Skip to main content
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006 May 31;12(1):21–28. doi: 10.1053/saep.2003.127878

Infectious and parasitic diseases of captive passerines

Victoria Joseph 1,*
PMCID: PMC7147219

Abstract

The small passerines, canaries and finches, are social birds often bred and housed in flock aviaries. The aviary may be a mixed aviary housing different species or a breeding aviary concentrating on a single species. Multiple birds in contact with each other provide the means by which infectious disease can spread. Dietary and husbandry requirements vary for the species of passerines housed and can also influence disease outbreaks when they are less than optimal. Stress factors, including nutritional, husbandry (overcrowding, aviary maintenance), breeding, and the introduction of new birds, may play a significant role in disease outbreaks. An overview of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic issues affecting passerines housed in aviaries will be addressed.

Key words: Passerines, aviary, overview, infectious diseases

References

  • 1.Bauck L, Brash M. Survey of diseases of the Lady Gouldian Finch. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; New Orleans, LA; September 1–3, 1999. pp. 204–211. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Dorrestein GM. Passerine and softbill medicine and surgery. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Reno, NV; September 10–12, 1997. pp. 437–445. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Dorrestein GM. Medicine and surgery of cannaries and finches. In: Rosskopf WJ, Woerpel RW, editors. ed 2. vol 2. Lea & Febiger; Baltimore, MD: 1996. pp. 915–925. (Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds). [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Shivaprasad HL. An overview of paramyxovirus 3 (PMV3) infection in psittacines and passerines. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; St Paul, MN; August 26–28, 1998. pp. 147–149. [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Schemera B, Toro H, Kaleta EF. A paramyxovirus of serotype 3 isolated from African and Australian finches. Avian Dis. 1987;31:921–925. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Docherty DE, Long RR. Isolation of a poxvirus from a house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller) J Wildl Dis. 1986;22:420–423. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-22.3.420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Scott JR. Passerine aviary diseases: Diagnosis and treatment. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Tampa, FL; August 28–30, 1996. pp. 39–48. [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Campbell TW. Iowa State University Press; Ames, IA: 1998. Avian Hematology and Cytology; pp. 63–65. [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Hitchner SB. Canary pox vaccination with live embryoattenuated virus. Avian Dis. 1981;25:874–881. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Marshall R. Papova-like virus in a finch aviary. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Seattle, WA; September 11–16, 1989. pp. 203–207. [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Woods L. Case report: Papova-like virus in a painted finch. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Seattle, WA; September 11–16, 1989. pp. 218–219. [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Reisen WK, Kramer LD, Chiles RE. Response of house finches to infection with sympatric and allopatric strains of western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses from California. J Med Entomol. 2000;37:259–265. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.2.259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Desmidt M. Cytomegalovirus-like conjunctivitis in Australian finches. J Assoc Avian Vet. 1991;5:132–136. [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Glunder G. Occurrence of enterobacteriacea in the feces of graniverous passerine birds. Avian Dis. 1980;25:195–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Gerlach H. Bacteria. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR, editors. Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications. Wingers Publishing; Lake Worth, FL: 1994. pp. 949–983. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Panigrahy B, Gilmore WC. Systemic salmonellosis in an African Grey parrot and salmonella osteomyelitis in canaries. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;183:699–700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Reinhard GR. Subcutaneous salmonella granulomas in canaries. Lab Anim Sci. 1988;38:505. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.van der Hage M. Finches with disturbance of the digestive tract. J Assoc Avian Vet. 1990;4:83. [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Nolan PM, Duckworth RA, Hill GE. Maintenance of a captive flock of house finches free of infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Dis. 2000;44:948–952. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Rae MA, Rosskopf WJ. Mycobacteriosis in passerines. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; New Orleans, LA; September 1–5, 1992. pp. 234–243. [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Graham DL. Endoventricular mycosis: An avian pathologist's perspective. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Reno, NV; September 28–30, 1994. pp. 279–282. [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Suedmeyer WK. Clinical management of endoventricular mycosis in a group of African finches. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Reno, NV; September 10–12, 1997. pp. 225–227. [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Moore RP, Snowden KF, Phalen DN. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of megabacteriosis in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Orlando, FL; August 22–24, 2001. pp. 161–163. [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Tomaszewski EK, Snowden KF, Phalen DN. The whipple paradox: Megabacteria exposed as fungi. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Orlando, FL; August 22–24, 2001. pp. 99–100. [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Box ED. Exogenous stages of Isospora serini (Aragao) and Isispora canaria spp. in the canary (Serinus canarius linnaeus) J Protozool. 1975;22:165–169. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05844.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Swayne DE, Getzy D, Siemons RD. Coccidiosis as a cause of transmural lymphocytic enteritis and mortality in captive Nashville warblers (Vermivora ruficapilla) J Wildl Dis. 1991;27:615–620. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Dorrestein GM. Infectious diseases and their therapy in passeriforms, antimicrobial therapy in caged birds and exotic pets: An international symposium. North Am Vet Conf; Orlando, FL; 1995. pp. 11–27. Jan. 14–18. [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Norton TM, Seibels RE, Greiner EC. Bali mynah captive medical management and reintroduction program. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vets; Reno, NV; 1995. pp. 125–136. Aug 28–Sept. 2. [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Ball SJ, Brown MA, Daszak P. Atoxoplasma (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina: Atoxoplasmatidae) in the greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) J Parasitol. 1998;84:813–817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Cooper JE, Gschmeissner S, Greenwood AG. Atoxoplasma in greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) as a possible cause of going light. Vet Rec. 1989;142:343–344. doi: 10.1136/vr.124.13.343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Levine ND. The genus Atoxoplasma (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) J Parasitol. 1982;68:719–723. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Quiroga MI, Aleman N, Vazquez S. Diagnosis of atoxoplasmosis in a canary (Serinus canarius) by histopathologic and ultrastructural examination. Avian Dis. 2000;44:465–469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Little SE, Kelley BA, Norton TM. Developing diagnostic tool to further our understanding of atoxoplasma species. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Orlando FL; August 22–24, 2001. pp. 157–159. [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Clubb SL. Cryptosporidiosis in the gouldian finch. J Avian Med Surg. 1997;11:41–42. [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Massey JG. Diclazuril therapy for clinical toxoplasmosis. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Portland, OR; August 30–September 1, 2000. pp. 29–33. [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Filippich LJ, Odonoghue PJ. Cochlosoma infections in finches. J Aust Vet. 1997;75:561–563. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb14193.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Leger JS, Shivaprasad HL. Passerine protozoal sinusitis: An infection you should know about. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; St Paul, MN; August 26–28, 1998. pp. 157–160. [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Macwhirter P. Passeriformes. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR, editors. Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications. Wingers Publishing; Lake Worth, FL: 1994. pp. 1172–1199. [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Greiner EC, Ritchie BW. Parasites. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR, editors. Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications. Wingers Publishing; Lake Worth, FL: 1994. pp. 1008–1029. [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Fudge AM. Disorders of avian erythrocytes. In: Fudge AM, editor. Laboratory Medicine Avian and Exotic Pets. Saunders; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. pp. 28–33. [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Bauck L. Diseases of finches as seen in a commercial import station. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Seattle, WA; September 11–16, 1989. pp. 196–202. [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Wehr EE. Nematodes. In: Davis JW, editor. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. Iowa State University Press; Ames, IA: 1971. pp. 185–233. [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Wheler CL. Non-viral skin diseases of small pet birds. Proc Assoc Avian Vet; Orlando, FL; August 22–24, 2001. pp. 165–169. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES