Skip to main content
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2014 Jul 7;33:1–63. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6

Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals

JAMES L BITTLE *,+, SUSIE MUIR +
PMCID: PMC7150235  PMID: 2648772

Publisher Summary

This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days.

References

  1. Abelseth M.K. Can. Vet J. 1964;5:279–286. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Acharya I.L., Lowe C.U., Thapa R., Gurubacharya V.L. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987;317:1101–1104. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198710293171801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alexander R.A., DuToit R.M. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 1934;2:357. [Google Scholar]
  4. Alexander R.A., Haig D.A., Adelaar T.F. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 1947;21:231–241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson M.J., Pattison J.R. Arch. Virol. 1984;82:137–148. doi: 10.1007/BF01311158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson V.M., Nairn M.E. Colloq. INRA. 1984;28:601–609. [Google Scholar]
  7. Appel M.J.G., Percy D.H. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1970;156:1778–1785. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Appel M.J.G., Bistner S.I., Menegus M., Albert D.A., Carmichael L.E. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1973;34:543–550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Appel M.J.G., Cooper G.J., Greisen H., Scott F., Carmichael L.E. Cornell Vet. 1979;69:123–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Appel M.J.G., Scott F.W., Carmichael L.E. Vet. Rec. 1979;105:156–159. doi: 10.1136/vr.105.8.156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Arbeter A.M., Starr S.E., Weibel R.E., Neff B.J., Plotkin S.A. Pediatrics. 1983;71:307–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Asano Y., Hirose S., Tsuzuki K., Ito S., Isomura S., Takahashi M., Nakayama H., Yazaki T., Nato R. Pediatrics. 1977;59:3–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ashfaq M.K., Campbell S.G. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1980;41:1789. 1192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Asplin F.D. Vet. Rec. 1952;64:245–249. [Google Scholar]
  15. Aygun Arch. Exp. Vet. Med. 1955;9:145. [Google Scholar]
  16. Bahmanyar M., Fayaz A., Nour-Saiebi S., Mohammadi M., Koprowski H. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1976;36:2751–2754. [Google Scholar]
  17. Baker J.A. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1946;63:183–185. doi: 10.3181/00379727-63-15541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Barksdale L. In: Starr M.P., Stolp H., Truper H.G., Barlows A., Schlegel H.G., editors. Vol. 2. Springer-Verlag; New York.: 1981. (“The Prokaryotes”). [Google Scholar]
  19. Bartha, A., and Kojnok, J. (1963). Proc. World Vet. Congress, 17th Vol. 1, p. 53.
  20. Bass E.P., Gill M.A., Beckenhauer W.H. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1980;177:234–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Beard J.W., Finkelstein H., Sealy W.C., Wyckoff R.W.G. Science. 1938;87:490. doi: 10.1126/science.87.2265.490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Beaudette F.R., Hudson C.B. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1933;82:460. [Google Scholar]
  23. Beaudette F.R., Hudson C.B. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1937;90:51–60. [Google Scholar]
  24. Bemis D.A., Greiser H.A., Appel M.J.G. J. Infect. Dis. 1977;135:753–762. doi: 10.1093/infdis/135.5.753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Benton W.J., Cover M.S., Greene L.M. Avian Dis. 1958;2:383–396. [Google Scholar]
  26. Berge T.O., Banks I.S., Tigertt W.D. Am. J. Hyg. 1961;73:209–218. [Google Scholar]
  27. Bierer B.W., Derieux W.T. Poult. Sci. 1972;51:408–416. doi: 10.3382/ps.0510408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Biggs P.M., Payne L.N. Vet. Rec. 1963;75:177–179. [Google Scholar]
  29. Binn L.N., Lazar E.C., Rogul M., Shepler V.M., Swango L.J., Claypool T., Hubbard D.W., Asbill S.G., Alexander A.D. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1968;29:1809–1815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Bittle J.L., Rubic W. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:89–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Bittle J.L., Rubic W. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1976;37:275–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Bittle J.L., York C.J., Newberne J.W., Martin M. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1960;21:547–550. [Google Scholar]
  33. Bittle J.L., Emrick S.A., Garber F.B. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1970;12:2052–2056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Bloom B.R., Godai T. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1983;5:765–780. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.4.765. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Blumberg B.S., Gerstley B.J., Hungerford D.A., London W.T., Sutnick A.I. Ann. Intern. Med. 1967;66:924–931. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Bodian D. Am. J. Hyg. 1949;49:200–224. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Bolin S.R., McClurken A.W., Cutlip R.C., Coria M.F. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1985;46:573–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Boughton I.B., Hardy W.T. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. [Bull.] 1935;504 [Google Scholar]
  39. Bouters R.B., De Keyser J., Vandeplassche M., Van Aert A., Brone E., Bonte P. Br. Vet. J. 1973;129:52–57. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)36588-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Breeze S.S., Ozawa Y., Dardiri A.H. Am. J. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1969;155:391–400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Brezina R. In: “Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology”. Braude A.I., Davis C.E., Fierer J., editors. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.: 1982. pp. 1231–1234. [Google Scholar]
  42. Brogden K.A., Roades K.R., Heddleston K.L. Avian Dis. 1978;22:185–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Brogden K.A., Cutlip R.C., Lehmkuhl H.D. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984;45:2393–2395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Brown A.L., Davis E.V., Merry D.L., Beckenhauer W.H. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1967;28:751–759. [Google Scholar]
  45. Brown F., Hyslop N.St.G., Crick J., Morrow W.W. J. Hyg. 1963;61:337–344. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400039620. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Brown C.C., Olander H.J., Biberstein E.L., Morse S.M. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1986;47:1116–1119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Bryans J.T. Immunobiol. Stand. 1973;20:311. [Google Scholar]
  48. Bryans J.T. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1980;41:1743–1746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Bryans J.T., Allen G.P. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1981;52:493–498. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Buller R.M.L., Wallace G.D. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1985;35:473–476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Burnet F.M. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1934;15:52–55. [Google Scholar]
  52. Burnet F.M. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1942;20:81–88. [Google Scholar]
  53. Burrell D.H. Proc. Annu. Conf. Aust. Vet. Assoc. 1978;55:79–81. [Google Scholar]
  54. Burrell D.H. Aust. Vet. J. 1981;57:105–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00468.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Bushnell L.D., Brandley C.A. Poult. Sci. 1933;12:55–60. [Google Scholar]
  56. Butterfield W.K., Luginbuhl R.E., Helmboldt C.F., Sumner F.W. Avian Dis. 1961;5:445–450. [Google Scholar]
  57. Buynak E.B. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1968;204:195–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Bywater R.J. J. Comp. Pathol. 1970;80:565–573. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(70)90054-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Cabasso V.J., Cox H.R. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1949;71:246–250. doi: 10.3181/00379727-71-17150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Cabasso V.J., Stebbins M.R., Norton T.W., Cox H.R. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1954;85:239. doi: 10.3181/00379727-85-20843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Cabasso V.J., Stebbins M.R., Douglas A., Sharpless G.R. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1965;26:24–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Calmette A., Guérin C. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris. 1924;38:371–398. [Google Scholar]
  63. Calmette A., Guérin C. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris. 1926;40:574–581. [Google Scholar]
  64. Calnek B.W. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1961;139:1323. [Google Scholar]
  65. Calnek B.W., Taylor P.J. Avian Dis. 1960;4:116–122. [Google Scholar]
  66. Calnek B.W., Hitchner S.B., Aldinger H.S. Appl. Microbiol. 1970;20:723–726. doi: 10.1128/am.20.5.723-726.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Cameron C.M. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1972;43:343–349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Capstick P.B., Telling R.C., Chapman W.G., Stewart D.L. Nature (London) 1962;195:1163–1164. doi: 10.1038/1951163a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Carmichael L.E., Medic B.L.S., Bistner S.I., Aguirre G.D. Cornell Vet. 1975;65:331–351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Carré H. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1905;140:689–1489. [Google Scholar]
  71. Castaneda M.R. J. Exp. Med. 1934;60:119–125. doi: 10.1084/jem.60.1.119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Cessi D., Lombardini F. Clin. Vet. 1975;98:426–430. [Google Scholar]
  73. Chandler H.M., Gulasekhuram J. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1970;48:187–197. doi: 10.1038/icb.1970.18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Chanock R.M., Ludwig W., Huebner R.J., Cate T.R., Chu L.W. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1966;195:445–452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Childrow J.W., Porter P. Vet. Rec. 1979;104:496–499. doi: 10.1136/vr.104.22.496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Chodnik K.S., Watson R.A., Hepple J.R. Vet. Rec. 1959;71:904–908. [Google Scholar]
  77. Christensen G. Nord. Veterinaer Med. 1982;34:113–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Churchill A.E., Biggs P.M. Nature (London) 1967;215:528–530. doi: 10.1038/215528a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Churchill A.E., Chubb R.C., Baxendale W. J. Gen. Virol. 1969;4:557–564. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-4-4-557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Coggins L., Gillespie J., Robson D.S., Thompson J.D., Phillips W.W., Wagner W.C., Baker J.A. Cornell Vet. 1961;51:539–545. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Collier R.J., Kandel J. J. Biol. Chem. 1971;246:1496–1503. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Comstock G.W. In: “Tuberculosis in Bacterial Infections in Humans: Epidemiology and Control”. Evans A.S., Feldman H.A., editors. Plenum; New York.: 1982. pp. 605–632. [Google Scholar]
  83. Confer A.W., Panciera R.J., Corstvet R.E., Rummage J.A., Fulton R.W. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984;45:2543–2545. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Confer A.W., Lessley B.A., Panciera R.J., Fulton R.W., Kreps J.A. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1985;10:265–278. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(85)90052-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Confer A.W., Panciera R.J., Gentry M.J., Fulton R.W. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1986;47:1853–1857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Corbeil L.B., Schurig D.D., Duncan J.R., Corbeil R.R., Winter A.J. Infect. Immun. 1974;10:422–429. doi: 10.1128/iai.10.3.422-429.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Cox, H. R. (1948). In “Symposium on Rickettsial Diseases, 1946.” Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Boston, Massachusetts.
  88. Cox H.R., Cabasso V.J., Markam F.S., Moses M.J., Mayer A.W., Roca-Garcia M., Ruegsegger J.M. Br. Med. J. 1959;2:591–597. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5152.591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Craigie J., Watson D.W., Clark E.M., Malcomson M.E. Can. J. Res., Sect. E. 1946;24:84–103. doi: 10.1139/cjr46e-011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Crandell R.A., Maurer F.D. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1958;97:487–490. doi: 10.3181/00379727-97-23783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Crandell R.A., Niemann W.H., Ganaway J.R., Mauer F.D. Virology. 1960;10:283–285. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(60)90049-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Crandell R.A., Brumlow W.B., Davison V.E. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1968;29:2141–2147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Dalton P.J. Vet. Rec. 1967;80:107–109. doi: 10.1136/vr.80.3.107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Daubney R. FAO Agric. Stud. 1949;8:6–23. [Google Scholar]
  95. Davis, E. V., Gregory, G. G., and Beckenour, W. H. (1970). VM/SAC, Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. March, pp. 237–242. [PubMed]
  96. Diaz R., Jones L.N., Wilson N.J.B. J. Bacteriol. 1967;93(2):1262–1268. doi: 10.1128/jb.93.4.1262-1268.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Dick G. In: “New Trends and Developments in Vaccines”. Voller A., Friedman H., editors. University Park Press; Baltimore, Maryland.: 1978. pp. 29–54. [Google Scholar]
  98. Didier P.J., Perino L., Urbance J. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1984;184:716–719. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Doll E.R., Bryans J.T. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1963;139:1324–1330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Doll E.R., Bryans J.T., McCallum W.H., Crowe M.E.W. Cornell Vet. 1957;47:3–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Doll E.R., Bryans J.T., Wilson J.C. Cornell Vet. 1968;58:497–524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Dorset M., McBryde C.N., Niles W.B. U.S. Bur. Anim. Ind. Bull. 1908;102 [Google Scholar]
  103. Dougan G., Maskell D., Sweeney K., O'Callighan D.O., Fairweather N., Brown A., Hormaeche C. In: “Vaccines '87: Modern Approaches to New Vaccines”. Chanock R.M., Lerner R.A., Brown F., Ginsberg A., editors. Cold Spring Harbor Lab.; Cold Spring Harbor, New York.: 1987. pp. 279–282. [Google Scholar]
  104. Dougherty E., Sanders L.Z., Parsons E.H. Am. J. Pathol. 1955;31:475–487. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Doyle T.M. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1927;40:144–169. [Google Scholar]
  106. Dulcac G.C., Swango L.J., Bernstein T. Can. J. Microbiol. 1970;16:391–394. doi: 10.1139/m70-066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Dunkin G.W., Laidlaw P.P. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1926;39:201. [Google Scholar]
  108. DuToit R.M., Alexander R.A., Neitz W.O. Ondersteport J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 1933;1:25. [Google Scholar]
  109. Eaton G., Lerro A., Custer R. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1982;32:384–386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Edelman R., Levine M.M. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1986;8:329–349. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.3.329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Edmonson W.P., Purcell R.H., Gundelfinger B.F., Love J.W.P., Ludwig W., Chanock R.M. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1966;195:453–459. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Eickoff T.C., Klein J.O., Daly A.K. N. Engl. J. Med. 1964;271:1221–1228. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196412102712401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Einstein T.K., Carey R.B., Schockman G.D., Smith S.M., Swenson R.M. Semin. Infect. Dis. 1982;4:279–284. [Google Scholar]
  114. Elder W.G., Miles D.A. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1957;74:133–139. [Google Scholar]
  115. Emery J.B., Elliot A.Y., Bordt D.E., Burch G.R., Kugal B.S. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1968;152(5):476–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Emery J.B., House J.A., Bittle J.L., Spotts A.M. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1976;37:1323–1327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Enders J.F., Hammond W.D. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1940;43:194–200. [Google Scholar]
  118. Enders J.F., Peebles T.C. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1954;86:277–286. doi: 10.3181/00379727-86-21073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Enders J.F., Kane L.W., Cohen S., Levens J.H. J. Exp. Med. 1945;81:93–117. doi: 10.1084/jem.81.1.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Enders J.F., Weller T.H., Robbins F.C. Science. 1949;109:85–87. doi: 10.1126/science.109.2822.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Eugester A.K. Tex. Vet. Med. J. 1978;40:19–78. [Google Scholar]
  122. Fastier L.B. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1957;18:382–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Feeley J.C. “Principles and Practice of Cholera Control,”. World Health Organ.; Geneva.: 1970. p. 87. [Google Scholar]
  124. Fenje P. Can. J. Microbiol. 1960;6:605–609. doi: 10.1139/m60-072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Fields P.I., Haidaris C.G., Swanson R.V., Parsons R.L., Heffron F. In: “Vaccines '86”. Brown F., Chanock R.M., Lerner R.A., editors. Cold Spring Harbor Lab.; Cold Spring Harbor, New York.: 1986. pp. 205–0212. [Google Scholar]
  126. Fields P.I., Swanson R.V., Haidaris C.G., Heffron F. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986;83:5189–5193. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Fieldsteel A.H., Emery J.B. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1954;86:819. doi: 10.3181/00379727-86-21242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Fitzgeorge R.B., Solotorovsky M., Smith H. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1967;48(2):522–528. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Foggin C.M. Vet. Rec. 1983;113:115. doi: 10.1136/vr.113.5.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Folkers C.D., Jaspers M.E., Stumpel E.M., Willebrongel E.A.C. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1976;33:364–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Frasch C.E., Peppier M.S., Cate T.R., Zahradnik J.M. Semin. Infect. Dis. 1982;4:263–267. [Google Scholar]
  132. Frenkel H.S. Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot. 1947;28:155. [Google Scholar]
  133. Fujisaki Y., Watanabe Y., Kodama K. Natl. Inst. Anim. Health Q. 1978;18:184–185. [Google Scholar]
  134. Fukumi H., Takeuchi Y. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1975;28:477–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Gale C., Hamdy A.H., Trapp A.L. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1963;142:884–887. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Gearhart M.A., Webb P.A., Knight A.P., Salman M.D., Smith J.A., Erickson G.D. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1987;191(7):819–822. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Gelenczei E.F., Marty E.W. Avian Dis. 1964;8:105–122. [Google Scholar]
  138. Gerber J.D., Marron A.E., Bass E.P., Beckenhauer W.H. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1977;41:471–478. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Gill D.M., Pappenheimer A.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1971;246:654–658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Gillespie J.H., Baker J.A., McEntee K. Cornell Vet. 1960;50:73–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Gilliam A.G. Am. J. Hyg. 1946;44:401–410. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Ginsburg I. In: “Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology”. 2nd ed. Braude A.I., Davis C.E., Fierer J., editors. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.: 1986. pp. 242–253. [Google Scholar]
  143. Goodfellow M., Minnikin D.E. In: Starr M.P., Stolp H., Truper H.G., Barlows A., Schlegel H.G., editors. Vol. 2. Springer-Verlag; New York.: 1981. (“The Prokaryotes”). [Google Scholar]
  144. Goodpasture E.W., Woodruff A.M., Buddingh G.J. Science. 1931;74:371–372. doi: 10.1126/science.74.1919.371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Goodpasture E.W., Buddringh G.J., Richardson L., Anderson K. Am. J. Hyg. 1935;21:319–360. [Google Scholar]
  146. Goren M.B. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1977;31:507–533. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.002451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Goren M.B., D'Arcy Hart P., Young M.R., Armstrong J.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976;73:2510–2514. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.7.2510. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Grasset E. Trans. R. Soc. Med. Hyg. 1946;40:275–294. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(46)90069-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Green R.G. Am. J. Hyg. 1945;41:7. [Google Scholar]
  150. Gregg N.M. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. Aust. 1941;3:35–46. [Google Scholar]
  151. Gunnarson A. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1979;40:469–472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Gunnarson A., Hurvell B., Biberstein E.L. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:1286–1292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Habel K. Public Health Rep. 1946;61:1655–1664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Habel K. Am. J. Hyg. 1951;54:295–311. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Haig D.A. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 1948;23:149–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Hanson L.E. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;59:1166–1170. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84339-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Heddleston K.L., Rebers P.A., Wessman G. Poult. Sci. 1974;54:217–221. doi: 10.3382/ps.0540217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Henderson W.M. Br. Vet. J. 1978;134:3–9. [Google Scholar]
  159. Henle G., Bishe W.J., Burgoon J.S., Burgoon C.F., Hunt G.R., Henle W. J. Immunol. 1951;66:561–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Henry, S., and Marstellar, T. A. (1982). Int. Pigm. Vet. Soc. Congr. p. 114.
  161. Higbee E., Howitt B. J. Bacteriol. 1935;29:399–406. doi: 10.1128/jb.29.4.399-406.1935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Hilleman M.R., Buynak E.B., Weibel R.E., Stoes J., Whitman J.E., Leagus M.B. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1968;206:587–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Hilleman M.R., Bertland A.V., Buynak E.B. In: “Viral Hepatitis”. Vyas G., Cohen S.N., Schmid R., editors. Franklin Inst. Press; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.: 1978. pp. 525–537. [Google Scholar]
  164. Hilleman M.R., Buynak E.B., McAleer W.J., McLean A.A., Provost P.J., Lytell A.A. In: “Viral Hepatitis,”. Szmuness W., Alter H.J., Maynard J.E., editors. Franklin Inst. Press; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.: 1982. pp. 385–397. [Google Scholar]
  165. Hilwig, R. W., Songer, J. G., Joens, L. A., and Cubberley, J. (1985). Proc. West. States Food Anim. Conf.
  166. Hirschel B., Wuthrich R., Somaini B., Steffen R. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985;4:295–298. doi: 10.1007/BF02013656. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Hitchner S.B., Johnson E.P. Vet. Med. (Kansas City, Mo.) 1948;43:525–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Hoerlin A.B., Kramer T.K. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1964;25:371–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Hoffman T.A. In: “Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology”. 2nd ed. Braude A.I., Davis C.E., Fierer J., editors. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.: 1986. pp. 1060–1065. [Google Scholar]
  170. Hofstad M.S. Avian Dis. 1981;25:650–654. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Hyslop N.St.G. “Vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease,”. John Wright & Sons; Bristol, England.: 1966–1967. p. 140. Vet. Annu. [Google Scholar]
  172. Inaba Y., Kurogi H., Sato K., Goto Y., Omori T., Matsumoto M. Arch. Gesamte. Virusforsch. 1973;42:42–53. doi: 10.1007/BF01250506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Irwin M.R., Knight H.D. Infect. Immun. 1975;12(5):1098–1103. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.5.1098-1103.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Jackson F.C., Wright G.G., Armstrong J. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1957;18:771–777. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Jacobs J.W., Edington N.N. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975;18(3):299–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Jarrett W., Mackey L., Jarrett O., Laird H.M., Hood C. Nature (London) 1974;248:230–232. doi: 10.1038/248230a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Jayaraman M.S., Lal R., Dhanda M.R. Indian Vet. J. 1962;39:481–487. [Google Scholar]
  178. Jenner E. “An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of the Vanidae Vaccinae.”. Sampson Low; London.: 1798. [Google Scholar]
  179. Johnson R.H. Res. Vet. Sci. 1967;8:256–264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Johnson R.H. J. Small Anim. Pract. 1967;8:319–324. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04557.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Johnson R.H., Margolis G., Kilham L. Nature (London) 1967;214:175–177. doi: 10.1038/214175a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Johnson W.T. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1929;75:629. [Google Scholar]
  183. Jolly R.D. N. Z. Vet. J. 1965;13:148–153. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1965.33619. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Jones E.E. Science. 1932;76:331–332. doi: 10.1126/science.76.1971.331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Jones E.E. J. Exp. Med. 1934;59:781–798. doi: 10.1084/jem.59.6.781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Joo H.S., Johnson R.H. Aust. J. Vet. 1977;53:550–552. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977.tb07945.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Kabir S. In: “Vaccines '86”. Brown F., Chanock R.M., Lerner R.A., editors. Cold Spring Harbor Lab.; Cold Spring Harbor, New York.: 1986. pp. 231–234. [Google Scholar]
  188. Kahn D.E., Gillespie J.A. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1971;32:521–533. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Kann D.E., Hoover E.A., Bittle J.L. Infect. Immun. 1975;11:1003–1009. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.5.1003-1009.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Kaneene J.M., Johnson D.W., Anderson R.K., Agnes R.D., Pietz D.E., Muscoplat C.C. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:585–589. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Kasper D.L., Baker C.J., Edwards M.S., Nicholson-Weller A., Jennings H.J. Semin. Infect. Dis. 1982;4:275–278. [Google Scholar]
  192. Katz S.L., Enders J.F. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1959;98:605–607. [Google Scholar]
  193. Kennedy K.K., Norris S.J., Bechenhauer W.H., White R.G. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977;38:1515–1517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Kerr D.D., Marshall V. VM/SAC, Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1974;69:1157–1160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Kessel J.F., Pait C.F. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1949;70:315–316. doi: 10.3181/00379727-70-16911. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Kilham L., Margolis G.M. Am. J. Pathol. 1966;48:991–1011. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Kimura Y., Aoki H., Shimokata K., Ito Y., Takano M., Kurabayashi N., Norrby E. Arch. Virol. 1979;61:297–304. doi: 10.1007/BF01315016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Kissling R.E. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1958;98:223–225. doi: 10.3181/00379727-98-23997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Koch R. Cited by Todd, C. (1930). In: Filders P., Ledingham J.C.G., editors. Vol. 7. H. M. Stationery Office; London.: 1897. p. 284. (“A System of Bacteriology”). [Google Scholar]
  200. Kohler B.M., Cross R.F., Bohl E.H. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:757–764. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Koprowski H., Black J. J. Immunol. 1950;64:185–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Koprowski H., Black J. J. Immunol. 1954;72:503–510. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Koprowski H., Cox H. J. Immunol. 1948;60:533–554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Koprowski H., James T.R., Cox H.R. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1946;63:178–183. doi: 10.3181/00379727-63-15540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Koprowski H., Norton T.U., Jervis G.A., Nelson T.L. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1956;160:954–966. doi: 10.1001/jama.1956.02960460032008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Kraneveit F.C. Ned. Indisch. Bl. Diergeneeskd. 1926;38:448–450. [Google Scholar]
  207. Krugman S., Giles J.P., Hammond J. J. Infect. Dis. 1970;122:432–436. doi: 10.1093/infdis/122.5.432. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Kuroya M., Ishida N., Shiratori T., Yakoham Med. Bull. 1953;4:217–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Lagrange P.H. In: “The Mycobacteria: A Source Book, Part B”. Kubica G.P., Lawrence G.W., editors. Dekker; New York.: 1984. [Google Scholar]
  210. Laidlaw P.P., Dunkin G.W. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1926;39:222–230. [Google Scholar]
  211. Laidlaw P.P., Dunkin G.W. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1928;41:1–17. [Google Scholar]
  212. Laidlaw P.P., Dunkin G.W. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1928;41:209–227. [Google Scholar]
  213. Lancefield R.C. J. Exp. Med. 1934;57:441–459. doi: 10.1084/jem.59.4.441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Leach C.N., Johnson H.N. Am. J. Trop. Med. 1940;20:335–340. [Google Scholar]
  215. Leasure F.E., Lienhardt H.F., Taberner F.R. North Am. Vet. 1934;15:30–44. [Google Scholar]
  216. Leece J.G., King M.W. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1979;43:90–93. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Leece J.G., King M.W., Mock R. Infect. Immun. 1976;14:816–885. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.3.816-825.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Leppla S.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1982;79:3162–3166. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3162. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Levine M.M., Nalin D.R., Craig J.P., Hoover D., Berquist E.J., Waterman D. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1979;73:3–9. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90119-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Levine M.M., Kaper J.B., Black R.E., Clements M.L. Microbiol. Rev. 1983;47:510–550. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.4.510-550.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Loeffler, F., and Frosch, P. (1898). Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr., Abt. 1 23, 371–391.
  222. Lonroth I., Andren B., Lange S., Martinsson K., Holmgren J. Infect. Immun. 1979;24:900–905. doi: 10.1128/iai.24.3.900-905.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Lukert P.D., Hitchner S.B. “Diseases of Poultry,”. 8th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press; Ames.: 1984. [Google Scholar]
  224. McBryde C.N., Cole C.G. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1936;89:652–663. [Google Scholar]
  225. McCollum W.H. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1986;47(9):1931–1934. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. McConnell S., Livingston C.W. Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc. 1982;86:103–113. [Google Scholar]
  227. McFadyean J. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1900;13:1–30. [Google Scholar]
  228. McFerran J.B., Dow C. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975;19:17–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. McKercher D.G., Crenshaw G.L. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1971;159:1362–1369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. McKercher D.G., Saito J. Nature (London) 1964;202:933–934. doi: 10.1038/202933a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. McKercher D.G., McGowan B., Howarth J.A., Saito J.K. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1953;122:300–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. McKercher D.G., McGowan B., Cabasso V.J., Roberts G.I., Saito J.K. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1957;18:310–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. McKinney K.L., Confer A.W., Rummage J.A., Gentry M.J., Durham J.A. Vet. Microbiol. 1985;10:465–480. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(85)90028-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. McKinney R.W., Berge T.O., Sawyer W.D., Tigertt W.D., Crozier D. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1963;12:597–603. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. MacLeod A.J. Vet. Rec. 1965;77:335–338. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. MacPherson I.A., Stoker M. Virology. 1952;16:147–151. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90290-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Marx P.A., Pedersen N.C., Lerche N.W., Osborn K.G., Lowenstine L.J., Lackner A.A., Maul D.H. J. Virol. 1986;60:431–435. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.431-435.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Masson R.W., McKay R.W., Corbould A. Aust. Vet. J. 1982;58:108–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1982.tb00604.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Matsuaba T., Folkerts T.M., Gale C. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1972;160:333–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Maurer F.D. “Bovine Medicine and Surgery,”. 2nd ed. Am. Vet. Publ.; Santa Barbara, California.: 1980. pp. 142–153. [Google Scholar]
  241. Mayr, A. (1970). Proc. Int. Conf. Equine Infect. Dis., 2nd 1969 pp. 41–45.
  242. Mayr A., Danner K. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1976;33:249–259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Mebus C.A. Res. Bull.—Nebr. Agric. Exp. Stn. 1969;233:1. [Google Scholar]
  244. Mebus C.A., White R.G., Bass E.P., Twiehaus M.J. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1973;163:880–883. [Google Scholar]
  245. Mebus C.A., Wyatt R.G., Sharpee R.L., Sereno M.M., Kalica A.R., Kapakian A.Z., Tweihaus M.J. Infect. Immun. 1976;14:471–474. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.2.471-474.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Mengeling W.I., Brown T.T., Paul P.S. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1979;40:204–207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Milovanovic M.V., Enders J.F., Mitus A. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957;95:120–127. doi: 10.3181/00379727-95-23140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Mittal K.R., Higgins R., Lariviere S. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982;15:1019–1023. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.6.1019-1023.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Miyamae T. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:503–504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Mohanty S.B., Lillie M.G. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1964;25:1653–1657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Mohanty S.B., Ingling A.L., Lillie M.G. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:417–419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Molgard P.C., Cavett J.W. Poult. Sci. 1947;26:563–567. [Google Scholar]
  253. Montaraz J.A., Winter A.J. Infect. Immun. 1986;53:245–251. doi: 10.1128/iai.53.2.245-251.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Moon H.W., McClurkin A.N., Isaacson R.E., Problenz J., Skartvedt S.M., Gillette K.G., Baetz N.A.L. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1978;173:577–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Morse S.A. In: “Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology”. 2nd ed. Braude A.I., Davis C.E., Fierer J., editors. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.: 1986. pp. 278–286. [Google Scholar]
  256. Mowat C.N., Chapman W.E. Nature (London) 1962;194:253–255. doi: 10.1038/194253a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Musser S.J., Hilsabeck L.J. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1969;118:355–361. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1969.02100040357034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Myers K., Marshall I.D., Fenner F. J. Hyg. 1954;52:337–360. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400027546. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Myers L.L., Guinee P.A. Infect. Immun. 1976;13:1117–1119. doi: 10.1128/iai.13.4.1117-1119.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Nagy E., Moon H.W., Isaacson R.E., To C.C., Brinton C.C. Infect. Immun. 1978;21:269–274. doi: 10.1128/iai.21.1.269-274.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Nairn M.E., Robertson J.P., McQuade N.C. Proc. Annu. Conf. Aust. Vet. Assoc. 1977;54:159–161. [Google Scholar]
  262. Nakai T., Sawata A., Kume K. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1985;46:870–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Nakamura J., Miyamoto T. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1953;14:307–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Nakamura J., Wayatsuma S., Fukusko K. J. Jpn. Soc. Vet. Sci. 1938;17:185. [Google Scholar]
  265. Nazerian K., Burmeister B.R. Cancer Res. 1968;28:2454–2462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Negi S.K., Myers W.L., Segré D. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1971;32:1915–1927. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Nielsen R. Nord. Veterinaer med. 1976;28:337–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Norrby E., Enders-Ruekle G., TerMeulen V. J. Infect. Dis. 1975;132:262–269. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.3.262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Norrung V. Nord. Veterinaer med. 1979;31:462–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Noyer P.S.G., Ward G.F., Saunders J.R., MacWilliams P. Can. Vet. J. 1976;18:159–163. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Olsen N.O., Solomon D.P. Avian Dis. 1968;12:311–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Olsen R.G., Lewis M.G. In: “Feline Leukemia”. Olsen R.G., editor. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida.: 1981. pp. 135–148. [Google Scholar]
  273. Olson L.D. Avian Dis. 1977;21:178–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Okazaki W., Purchase H.G., Burmeister B.R. Avian Dis. 1970;14:413–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Paccaud M.F., Jacquier C. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1970;30:327–342. doi: 10.1007/BF01258363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Page L.A., Rosenwald A.S., Price F.C. Avian Dis. 1963;7:239–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Panciera R.J., Corstvet R.E., Confer A.W., Gresham C.N. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984;45:2538–2542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Parkman P.D., Buescher R.S., Arnstein M.S. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962;111:225–230. doi: 10.3181/00379727-111-27750. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Parkman P.D., Meyer H.M., Jr., Kirschstein R.L., Hopps H.E. N. Engl. J. Med. 1966;275:569–574. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196609152751101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Pasteur L. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1881;86 [Google Scholar]
  281. Paul P.S., Mengeling W.L. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1980;41:2007–2011. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Peck F.B., Powell H.M., Culbertson C.G. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1956;162:1373–1376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Pederson N.C., Ott R.L. Feline Pract. 1985;15(6):7–20. [Google Scholar]
  284. Pedersen N.C., Theilen G.H., Werner L.L. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1979;40:1120–1126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Peetermans J., Huygelen C. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1967;21:133–143. doi: 10.1007/BF01241438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Plotkin S.A. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1967;86:468–477. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Plowright W., Ferris R.D. Res. Vet. Sci. 1962;3:172–182. [Google Scholar]
  288. Pollack R.U.H., Carmichael L.E. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983;44(2):169–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Povey C., Ingersoll J. Infect. Immun. 1975;11:877–885. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.5.877-885.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Prince A.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1968;60:814–821. doi: 10.1073/pnas.60.3.814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Provost P.J., Conti P.A., Giesa P.A., Banker F.S., Buynak E.B., McAleer W.G., Hilleman M.R. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1983;172:357–363. doi: 10.3181/00379727-172-41570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Purchase H.G., Okazaki W., Burmeister B.R. Avian Dis. 1972;16:57–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Rafyi A., Ramyar H. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1959;69:141–147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Ramon G., Lemetayer E. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1932;109:827. [Google Scholar]
  295. Rapp, V. J., and Ross, R. F. (1984). Proc. Conf. Res. Work. Anim. Dis. p. 169.
  296. Reiser J., Germanier R. In: “Vaccines '86”. Brown F., Chanock R.M., Lerner R.A., editors. Cold Spring Harbor Lab.; Cold Spring Harbor, New York.: 1986. pp. 235–238. [Google Scholar]
  297. Reisinger R.C., Heddleston K.L., Manthei C.A. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1959;135:147–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Roantree R.J. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1967;21:443–466. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.21.100167.002303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Robbins J.D., Robbins J.B. J. Infect. Dis. 1984;150:436–449. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.3.436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Robinson A., Irons L.I., Ashworth L.A.E. Vaccine. 1985;3:11–22. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(85)90004-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Rockborn G. Arch. Gesamte/Virusforsch. 1958;8:485–492. [Google Scholar]
  302. Rosendal S., Carpenter D.S., Mitchell W.R., Wilson M.R. Can. Vet. J. 1981;22:34–35. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Ross R.F., Duncan J.R., Switzer W.T. Vet. Med. 1963;58:566–569. [Google Scholar]
  304. Rutter J.M. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:171–175. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.8.171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Sabban M.S. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1955;16:209–213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Sabin A.B. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1955;61:924–938. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb42551.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Sabine M., Robertson G.R., Whalley J.M. Aust. Vet. J. 1981;57:148–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00495.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Salk J., Krech V., Youngner J.S., Bennett B.L., Lewis L.J., Blazeley P.L. An. J. Public Health. 1954;44:563–570. doi: 10.2105/ajph.44.5.563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Sarma P.S., Voss W., Heubner R.J., Igel H., Lane W.T., Turner H.C. Nature (London) 1967;215:293–294. doi: 10.1038/215293a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Sato H., Sato Y. Infect. Immun. 1984;46:422–428. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.2.422-428.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Schaaf K. Avian Dis. 1958;2:279–289. [Google Scholar]
  312. Schaaf K. Avian Dis. 1959;3:245–256. [Google Scholar]
  313. Schaaf K., Lamoreux W.F. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1955;16:627–633. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Schantz E.J., Sugiyama H. Agric. Food. Chem. 1974;22:26–30. doi: 10.1021/jf60191a033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Schat K.A., Calnek B.W. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (U.S.) 1978;60:1075–1082. doi: 10.1093/jnci/60.5.1075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Schmidt S. Z. Immunitaetsforsch. 1936;88:91–103. [Google Scholar]
  317. Schultz R.D., Mendel H., Scott F.W. Infect. Immun. 1973;7(4):547–549. doi: 10.1128/iai.7.4.547-549.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Schwarz A.J.F. Ann. Paediatr. 1964;202:241–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Schwarz A.J.F., York C.J., Zirbel L.W., Estella L.A. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957;96:453–458. doi: 10.3181/00379727-96-23505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Scott F.W. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977;38:229–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Scott F.W., Glauberg A.F. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1975;166:147–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Sevoian M., Chamberlain D.M. Vet. Med. (Kansas City, Mo.) 1962;57:608–609. [Google Scholar]
  323. Sheffy, B. E., Coggins, L., and Baker, J. A. (1961). Proc. 65th Annu. Meet. U.S. Livestock Sanit. Assoc. p. 347.
  324. Sherwood R.W., Buescher E.L., Nitz R.E., Cooch J.W. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1961;178:1125–1127. doi: 10.1001/jama.1961.03040510001001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. Shope R.E., Griffiths H.J., Jenkins D.L. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1946;7:135–141. [Google Scholar]
  326. Shope R.E., Murphy F.A., Harrison A.K., Causey O.R., Kemp G.E., Simpson D.I.H., Moore D.L. J. Virol. 1970;6:690–692. doi: 10.1128/jvi.6.5.690-692.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Siccardi F.J. Avian Dis. 1975;19:362–365. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Silva L., Ioneda T. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 1977;20:217–233. [Google Scholar]
  329. Slater, E. A., and Kucera, C. J. (1966). U.S. Patent 3,293,130.
  330. Snodgrass D.R., Wells P.W. Arch. Virol. 1976;52:201–205. doi: 10.1007/BF01348017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Soloman J.J., Witter R.L., Nazerian K.I., Burmeister B.R. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1968;127:173–177. doi: 10.3181/00379727-127-32649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Spradbrow P.B. Aust. Vet. J. 1977;53:351–352. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977.tb00254.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Stahlheim O.H.V. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1968;29(2):1463–1468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  334. Steinman L.A., Weiss N., Adelman M., Lim R., Zuniga J., Oehlert J., Henlett E., Falkow S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985;82:8733–8736. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8733. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  335. Stephen J. Pharmacol. Ther. 1981;12:501. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90095-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Stokes J., Enders J.F., Maris E.P., Kane L.W. J. Exp. Med. 1946;84:407–428. doi: 10.1084/jem.84.5.407. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. Stokes J., Weibel R., Halenda R., Reilly C.M., Hilleman M.R. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1962;103:366–372. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1962.02080020378037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  338. Stone H., Brugh M., Erickson G.A., Beard C.W. Avian Dis. 1980;24:99–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Stott J.L., Osburn B.I., Barker T.L. Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc. 1979;83:55–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Studdert M.J., Blackney M.H. Aust. Vet. J. 1979;55:488–492. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb00377.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  341. Suzuki H., Fujisaki F. Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. Health. 1976;72:17–23. [Google Scholar]
  342. Swiderska H., Osuch T., Brzoska W.J. Exp. Med. Microbiol. 1971;23B:133–138. [Google Scholar]
  343. Symuness M.D., Stevens C.E., Harley E.J., Zang E.A., Oleszko W.R. N. Eng. J. Med. 1980;303:834–841. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198010093031501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Takahashi M., Otsuka T., Okuno Y. Lancet. 1974;2:1288–1290. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90144-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Tamoglia, T. W., Tellejohn, A. L., Phillips, C. E., and Wilkinson, F. B. (1966). Proc. 69th Annu. Meet. U.S. Livestock Sanit. Assoc. p. 385.
  346. Tashjian J.J., Campbell S.G. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983;44(4):690–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  347. Theiler G. In: “The Virus in Yellow Fever”. Strode G.K., editor. McGraw-Hill; New York.: 1951. pp. 39–136. [Google Scholar]
  348. Theodoridis A., Giesecke W.H., DuToit I.J. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1973;40(3):83–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  349. Thompson D.A., Gilmour J.L. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:530. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.24.530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Thorsen J., Sanderson R., Bittle J. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1969;33(2):105–107. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. Todd J.D., Volenec F.J., Paton I.M. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1971;159:1370–1374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Top F.H., Grossman R.A., Bartelloni P.J., Segal H.E., Dudding B.A., Russel P.K., Buescher E.L. J. Infect. Dis. 1971;124(2):148–154. doi: 10.1093/infdis/124.2.148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  353. Topping, N. H., Bengtson, I. A., Henderson, R. G., Shephard, C. C., and Sitear, M. J. (1945). Nat. Inst. Health Bull. No. 183.
  354. Traum, J. (1933). Proc. Int. Vet. Congr. pp. 87–98.
  355. Tsukui M., Ito H., Tada M., Nakata M., Miyajima H., Fujiwara K. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1982;32:143–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  356. Vallee H., Carré H. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1922;174:1498. [Google Scholar]
  357. Vallee H., Carré H., Rinjard P. Recl. Med. Vet. 1925;101:297. [Google Scholar]
  358. Van der Heide L.M., Kalbac L.M., Hall W.C. Avian Dis. 1976;20:647–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Van der Westhuizen B. Ondersteport. J. Vet. Res. 1967;34:29–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  360. Van Roekel H., Bullis K.L., Clark M.K., Olesink O.M., Sperling F.G. Mass., Agric. Exp. Stn., Bull. 1950;460:1–47. [Google Scholar]
  361. Verge J., Christoforoni N. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1928;99:312. [Google Scholar]
  362. Vodkin M.H., Leppla S.H. Cell. 1983;34:693–697. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90402-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Waldmann O., Kobe K. Berl. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 1938;22:317–320. [Google Scholar]
  364. Walker R.V.L., Griffiths H.J., Shope R.E., Maurer F.D., Jenkins D.L. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1946;7:145–151. [Google Scholar]
  365. Warren K.S. In: “Vaccines '85”. Lerner R., Chanock R.M., Brown F., editors. Cold Spring Harbor Lab.; Cold Spring Harbor, New York.: 1985. pp. 373–378. [Google Scholar]
  366. Weibel R.E., Buynak E.B., McLean A.A., Roehm R.R., Hilleman M.R. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1980;165:260–263. doi: 10.3181/00379727-165-40967. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Weller T.H., Nova F.A. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962;111:215–225. [Google Scholar]
  368. Westbury H.A., Senkovic B. Aust. Vet. J. 1978;54:68–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb00348.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  369. White R.R., Verway W.F. Infect. Immun. 1970;1:380–386. doi: 10.1128/iai.1.4.380-386.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. Wiktor T.J., Fernandes M.V., Koprowski H. J. Immunol. 1964;93:353–366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. Wilkie B.N., Winter A.J. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1971;35:301–312. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  372. Williams B.M. Vet. Rec. 1962;74:1536–1542. [Google Scholar]
  373. Williams J.M., Smith G.L., Murdock F.M. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:1756–1762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  374. Wilson J.C., Doll E.R., McCollum W.H. Cornell Vet. 1962;2:205–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  375. Winterfield R.W., Hitchner S.B. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1962;23:1273–1279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  376. Winterfield R.W., Goldman C.L., Seadale E.H. Poult. Sci. 1957;36:1076–1088. [Google Scholar]
  377. Woode G.N., Bridger J.C., Jones J.M., Bryden A.S., Davies H.A., White G.B.B., Flewett A.S. Infect. Immun. 1976;14:804–810. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.3.804-810.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  378. Woolcock J.B. Aust. Vet. J. 1973;49:307–317. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1973.tb06813.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  379. Wratthal A.E., Wells D.E., Cartwright S.T. Res. Vet. Sci. 1984;36:136–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  380. Wright P.F., Karzon D.T. Prog. Med. Virol. 1987;34:70–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  381. Yamamoto R. “Diseases of Poultry,”. 8th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press; Ames.: 1984. pp. 178–186. [Google Scholar]
  382. Yamamoto T., Tamura T., Yokota T. J. Biol. Chem. 1984;259:5037–5044. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  383. Yohn D.S., Olsen R.G., Schaller J.P., Hoover E.A., Mathes L.E., Heding L. Cancer Res. 1976;36:382–387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  384. York C.J., Schwarz A.J.F., Estella L.A. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957;94:740–744. doi: 10.3181/00379727-94-23071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  385. Zamberg E.E., Cuperstein V., Bendheim V., Aronovia C. Avian Dis. 1971;15:413–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  386. Zander D.V., Hill R.W., Raymond R.E., Balch R.K., Mitchell R.W., Bunsong J.W. Avian Dis. 1972;16:163–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  387. Zanella A., Marchi R. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1982;51:19–32. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES