Table 4.
Ordinal regression showing the adjusted odds for anemia in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and at admission for labor and delivery.
| Maternal Risk Factors (Reference in Square Brackets) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for Anemia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1st Trimester | 2nd Trimester | 3rd Trimester | Pre-Delivery c | |
| Maternal age a | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) * | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) * | 0.99 (0.95–1.05) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) * | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
| BMI/MUAC a,b | 0.87 (0.82–0.94) * | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) * | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) |
| Housewife (self/formal job) | 0.31 (0.12–0.80) * | 0.67 (0.27–1.69) | 0.57 (0.16–2.05) | 0.64 (0.24–1.72) | 0.61 (0.23–1.64) |
| Primary education (tertiary) Secondary education (tertiary) |
1.45 (0.44–4.86) 1.00 (0.38–2.63) |
2.31 (0.65–8.19) 1.13 (0.40–3.18) |
0.08 (0.01–0.76) * 0.03 (0.00–0.28) * |
1.40 (0.36–5.47) 0.76 (0.27–2.09) |
0.08 (0.01–1.25) 0.21 (0.02–2.64) |
| Poor diet intake (adequate diet) | 2.73 (1.35–5.50) * | 2.53 (1.28–4.99) * | 2.99 (1.12–8.02) * | 4.18 (1.97–8.87) * | 1.63 (0.65–4.08) * |
| No dietary advice (counselled) | 1.14 (0.63–2.09) | 2.07 (1.07–3.98) * | 1.98 (0.78–4.99) | 1.48 (0.77–2.81) | 3.52 (1.11–11.15) * |
| No IFA advice (counselled) | 1.23 (0.63–2.39) | 0.84 (0.42–1.67) | 1.74 (0.24–12.77) | 2.40 (1.13–5.09) * | 1.27 (0.44–3.67) |
| Non-routine IFA use (daily IFA) | 1.08 (0.10–11.54) | 2.08 (0.42–10.17) | 2.24 (0.25–19.89) | 7.05 (1.06–46.81) * | 3.42 (0.31–37.37) |
| Positive sickle cell (negative) | 1.30 (0.53–3.19) | 1.26 (0.53–3.03) | 1.14 (0.39–3.37) | 2.55 (1.07–6.08) * | 1.33 (0.44–4.06) |
| Positive malaria (negative) | 1.64 (0.52–5.17) | 5.32 (1.35–20.90) * | 3.42 (1.11–10.54) * | 3.06 (0.84–11.18) | 2.05 (0.47–8.97) |
| No. antenatal care visits a | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) * | - | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) * | 0.80 (0.76–0.96) * | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) * |
| No. of IPT in pregnancy a | 1.06 (0.74–1.50) | - | 1.02 (0.64–1.60) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 1.01 (0.67– 1.52) |
| Preeclampsia (No) | 0.94 (0.45–1.93) | - | 0.86 (0.31–2.40) | 2.71 (1.23–5.99) * | 3.38 (1.17–9.76) * |
| Gestational diabetes (negative) | 0.93 (0.41–2.10) | - | 0.76 (0.32–1.79) | 1.03 (0.32–3.38) | 2.13 (0.54–8.35) |
| Model summary | n = 250; Prob > chi2 = 0.0000; R2 = 0.2205; Log likelihood = −122.113 | n = 291; Prob > chi2 = 0.0000; R2 = 0.2112; Log likelihood = −161.213 | n = 244; Prob > chi2 = 0.0000; R2 = 0.1963; Log likelihood = −112.009 | n = 248; Prob > chi2 = 0.0000; R2 = 0.1898; Log likelihood = −129.755 | n = 245; Prob > chi2 = 0.0022; R2 = 0.1858; Log likelihood = −90.505 |
* p < 0.05; a These are continuous variables; b BMI was used for the overall and first trimester models while MUAC was used in later trimesters. c This is at the point of admission for labor and delivery. BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; IFA, iron-folic acid; ITP, intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy.