infection in women: Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Urologue A. 2006;45:436–442. doi: 10.1007/s00120-006-1023-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Albert X., Huertas I., Pereiro I., Sanfelix J., Gosalves V., Perrota C. Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;3 doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001209.pub2. CD001209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Di Martino P., Agniel R., David K., Templer C., Gaillard J.L., Denys P. Reduction of Escherichia coli adherence to uroepithelial bladder cells after consumption of cranberry juice. A double blind randomized placebo controlled crossover trial. World J Urol. 2006;24:21–27. doi: 10.1007/s00345-005-0045-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Raz R., Stamm W.E. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:753–756. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199309093291102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Rudeko N., Dorofeyev A. Prevention of recurrent lower urinary tract infections by long-term administration of fosfomycin trometamol. Double blind, randomized, parallel group, placebo controlled study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55:F420–F427. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1296881. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Cabedo García V., Novoa Gómez C., Tirado Balaguer M.D., Rodriguez Morquecho N., Rodriguez Bailo M.T. Solá Sandtner ¿Es importante la técnica de recogida de la orina para evitar la contaminación de las muestras? Aten Primaria. 2004;33:140–144. doi: 10.1016/S0212-6567(04)79374-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia (SEGO) Protocolos de la infección de orina durante el embarazo. Información Terapéutica del Sistema Nacional de Salud. 2005:34–39. [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Servicio de Urología de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Urología: seguimiento compartido en infección urinaria. Tiempos Médicos. 2006; 625.
  • 113.Naber K.G., Bergman B., Bishop M.C., Bjerklund-Johansen T.E., Botto H., Lobel B. EAU Guidelines for the Management of Urinary and Male Genital Tract Infections. Eur Urol. 2001;40:576–588. doi: 10.1159/000049840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Rabanaque Mallén G, Cano Romera A, García Domingo G, López Plana A, Redondo Sanchez J. Infecciones del tracto urinario. En: Manual de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Atención Primaria. 2.ª ed. Madrid: 2005. p. 137-60.
  • 115.Quiang W., Jianchen W., MacDonald R., Monga M., Wilt T.J. Antibiotic prophylaxis for transurethral prostatic resection in men with preoperative urine containing less than 100.000 bacteria per ml: a systematic review. J Urol. 2005;173:1175–1181. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000149676.15561.cb. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 116.Nicolle L., Bradley S., Colgan R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asyntomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:5135–5235. doi: 10.1086/427507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Wazait H.D., Patel H.R., Van der Meulen J.H., Ghei M., Albuheissi S., Kelsey M. A pilot randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled trial on the use of antibiotics on urinary catheter removal to reduce the rate of urinary tract infection: the pitfalls of. BJU Int. 2004;94:1048–1050. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05102.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118.Cindolo L., Pallmieri E.A., Autorino R., Salzano L., Altieri V. Standard versus hydrophilic catheterization in the adjuvant treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer. Urol Int. 2004;73:19–22. doi: 10.1159/000078798. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 119.Sait S., Kaufman S.R., Rogers M.A., Baker P.D., Ossenkop K., Lipsky B.A. Condom versus indwelling urinary catheters: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1055–1061. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00785.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 120.Dow G., Rao R., Harding G., Brunka J., Kennedy J., Alfa M. A prospective, randomized trial of 3 or 14 days of ciprofloxacin treatmente for acute urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:658. doi: 10.1086/423000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 121.Moreno A., Benito N., Gatell J.M. Protocolo de actuación ante un paciente con fiebre y diarrea. Medicine. 2002;8:3835–3841. [Google Scholar]
  • 122.Galán Sánchez F., Telle Perez F., Tejada Cabrera M., Rodríguez Ramos C. Protocolo diagnóstico y terapéutico del paciente con diarrea aguda. Medicine. 2000;8:243–246. [Google Scholar]
  • 123.Guerrant R.L., Van Gilder T., Steiner T., Thielman N., Slutsker L., Tauxe R. Practice Guidelines for the Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clin Infect. Dis. 2001;32:331–351. doi: 10.1086/318514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 124.Manatsathit S., Dupont H.L., Farthing M., Kositchaiwat C.h., Leelakusolvong S., Ramakrishna B.S. Guideline for the management of acute diarrhea in adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002:S54–S71. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.11.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 125.Murphy M.S. Guidelines for managing acute gastroenteritis based on a systematic review of published research. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:279–284. doi: 10.1136/adc.79.3.279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 126.Lopez Gonzalez E, Ansa Echevarría X, Buendía Romero A, Candela Delegido V, Marin Lluch P, Ruiz Jiménez C. Infecciones gastrointestinales. En: Manual de enfermedades infecciosas en Atención Primaria. 2.ª ed. Enero de 2005; 119-29.
  • 127.Ansa Etxebarria X., Ferré Gras J. Recomanacions sobre l’ús d’antimicrobians en l’Atenció Primària. 5.ª ed. Sant Carles de la Ràpita; 2005. Terapèutica de la gastroenteritis aguda. La diarrea del viatger y parasitosis intestinals. 123–140. [Google Scholar]
  • 128.Thielman Nathan M., Guerrant Richard L. Acute infectious diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:38–47. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp031534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 129.MMWR. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children. Noviembre 2003; vol. 52; n.o RR-16. [PubMed]
  • 130.Nutrition Committee. Canadian Paediatric Society Treatment of diarrheal disease. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003;8:455–458. doi: 10.1093/pch/8.7.455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 131.Guy de Bruyn. Infectious disease: diarrhea. Best Practice. Clin Evidence. 2000; 172:409-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • 132.Musher D., Musher B. Contagious Acute Gastrointestinal Infections. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2417–2428. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra041837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 133.Guévart E., Solle J., Mouangue A., Noeske J., Bita A., Fonkoua M.C. Antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae 01: evolution alter prolonged curative and preventive use during the 2004 cholera epidemics in Douala (Cameroon) Med Mal Infect. 2006;36:329–334. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.11.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 134.Oldfield E.C., Wallace M.R. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001;30:817–836. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70212-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 135.Nutrition Committee. Canadian Paediatric Society Treatment of diarrheal disease. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003;8:455–458. doi: 10.1093/pch/8.7.455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Fmc are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES