Table 15-1.
Classification of Select Antimicrobials Used in Exotic Animal Medicine.
| Class | Antimicrobial Agent |
|---|---|
| Benzyl penicillinsa | Benzathine penicillin G |
| Procaine penicillin G | |
| Extended-spectrum penicillinsa | |
| Aminopenicillins | Amoxicillin |
| Ampicillin | |
| Antipseudomonal penicillins | |
| Carboxypenicillins | Carbenicillin |
| Ticarcillin | |
| Piperazine penicillins | Piperacillin |
| Carbapenemsb | Imipenem |
| Meropenem | |
| β-lactamase inhibitors | Ampicillina/sulbactam |
| Piperacillina/tazobactam | |
| Clavulanic acid | Amoxicillina/clavulanate |
| Ticarcillina/clavulanate | |
| First-generation cephalosporinsa | Cefadroxil |
| Cefazolin | |
| Cefovecin | |
| Cefpodoxime | |
| Cephalexin | |
| Third-generation cephalosporinsa | Cefixime |
| Cefotaxime | |
| Ceftazidime | |
| Ceftiofur | |
| Fourth-generation cephalosporinsa | Cefepime |
| Cefpirome | |
| Macrolidesb | Clarithromycin |
| Erythromycin | |
| Tilmicosin | |
| Tylosin | |
| Azalidesb | Azithromycin |
| Ketolidesb | Telithromycin |
| Tetracyclinesb | Chlortetracycline |
| Doxycycline | |
| Oxytetracycline | |
| Tetracycline | |
| Chloramphenicol (or its derivative)b | Chloramphenicol |
| Florfenicol | |
| Lincosamidesc | Clindamycin |
| Lincomycin | |
| Pirlimycin | |
| Aminoglycosidesa | Amikacin |
| Gentamicin | |
| Kanamycin | |
| Neomycin | |
| Streptomycin | |
| Tobramycin | |
| Aminocyclitolsb | Spectinomycin |
| Nitroimidazoled | Metronidazole |
| Ronidazole | |
| Sulfonamidesb | Sulfachlorpyridazine |
| Sulfadiazine | |
| Sulfadimethoxine | |
| Sulfamethazine | |
| Sulfamethoxazole | |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | |
| Sulfathiazole | |
| Sulfisoxazole | |
| Trimethoprima | Trimethoprim |
| Trimethoprim/sulfasa | Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | |
| Quinolonesb | Nalidixic acid |
| Fluoroquinolonesa | Ciprofloxacin |
| Danofloxacin | |
| Difloxacin | |
| Enrofloxacin | |
| Marbofloxacin | |
| Orbifloxacin |
a
Bactericidal.
b
Bacteriostatic.
c
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
d
Cidal vs. amoebae, Giardia, Trichomonas, and most obligate anaerobes; inactive vs. most aerobic bacteria or facultative anaerobes.
Table 15-2.
General Efficacy of Select Antimicrobial Agents Used in Exotic Animals.
| Infectious Agent | Antimicrobial Agent |
|---|---|
| Gram-positive bacteria | |
| Gram-positive bacteria (in general) |
|
| Staphylococcus spp. |
|
| Streptococcus spp. |
|
| Clostridium spp. and other anaerobes |
|
| Gram-negative bacteria | |
| Enterobacteriaceae (in general) |
|
| Campylobacter spp. |
|
| Pasteurella spp. (resistance may occur) |
|
| Pseudomonas spp. (often resistant) |
|
| Salmonella spp. |
|
| Chlamydia |
|
| Mycoplasma spp. |
|
a
Effective vs. most obligate anaerobes; inactive vs. most aerobic bacteria or facultative anaerobes.
Table 15-3.
| Site of Infection | Antimicrobial Agent |
|---|---|
| Bacteremia, septicemia | |
| Aerobic bacteria | Aminoglycoside with a penicillin or cephalosporin |
| Cephalosporins (third-generation) | |
| Fluoroquinolone with amoxicillin | |
| Penicillins (penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam) | |
| Anaerobic bacteria | Azithromycin |
| Cefoxitin, cefotetan | |
| Chloramphenicol | |
| Clindamycin | |
| Florfenicol | |
| Metronidazole | |
| Penicillin | |
| Soft-tissue infection | Azithromycin |
| Cephalosporins | |
| Clindamycin or metronidazole (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Fluoroquinolones | |
| Fluoroquinolone with metronidazole (vs. polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic infections) | |
| Penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin/clavulanate) | |
| Tetracyclines | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas | |
| Respiratory tract | Azithromycin |
| Cephalosporins | |
| Chloramphenicol | |
| Clindamycin (includes anaerobes) | |
| Enrofloxacin (vs. Mycoplasma, etc.) | |
| Florfenicol | |
| Macrolides (vs. Mycoplasma) | |
| Metronidazole (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Penicillins | |
| Tetracyclines (vs. Mycoplasma and Chlamydia) | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas | |
| Alimentary tract | Amoxicillin |
| Cephalosporins | |
| Fluoroquinolones | |
| Metronidazole (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Neomycin | |
| Tetracyclines | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas | |
| Skin | Amoxicillin/clavulanate |
| Azithromycin | |
| Cephalosporins | |
| Clindamycin | |
| Erythromycin | |
| Fluoroquinolones | |
| Lincomycin | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas | |
| Bone and/or joint | Aminoglycosides |
| Azithromycin | |
| Cephalosporins | |
| Cephalosporins (third-generation) with clindamycin (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Clindamycin | |
| Fluoroquinolones | |
| Lincosamides | |
| Penicillins (extended-spectrum) | |
| Penicillins with clindamycin (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Urinary tract | Cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin) |
| Fluoroquinolones | |
| Penicillins (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin) | |
| Sulfisoxazole | |
| Tetracyclines | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas | |
| Central nervous system | Azithromycin |
| Cephalosporins (third-generation) (excluding cefovecin, cefpodoxime) | |
| Chloramphenicol (encephalitis) | |
| Florfenicol | |
| Fluoroquinolones (meningitis) | |
| Metronidazole (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Penicillins (in cases of inflammation) | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas | |
| Reproductive tract | Amoxicillin/clavulanate |
| Chloramphenicol | |
| Clindamycin (vs. anaerobes) | |
| Fluoroquinolones | |
| Florfenicol | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfas |
a
Definitive therapy should be based on bacterial culture and sensitivity and host species involved.
b
Modified from: Carpenter JW, ed. Exotic Animal Formulary. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier-Saunders; 2013; Papich MG. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. Small and Large Animal. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016; Plumb DC, ed. Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. 8th ed. Ames: Wiley Blackwell; 2015.
Table 15-4.
Antimicrobial Combination Therapies Commonly Used in Exotic Animals.a
| Antimicrobial Agent | Synergistic or Combination Agent |
|---|---|
| Aminoglycosidesb (amikacin, gentamicin) | Cephalosporins, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, lincomycin, metronidazole, penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin), trimethoprim/sulfas |
| Amoxicillin | Clavulanate |
| Ampicillin | Sulbactam |
| Cephalosporin | Aminoglycosides,b clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, semi-synthetic penicillins |
| Clindamycin | Aminoglycosides, cephalosporins (third-generation), enrofloxacin, penicillins |
| Fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin) | Aminoglycosides,b cephalosporins (third-generation), clindamycin, metronidazole, penicillins (extended-spectrum) |
| Lincomycin | Aminoglycosides,b spectinomycin |
| Metronidazole | Amikacin, azithromycin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, marbofloxacin, others as indicated |
| Ormetoprim | Sulfadimethoxine |
| Penicillins (ampicillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin) | Aminoglycosides,b fluoroquinolones |
| Penicillins, early generation | Aminoglycosides,b third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones |
| Ticarcillin | Clavulanate |
| Trimethoprim | Sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole |
| Tylosin | Oxytetracycline |
a
Indicated when synergy is advantageous in definitive therapy, to treat polymicrobial infections, to broaden empiric coverage, or to attempt to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.
b
Generally amikacin, occasionally gentamicin.
Table 15-5.
Select Laboratories Conducting Exotic Animal Diagnostic Procedures.
| Laboratory | Select Tests/Procedures |
|---|---|
| Animal Health Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University PO Box 5786 Ithaca, NY 14852 USA (607) 253-3900 ahdc.vet.cornell.edu |
General: Chemistry, hematology, clotting panels, histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, parasitology, virology Avian: Chlamydia, Cryptosporidium, Giardia,Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease, influenza virus, paramyxovirus, West Nile virus, viral isolation, blood lead/zinc Mammal: Ferret enteric coronavirus, ferret influenza virus, mink enteric coronavirus, ferret adrenal testing Reptile: Cryptosporidium, Salmonella |
| Antech Diagnostics 10 Executive Boulevard Farmingdale, NY 11735 USA (800) 745-4725 (West) (800) 872-1001 (East) (800) 341-3440 (Canada) antechdiagnostics.com |
General: Chemistry, electrophoresis, hematology, microbiology, virology Avian: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Aspergillus, polyomavirus, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, West Nile virus, sex determination, blood lead/zinc Mammal: Pasteurella, Encephalitozoon, Treponema, Toxoplasma, ferret adrenal panel, distemper virus, Aleutian disease virus Reptile: Mycoplasma |
| Avian Biotech International Animal Genetics, Inc. 1336 Timberlane Road Tallahassee, FL 32312 USA (800) 514-9672 (850) 386-1145 avianbiotech.com |
Avian: Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, paramyxovirus, pigeon circovirus, polyomavirus, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, herpes virus, influenza virus, West Nile virus, Pacheco’s disease, sex determination |
| Avian & Exotic Animal Clin Path Labs 2712 North Highway 68 Wilmington, OH 45177 USA (937) 383-3347 (800) 350-1122 avianexoticlab.com |
General: Chemistry, electrophoresis, hematology, histopathology, microbiology, parasitology, toxicology, virology Avian: Chlamydia, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Sarcocystis, adenovirus, influenza virus, Pacheco’s disease, paramyxovirus, polyomavirus, West Nile virus, blood iron/lead/zinc Mammal: Heartworm testing, Toxoplasma, distemper virus Herps: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, chytrid, inclusion body disease, ophidian paramyxovirus |
| Avian and Wildlife Laboratory Division of Comparative Pathology University of Miami School of Medicine 1611 NW 12th Avenue Miami, FL 33136 USA (305) 585-6303 cpl.med.miami.edu |
General: Chemistry, electrophoresis, hematology Avian: Aspergillus, Chlamydia, Cryptosporidium, Pacheco’s virus, polyomavirus, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, sex determination Mammal: CAR bacillus, Clostridium piliforme, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, E. cuniculi, guinea pig adenovirus, coronavirus, Kilham’s rat virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mouse hepatitis virus, minute virus of mice, pneumonia virus of mice, parainfluenza virus 3, parvovirus, rotavirus, Sendai virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus |
| Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University 4125 Beaumont Road Lansing, MI 48910 USA (517) 353-1683 animalhealth.msu.edu |
General: Chemistry, hematology, histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, protein electrophoresis, toxicology, virology Avian: Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Aspergillus, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenza virus, West Nile virus, blood lead Mammal: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella, Aleutian disease virus, ferret enteric coronavirus, ferret rotavirus Herps: Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium |
| Diagnostic Laboratory Service College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee 2407 River Drive Knoxville, TN 37996 USA (865) 974-8387 vetmed.tennessee.edu/vmc/dls |
General: Chemistry, endocrinology, hematology, histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, parasitology, toxicology, virology Avian: Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Aspergillus, Cryptosporidium, sex determination Mammal: Giardia, influenza A virus, ferret adrenal panel, rabbit adrenal panel Herps: Mycoplasma, Cryptosporidium, herpesvirus, ophidian paramyxovirus, ranavirus |
| Georgia Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 501 DW Brooks Drive Athens, GA 30602 USA (706) 542-5568 vet.uga.edu/dlab/ |
General: Chemistry, hematology, histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, parasitology, toxicology, virology Avian: Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium, herpesvirus, influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, West Nile virus, Pacheco’s disease Mammal: Bordetella, Clostridium (toxin panel), Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter, Lawsonia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Treponema, Encephalitozoon, herpesvirus, influenza A virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, morbiliviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, mouse reoviruses, murine norovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumonia virus of mice, rabies virus, rodent parvoviruses, Sendai virus, simian virus 5, Tyzzer’s disease Herps: Cryptosporidium, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, adenovirus, herpesvirus, ranavirus Aquatic: Aquatic bacterial and fungal cultures (including Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma) |
| Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University 1800 Denison Avenue Manhattan, KS 66506 USA (866) 512-5650 vet.k-state.edu/depts/dmp/service |
General: Chemistry, hematology, histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, parasitology, protein electrophoresis, toxicology, virology Avian: Bordetella, Chlamydia, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Cryptosporidium, influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, West Nile virus, blood lead Mammal: Francisella tularensis, Lawsonia, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, influenza virus, rabies virus Herps: Salmonella |
| National Veterinary Services Laboratory USDA-APHIS-VS-NVSL PO Box 844 Ames, IA 50010 USA (515) 337-7266 aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/lab-info-services |
General: Microbiology, virology Avian: Avibacterium paragallinarum, Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Pasteurella, Salmonella, adenoviruses, avian pox virus, chicken anemia virus, duck viral enteritis virus, encephalomyelitis virus, goose parvovirus, herpesviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, influenza virus, Marek’s disease, metapneumovirus, nephritis virus, paramyxoviruses, reovirus, rotavirus, West Nile virus Mammal: Francisella tularensis Aquatic: Various bacterial and viral testing options for aquaculture (contact lab for arrangements) |
| Northwest ZooPath 654 West Main Street Monroe, WA 98272 USA (360) 794-0630 zoopath.com |
General: Pathology |
| Research Associates Laboratory 14556 Midway Road Dallas, TX 75224 USA (972) 960-2221 vetdna.com |
General: Microbiology, virology Avian: Bartonella, Bordetella, Chlamydia, Cryptosporidium, Helicobacter, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Candida, avian gastric yeast, Giardia, plasmodium, adenoviruses, circoviruses, duck enteritis virus, herpesviruses, Marek’s disease, polyomavirus, poxvirus, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, sex determination Mammal: Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Bordetella, Brucella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Clostridium, Coxiella, E. coli, Ehrlichia, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter, Lawsonia intracellularis, Pasteurella, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Candida, Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, Entamoeba, Enterocytozoon, Giardia, Hepatozoon, Plasmodium, Sarcocystis, Spironucleus, Toxoplasma, Aleutian disease, astrovirus, distemper virus, ferret epizootic catarrhal enteritis, hantavirus, hepatitis E virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, myxomavirus, orthopoxvirus, rabies virus, West Nile virus Herps: Campylobacter, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Candida, CANV, chytrid, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba, Giardia, Plasmodium, Spironucleus, arenavirus, atadenovirus, herpesviruses, iridovirus, fibropapillomatosis, ophidian paramyxovirus, ranavirus, sunshine virus, West Nile virus Aquatic: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic testing (see Web site for extensive list) |
| Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Texas A&M University 1 Sippel Road College Station, TX 77843 USA (979) 845-3414 (888) 646-5623 tvmdl.tamu.edu |
General: Chemistry, hematology, histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, protein electrophoresis, toxicology, virology Avian: Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Cryptosporidium, avian encephalomyelitis virus, duck enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, reovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, West Nile virus, blood lead/zinc/iron Mammal: Bordetella, E. coli, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, distemper virus, rabies virus Herps: Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium |
| Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri PO Box 6023 Columbia, MO 65205 USA (573) 882-6811 vmdl.missouri.edu |
General: Histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, toxicology, virology Avian: Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, avian encephalitis virus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, rotavirus, blood lead/zinc |
| Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Inc. 5989 Meijer Drive, Suite 5 Milford, OH 45150 USA (513) 576-1808 vmdlabs.com |
General: Molecular diagnostics Avian: Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Aspergillus, avian gastric yeast, adenovirus, bornavirus, circoviruses, coronavirus, polyomavirus, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, psittacine herpes virus, West Nile virus, sex determination Mammal: Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Lawsonia, Encephalitozoon, Aleutian disease virus, epizootic catarrhal enteritis virus Herps: Cryptosporidium, Mycoplasma, bearded dragon atadenovirus |
| Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Wisconsin 455 Easterday Lane Madison, WI 53706 USA (608) 262-5432 (800) 608-8387 wvdl.wisc.edu |
General: Histopathology, microbiology, necropsy, virology Avian: Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, avian encephalitis virus, duck viral enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenza virus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, polyomavirus, poxvirus, psittacine herpes virus, turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus, West Nile virus Herps: Mycoplasma, Salmonella |
| Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service 2825 Kovr Drive West Sacramento, CA 95605 USA (916) 725-5100 zooexotic.com |
General: Pathology |
| Zoologix, Inc 9811 Owensmouth Avenue Suite 4 Chatsworth, CA 91311 USA (818) 717-8880 zoologix.com |
General: Molecular diagnostics Avian: Avibacterium paragallinarum, Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Salmonella, Aspergillus, Candida, Atoxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium, adenovirus, bornavirus, circovirus, herpesvirus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, Pacheco’s disease, polyomavirus, poxvirus, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, reovirus, West Nile virus Mammal: Bordetella, Campylobacter, E. coli, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter, Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Giardia, Treponema, Aleutian disease virus, hantavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mink enteritis virus, monkeypox, mouse adenovirus, mouse cytomegaloviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, mouse minute virus, mouse norovirus, mouse parvovirus, mouse polyoma virus, mouse pox virus, mouse rotavirus, pneumonia virus of mice, rabbit fibroma virus, rabies virus, rat coronavirus, reovirus, rotavirus, Sendai virus, sialodacryoadenitis virus, Tyzzer’s disease Herps: Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, chytrid fungus, Cryptosporidium, ranavirus |
| Zoo Medicine Service College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida PO Box 100126 Gainesville, FL 32610 USA (352) 392-4700 (ext. 5700) http://labs.vetmed.ufl.edu/sample-requirements/zoo-med-infections/ |
General: Consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing Herps: Chlamydiales, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, coccidia, Cryptosporidium, microsporidians, pentastomids, adenoviruses, arenaviruses, astroviruses, erythrocytic iridoviruses, ferlaviruses, herpesviruses, orthoreoviruses, papillomaviruses, paramyxoviruses, poxviruses, ranaviruses, rhabdoviruses |
Table 15-6.
Professional Associations for Veterinarians Interested in Exotics.a
| Organization | Web Site |
|---|---|
| American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians | aawv.net |
| American Association of Zoo Veterinarians | aazv.org |
| American Board of Veterinary Practitioners | abvp.com |
| American College of Zoological Medicine | aczm.org |
| American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners | aslap.org |
| Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians | arav.org |
| Association of Avian Veterinarians | aav.org |
| Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians | aemv.org |
| Association of Primate Veterinarians | primatevets.org |
| Association of Sugar Glider Veterinarians | asgv.org |
| Association of Zoo Veterinary Technicians | azvt.org |
| British Veterinary Zoological Society | bvzs.org |
| Canadian Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians | cazwv.org |
| European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians | eazwv.org |
| International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine | iaaam.org |
| National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association | nwrawildlife.org |
a
Web sites accessed on August 2, 2016.
Table 15-7.
Exotic Animal Online Resources for Practitioners.a
| Site Name | Web Site | Description |
|---|---|---|
| American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | aspca.org | Contains an Animal Poison Control Center and general pet care guidelines |
| Amphibian Diseases Home Page | arwh.org/amphibian-dz-homepage | Australian page focusing on current information on amphibian diseases |
| Animal Diversity Web | animaldiversity.org | Taxonomic site from the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |
| Avibase | avibase.bsc-eoc.org | Searchable database with taxonomic information and photographs of the world’s bird species |
| Biodidac | biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca | Bank of digital resources for teaching biology; includes anatomy line drawings |
| BioOne | bioone.org | Resource database collection of bioscience research journals; contains multiple peer-reviewed exotic journals |
| Center for Agricultural Bioscience International | cabi.org | Resource database collection of agricultural and bioscience journals; contains multiple peer-reviewed exotic journals |
| Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species | cites.org | International agreement between governments concerning the international trade of wild animals and plants |
| The Colyer Institute | colyerinstitute.org | Center for the study of oral disease and nutrition in exotic animals |
| Dental Anatomy | arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/dentalanat.html | Includes information and images of dental anatomy of rabbits and rodents (from Colorado State University) |
| Diseases of Research Animals (DORA) | dora.missouri.edu | Teaching resources from the University of Missouri regarding diseases seen in species commonly kept for research purposes |
| Exotic DVM | exoticdvm.com | Web site for the Exotic DVM magazine |
| Exotic Pet Vet Net | exoticpetvet.net | Web site of veterinary articles from exotic veterinarians |
| The Humane Society | humanesociety.org | Includes care sheets for many exotic species |
| International Species Information System (recently renamed: Species 360) |
species360.org (previous Web site: isis.org) |
Global network of animal management professionals |
| International Union for the Conservation of Nature | iucn.org | Organization dedicated to finding pragmatic solutions to environment and development challenges; produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
| International Veterinary Information System | ivis.org | Online veterinary book publisher with free access to multiple online books |
| An Introduction to Ratite Ranching and Medicine | instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/kocan/ostrich/ostbk2a1.htm | Online book of ratite medicine from Oklahoma State University |
| Medirabbit | medirabbit.com | Rabbit medicine articles and video demonstrations |
| The Merck Veterinary Manual | merckvetmanual.com | Merck Veterinary Manual online including exotic animals with normal physiological parameters |
| PubMed | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed | Digital Archive of the US National Library of Medicine; contains multiple peer-reviewed exotic journals |
| Species 360 (formerly International Species Information System) | species360.org | Global network of animal management professionals |
| Tufts University Open Courseware, Zoological Medicine Course | ocw.tufts.edu/Course/60 | Open access course notes from the Tufts University College of Veterinary Medicine Zoological Medicine Course |
| University of Pennsylvania Computer Aided Learning | research.vet.upenn.edu/Home/tabid/5849/Default.aspx | Computer Aided Learning Program from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; includes Special Species Clinical Pathology and Special Species Radiology Sections |
| USDA APHIS | aphis.usda.gov | United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service |
| Veterinary Information Network | vin.com | Member-based network of veterinary consultants; large bank of information on zoo and exotic animals |
| Veterinary Partner | veterinarypartner.com | Partner to the Veterinary Information Network, contains information and handouts for clients concerning medical diseases |
| World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) | oie.int | Intergovernmental organization responsible for improving animal health worldwide |
a
Web sites accessed on August 1, 2016. Please note that Elsevier Inc. and the editor of the Exotic Animal Formulary, 5th ed. have not reviewed all of the content of these sites and, therefore, cannot confirm the accuracy of the information presented.
Table 15-8.
Captive Husbandry Web Sites for Owners of Exotic Animals.a
| Category | Site Name | Web Site | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatics | Fish Channel | fishchannel.com | Web site with information on tropical and saltwater aquariums including a large variety of species-specific information |
| Fish Lore | fishlore.com | Tropical fish, freshwater aquarium, and saltwater aquarium information Web site | |
| Fish Tank Guide | fish-tank-guide.com | Web site including information on basic tank care, fish care, and medical information. Also contains some species-specific information on common aquarium fish | |
| Goldfish Society of America | goldfishsociety.org | Association for goldfish enthusiasts; includes husbandry and care information | |
| International Fancy Guppy Association | ifga.org | Association dedicated to the Fancy Show Guppy; contains general starter information and medical information on guppies | |
| Herptile | Bearded Dragon Care | beardeddragoncare.net | Web site dedicated to provide bearded dragon care information to pet lizard owners |
| Boa Tips | boatips.com | Web site for pet snakes; includes husbandry and care articles as well as species-specific information and photographs | |
| Box Turtle Care and Conservation | boxturtlesite.info | Web site for natural history and captive care of North American box turtles | |
| Chameleon Care and Information Center | chameleoninfo.com | Web site devoted to chameleons; includes husbandry and care articles | |
| Frog World | frogworld.net | Web site concerning natural history, husbandry, and care of multiple frog species | |
| Green Iguana Society | greenigsociety.org | Society dedicated to providing quality information on iguana care; contains husbandry and care articles as well as some medical information | |
| Lizard Landscapes | lizard-landscapes.com | Web site with husbandry and care information for multiple species of reptiles; also contains information on building cage landscapes | |
| The Lizard Lounge | the-lizard-lounge.com | Web site containing husbandry and care information as well as taxonomy, photographs, natural history, and medical information on multiple species of lizards | |
| Melissa Kaplan’s Herp Care Collection | anapsid.org | Web site containing husbandry and care articles on amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates | |
| Pet Snakes | pet-snakes.com | Web site containing husbandry and care information as well as listings of some exotic animal vet clinics by states | |
| Poison Dart Frogs | poisondartfrog.co.uk | Web site containing husbandry and care information on Dendrobates species | |
| Reptile Web | reptilesweb.com | A world reptile amphibian information center; contains husbandry and care information for reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates | |
| Tortoise Trust | tortoisetrust.org | Web site with information on turtles and tortoises including species care sheets and husbandry articles | |
| World Chelonian Trust | chelonia.org | Web site with information on turtles and tortoises including species care sheets and chelonian taxonomy. | |
| Avian | African Love Bird Society | africanlovebirdsociety.org | Association dedicated to keeping, breeding, and showing of love birds; contains husbandry and care information along with information on the nine species |
| American Budgerigar Society | abs1.org | Society for information about keeping, breeding, and exhibiting budgerigars | |
| American Dove Association | americandoveassociation.com | Association for dove enthusiasts; contains husbandry and care information along with information on the different species | |
| American Federation of Aviculture | afabirds.org | Nonprofit organization whose purpose is to represent all aspects of aviculture and to educate the public about keeping and breeding birds in captivity | |
| American Ostrich Association | ostrich.org | Association to establish the standards for the highest quality American ostrich products to ensure the long-term viability of the industry | |
| Foraging For Parrots | foragingforparrots.com | Web site on how to make foraging toys for psittacine birds | |
| International Cockatiel Society | cockatiels.org | Society dedicated to providing information on the proper care, handling, maintenance, and breeding of cockatiels | |
| National Finch and Softbill Society | nfss.org | Society dedicated to promoting the enjoyment of keeping and breeding finches and softbills | |
| Parrot A.L.E.R.T. | parrotalert.org | Web site for reporting lost and found parrots; also includes husbandry articles | |
| Parrot Outreach Society | parrotoutreachsociety.org | Society dedicated to helping birds find homes; includes basic bird care articles | |
| World Parrot Trust | parrots.org | Organization to promote survival of all parrot species in the wild and to advocate for the welfare of individual birds in our homes | |
| Mammal | American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association | afrma.org | Association to promote and encourage the breeding and exhibition of fancy rats and mice for show and pets |
| American Ferret Association | ferret.org | Association to promote the domestic ferret as a companion animal through public education via shows, newsletters, legislative education, and other venues | |
| American Gerbil Society | agsgerbils.org | Society providing support and education to breeders, caregivers, and gerbil enthusiasts | |
| American Rabbit Breeders Association | arba.net | Association dedicated to the promotion, development, and improvement of the domestic rabbit and cavy | |
| Cheeky Chinchilla | cheekychinchillas.com | Husbandry and care information for chinchillas | |
| Ferret Universe | ferretuniverse.com | Husbandry and care information for ferrets | |
| Ferret Village | ferretvillage.org | Message boards concerning ferrets | |
| Gerbil Care | gerbilcare.org | Husbandry and care information for gerbils | |
| Guinea Lynx | guinealynx.info | Husbandry and care information for guinea pigs | |
| Hamster Hideout | hamsterhideout.com | Husbandry and care information for hamsters | |
| Hamsterific | hamsterific.com | Husbandry and care information for hamsters | |
| House Rabbit Society | rabbit.org | Society that rescues rabbits from animal shelters and educates the public on rabbit care and behavior | |
| International Ferret Congress | ferretcongress.org | Organization to enhance the welfare of the domestic ferret as a companion animal | |
| International Hedgehog Association | hedgehogclub.com | Association to educate the public in the care and betterment of hedgehogs | |
| My House Rabbit | myhouserabbit.com | Web site celebrating house rabbits and educating the public about rabbit care and behavior | |
| North American Sugar Glider Association | mynasga.org | Association to provide information to persons considering getting a sugar glider for a family pet | |
| Pet Hamster Care | pethamstercare.com | Husbandry and care information for hamsters | |
| Rat Guide | ratguide.com | A layman’s guide to health, medication use, breeding, and responsible care of pet rats | |
| Sugarglider | sugarglider.com | Husbandry and care information for sugar gliders | |
| Weasel Words | weaselwords.com | Husbandry and care information for ferrets |
a
Web sites accessed on August 1, 2016. Please note that Elsevier Inc. and the editor of the Exotic Animal Formulary, 5th ed. have not reviewed all of the content of these sites and therefore cannot confirm the accuracy of the information presented.
Table 15-9.
Emergency Drug Doses (in mL) Commonly Used in Exotic Animals.a
| Emergency Drug |
Gerbils, Hamsters, Mice, Rats |
Guinea Pigs, Chinchillas |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Conc | Route | 25 g | 50 g | 75 g | 100 g | 125 g | 150 g | 250 g | 500 g | 0.5 kg | 1 kg | 1.5 kg |
| Epinephrine | 0.01 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.45 |
| Atropine | 0.54 mg/mL | IM, SC | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.74 | 1.11 |
| Glycopyrrolate | 0.2 mg/mL | IM, SC | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 |
| Dex SP | 4 mg/mL | IV, IM | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 1.25 | 1.87 |
| Doxapram | 20 mg/mL | IV, SC | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 |
| Diazepam | 5 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Furosemide | 5 mg/mL | IV, IM, SC | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.12 |
| Emergency Drug |
Rabbits |
Ferrets |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Conc | Route | 0.5 kg | 1 kg | 1.5 kg | 2 kg | 3 kg | 4 kg | 5 kg | 0.5 kg | 1 kg | 1.5 kg | 2 kg |
| Epinephrine | 1 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Atropine | 0.54 mg/mL | IM, SC | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Glycopyrrolate | 0.2 mg/mL | IM, SC | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.1 |
| Dex SP | 4 mg/mL | IV, IM | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 |
| Doxapram | 20 mg/mL | IV, SC | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Diazepam | 55 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
| Furosemide | 50 mg/mL | IV, IM, SC | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.4 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.16 |
| Diphenhydramine | 50 mg/mL | IV, IM | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Emergency Drug |
Avian (Psittacine Birds) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Conc | Route | 0.05 kg | 0.1 kg | 0.2 kg | 0.3 kg | 0.4 kg | 0.5 kg | 0.6 kg | 0.7 kg | 0.8 kg | 0.9 kg | 1.0 kg |
| Epinephrine | 1 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| Atropine | 0.54 mg/mL | IM, SC | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.93 |
| Doxapram | 20 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| Dex SP | 4 mg/mL | IV, IM | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| Ca gluconate | 100 mg/mL | IV, IM | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| Diazepam | 5 mg/mL | IV, IM, IO | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.2 |
| Emergency Drug |
Reptiles |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Conc | Route | 0.1 kg | 0.25 kg | 0.5 kg | 0.75 kg | 1 kg | 2 kg | 3 kg | 4 kg | 5 kg | 6 kg | 7 kg |
| Atropine | 0.54 mg/mL | IV, IM, SC | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.3 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.52 |
| Glycopyrrolate | 0.2 mg/mL | IV, IM | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.35 |
| Dex SP | 4 mg/mL | IV, IM | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.44 |
| Diazepam | 5 mg/mL | IV, IM, ICe | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 |
| Ca gluconate | 100 mg/mL | IV, IO, SC | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 |
a
Modified from Kottwitz J, Kelleher S. Emergency drugs: Quick reference chart for exotic animals. Exotic DVM 2003;5.5:23-25.
Table 15-10.
Fluid Solutions Used in Exotic Animal Medicine.
| Solution Type | Solution | Na+ (mEq/L) | K+ (mEq/L) | Cl− (mEq/L) | Ca++ (mEq/L) | Mg++ (mEq/L) | Buffer (mEq/L) |
Osmolality (mOsm/L) |
pH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crystalloids | Ringer’s solution | 147 | 4 | 156 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 310 | 5-7.5 |
| Lactated Ringer’s solution | 130 | 4 | 109 | 3 | 0 | 28 (lactate) | 275 | 6-7.5 | |
| 0.9% NaCl | 154 | 0 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 308 | 4.5 | |
| 5% Dextrose | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 252 | 4-6.5 | |
| 2.5% Dextrose/0.45% NaCl | 77 | 0 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 280 | 4.5 | |
| Plasma-Lyte | 140 | 5 | 98 | 0 | 3 | 27 (acetate) | 294 | 4-6.5 | |
| 23 (gluconate) | |||||||||
| Normosol-R | 140 | 5 | 98 | 0 | 3 | 27 (acetate) | 294 | 6.6 | |
| 23 (gluconate) | |||||||||
| Colloids | Dextran 6% and 0.9% NaCl | 154 | 0 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 310 | 3-7.0 |
| Hetastarch | 154 | 0 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 309 | 5.5 | |
| Pentastarch | 154 | 0 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 326 | 5.0 |
Table 15-11.
Common Abbreviations Used in Prescription Writing.
| a.c. | before meals | o.d. | right eye |
| a.d. | right ear | o.s. | left eye |
| ad lib | at pleasure | o.u. | both eyes |
| adm | administer | oz | ounce |
| aq | water | p.c. | after meals |
| a.s. | left ear | PO (p.o.) | per os |
| a.u. | both ears | prn (p.r.n.) | as needed |
| b.i.d. | twice a day | q. (q) | every |
| c. | with | q.d. | every day |
| cap(s) | capsule(s) | q4h | every 4 hours, etc. |
| cc | cubic centimeter | q24h | once a day |
| disp | dispense | q.i.d. | four times a day |
| fl oz | fluid ounce | q.o.d. | every other day |
| g (gm) | gram | q.s. | a sufficient quantity |
| gr | grain | ® | trademarked name |
| gtt(s) | drop(s) | SC (SQ) | subcutaneously |
| h (hr) | hour | Sig: | instructions to patient |
| h.s. | at bedtime | sol’n | solution |
| IM | intramuscularly | stat | immediately |
| inj | inject | susp | suspension |
| IP | intraperitoneally | tab(s) | tablet(s) |
| IV | intravenously | Tbs | tablespoon |
| kg | kilogram | t.i.d. | three times a day |
| lb | pound | tsp | teaspoon |
| mg | milligram | ut dict. | as directed |
| mL | milliliter |
Table 15-12.
Common Weight, Liquid Measure, Length, Percentage, and Milliequivalent Conversions.
| Weights |
| 1 milligram (mg) = 1000 micrograms (mcg orig) = 0.015 grain 1 grain (gr) = 64.8 mg (≈ 65 mg) 1 gram (g) = 15.43 grains (≈ 15 grains) = 1000 mg 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g = 2.2 lb 1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 g 1 pound (lb) = 454 g = 16 oz = 0.45 kg 2.2 pound = 1 kg |
| Liquid Measures |
| 1 drop = 0.05 (1/20) milliliter (mL) 1 cubic centimeter (cc) = 1 mL 1 liter (L) = 1000 mL 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL 1 tablespoon (Tbs) = 15 mL 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 29.57 mL (≈ 30 mL) 1 pint = 473.2 mL (≈ 473 mL) 1 quart = 2 pints = 32 fl oz = 0.946 L 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 3.785 L 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 237 mL = 16 Tbs |
| Linear Measures |
| 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.039 inches (in) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.39 in 1 meter (m) = 39.37 in 1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm 1 foot (ft) = 30.48 cm 1 yard (yd) = 91.44 cm |
| Percentage Equivalents |
| 0.1% solution = 1 mg per mL 1% solution = 10 mg per mL 10% solution = 100 mg per mL |
| Milliequivalents |
| 1 mEq Na = 23 mg Na = 58.5 mg NaCl 1 g Na = 2.54 g NaCl = 43 mEq Na 1 g NaCl = 0.39 g Na = 17 mEq Na 1 mEq K = 39 mg K = 74.5 mg KCl 1 g K = 1.91 g KCl = 26 mEq K 1 g KCl = 0.52 g K = 13 mEq K 1 mEq Ca = 20 mg Ca 1 g Ca = 50 mEq Ca 1 mEq Mg = 0.12 g MgSO4 × 7H2O 1 g Mg = 10.2 g MgSO4 × 7H2O = 82 mEq Mg |
Table 15-13.
Equivalents of Celsius (Centigrade) and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales.a
| °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 32.0 | 17 | 62.6 | 34 | 93.2 |
| 1 | 33.8 | 18 | 64.4 | 35 | 95.0 |
| 2 | 35.6 | 19 | 66.2 | 36 | 96.8 |
| 3 | 37.4 | 20 | 68.0 | 37 | 98.6 |
| 4 | 39.2 | 21 | 69.8 | 38 | 100.4 |
| 5 | 41.0 | 22 | 71.6 | 39 | 102.2 |
| 6 | 42.8 | 23 | 73.4 | 40 | 104.0 |
| 7 | 44.6 | 24 | 75.2 | 41 | 105.8 |
| 8 | 46.4 | 25 | 77.0 | 42 | 107.6 |
| 9 | 48.2 | 26 | 78.8 | 43 | 109.4 |
| 10 | 50.0 | 27 | 80.6 | 44 | 111.2 |
| 11 | 51.8 | 28 | 82.4 | 45 | 113.0 |
| 12 | 53.6 | 29 | 84.2 | 46 | 114.8 |
| 13 | 55.4 | 30 | 86.0 | 47 | 116.6 |
| 14 | 57.2 | 31 | 87.8 | 48 | 118.4 |
| 15 | 59.0 | 32 | 89.6 | 49 | 120.2 |
| 16 | 60.8 | 33 | 91.4 | 50 | 122.0 |
a
Conversions: °C = 5/9 × (°F − 32); °F = 9/5 × (°C) + 32.
Table 15-14.
System of International (SI) Units Conversion Factors of Hematology Commonly Used in Exotic Animal Medicine.a
| Component | Conventional (USA) Units | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | g/dL | g/L |
| Red blood cells (RBC) | × 106/μL | × 1012/L |
| Reticulocytes | % | % |
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | fL | fL |
| Mean corpuscular Hgb (MCH) | pg | pg |
| Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration (MCHC) | g/dL | g/L |
| Platelets | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| White blood cells (WBC) | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| Neutrophils (segmented) | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| Neutrophils (bands) | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| Lymphocytes | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| Monocytes | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| Eosinophils | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
| Basophils | × 103/μL | × 109/L |
a
Adapted from Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Interpretation and Diagnosis, Meyer DH, Harvey JW, 3rd ed., Copyright, 2004, with permission from Elsevier.
Table 15-15.
System of International (SI) Units Conversion Factors of Clinical Chemistries Commonly Used in Exotic Animal Medicine.a
| Component | Conventional (USA) Units | Conversion Factor (x) | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albumin | g/dL | 10 | g/L |
| Alkaline phosphatase | U/L | 1.0 | IU/L |
| ALT (SGPT) | U/L | 1.0 | IU/L |
| Ammonia (NH3) | μg/dL | 0.5871 | μmol/L |
| Amylase | U/L | 1.0 | IU/L |
| AST (SGOT) | U/L | 1.0 | IU/L |
| Bilirubin | mg/dL | 17.10 | μmol/L |
| Calcium | mg/dL | 0.2495 | mmol/L |
| Carbon dioxide | mEq/L | 1.0 | mmol/L |
| Chloride | mEq/L | 1.0 | mmol/L |
| Cholesterol | mg/dL | 0.02586 | mmol/L |
| Copper | μg/dL | 0.16 | μmol/L |
| Cortisol | μg/dL | 27.59 | nmol/L |
| Creatine kinase | U/L | 1.0 | IU/L |
| Creatinine | mg/dL | 88.40 | μmol/L |
| Fibrinogen | mg/dL | 0.01 | g/L |
| Glucose | mg/dL | 0.05551 | mmol/L |
| Iron | μg/dL | 0.1791 | μmol/L |
| Lipase | |||
| Sigma Tietz | U/dL | 280 | IU/L |
| Cherry-Crandall | U/L | 1.0 | IU/L |
| Lipid, total | mg/dL | 0.01 | g/L |
| Magnesium | mEq/L | 0.5 | mmol/L |
| Osmolality | mOsm/kg | 1.0 | mmol/kg |
| Phosphate (as inorganic P) | mg/dL | 0.3229 | mmol/L |
| Potassium | mEq/L | 1.0 | mmol/L |
| Protein (total) | g/dL | 10 | g/L |
| Sodium | mEq/L | 1.0 | mmol/L |
| Thyroxine (T4) | μg/dL | 12.87 | nmol/L |
| Triglycerides | mg/dL | 0.011 | mmol/L |
| Tri-iodothyronine (T3) | μg/dL | 15.6 | nmol/L |
| Urea nitrogen | mg/dL | 0.3570 | mmol/Lb |
| Uric acid | mg/dL | 59.48 | umol/L |
a
Adapted from Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Interpretation and Diagnosis, Meyer DH, Harvey JW, 3rd ed., Copyright, 2004, with permission from Elsevier.
b
Urea.
Table 15-16.
| State | City | Name | Web Site | Phone |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AR | Conway | US Compounding Pharmacyb | uscompounding.com | 800-718-3588 |
| AZ | Scottsdale | Diamondback Drugs | diamondbackdrugs.com | 866-646-2223 |
| AZ | Phoenix | Roadrunner Pharmacy | roadrunnerpharmacy.com | 877-518-4589 |
| CA | Bakersfield | Precision Pharmacy | myprecisionpharmacy.com/vet | 877-734-3338 |
| Bellflower | B&B Pharmacy and Health Care Centerb | bbpharmacy.com | 800-231-8905 | |
| Encino | Valley Drug and Compounding | valleydrug.net | 818-788-0635 | |
| La Habra | Central Drugs Compounding Pharmacy | centraldrugsrx.com | 877-447-7077 | |
| Los Angeles | American Health Solutions Pharmacy | ahsrx.com | 800-337-2844 | |
| Merced | Valley Prescription and Compounding Pharmacyb | valleyrxandcompounding.com | 209-722-5765 | |
| North Hollywood | E-Compounding Pharmacy | ecompounding.com/pharmacy | 800-366-4961 | |
| Placerville | Grandpa’s Compounding Pharmacy | grandpas-rx.com | 530-622-2323 | |
| Rancho Cucamonga | Parkview Compounding Pharmacyb | parkviewrx.com | 800-605-0166 | |
| San Jose | Leiter’s Pharmacy | leiters.com | 800-292-6773 | |
| San Rafael | Golden Gate Veterinary Pharmacyb | ggvetrx.com | 415-455-5590 | |
| CO | Monument | Monument Pharmacy | monumentpharmacy.com | 800-595-7565 |
| CT | Southington | Beacon Compounding Pharmacy | beaconcompounding.com | 860-628-3972 |
| DE | Newark | Save Way Pharmacy | savewaypharmacy.com | 302-369-5520 |
| FL | Gainesville | Westlab Pharmacyb | westlabpharmacy.com | 352-373-8111 |
| IL | Chicago | Braun PharmaCare | braunrx.com | 773-549-0634 |
| Naperville | Martin Avenue Pharmacyb | martinavenue.com | 630-355-6400 | |
| IN | Fort Wayne | Fort Wayne Custom Rxb | fwcustomrx.com | 260-490-3447 |
| KS | Arkansas City | Taylor Drug | taylordrug.net | 800-567-3733 |
| Lenexa | Midwest Compounders Pharmacy | mwcpharmacy.com | 888-245-3012 | |
| Overland Park | Stark Pharmacyb | starkpharmacy.com | 913-345-3800 | |
| MA | Scituate | Animal Pharm, LLC | animalpharmllc.com | 866-544-3010 |
| MI | Imlay | Creative Compounding Center | ccc-rx.com | 800-672-2177 |
| Saginaw | Healthway Compounding Pharmacyb | healthwayrx.com | 866-883-8868 | |
| MN | Saint Peter | Soderlund Village Drug | villagedrug.com | 800-603-8196 |
| MO | Jackson | Horst Pharmacy | horstpharmacy.com | 800-640-5940 |
| NE | Ord | Good Life Pharmacy | goodliferx.com | 800-752-5694 |
| NH | Littleton | Eastern States Compounding Pharmacyb | easternstatescompounding.com | 603-444-0094 |
| NJ | Swedesboro | Wedgewood Pharmacy | wedgewoodpharmacy.com | 800-331-8272 |
| NY | Canandaigua | Animal Pharmacy | animalpharmacy.net | 800-663-5261 |
| Cross River | Cross River Pharmacy and Compounding Center | crossriverpharmacy.com | 914-763-3152 | |
| Jamestown | Pharmacy Innovations | pharmacyinnovations.net | 716-720-5121 | |
| OH | Cincinnati | Tri-State Compounding Pharmacyb | tristaterx.com | 513-624-7333 |
| Fairview Park | Nature’s Pharmacy | naturescompound.com | 440-331-8509 | |
| OR | Tualatin | Northwest Compounders | northwestcompounders.com | 800-968-0742 |
| PA | Hatboro | Philadelphia Professional Compounding Agency | ppcpharmacy.com | 215-672-8552 |
| Pitcairn | Yakim’s Compounding Pharmacy | yakims.com | 800-368-3112 | |
| RI | South Kingstown | Bayview Pharmacy | bayviewrx.com | 401-284-4505 |
| TN | Cordova | Regel PharmaLab | regelpharmalab.com | 866-907-3435 |
| TX | Houston | BCP Veterinary Pharmacy | bcpvetpharm.com | 800-481-1729 |
| UT | Sandy | Meds for Vets | medsforvets.com | 866-633-4838 |
| VA | Alexandria | Alexandria Medical Arts Pharmacy & Compounding Labb | amapharmacy.com | 703-549-4350 |
| WA | Bellevue | Custom Prescriptionsb | custom-prescriptions.com | 425-289-0347 |
| Puyallup | Bealls Compounding Pharmacy | beallspharmacy.com | 253-858-8444 | |
| Seattle | Ballard Plaza Pharmacy | ballardplazapharmacy.com | 888-782-6354 | |
| WI | Milwaukee | Pet Apothecary | petapothecary.com | 414-247-8633 |
a
Web sites accessed on September 1, 2016.
b
Accredited by the Pharmacy Compounding Accreditation Board (PCAB). Accessed November 15, 2016.
Table 15-17.
Additional Compounding Resources.a
| Name | Contact | Description |
|---|---|---|
| AVMA Compounding FAQs | Web site: Avma.org/KB/Resources/FAQs/Pages/Compounding-FAQs.aspx | FAQ regarding veterinary compounding |
| Compounding Today | Web site: compoundingtoday.com | Several databases including flavoring recommendations by species, requires a login but does offer a 14-day free trial |
| Fagron | Web site: us.fagron.com | Compounding bases and flavorings |
| FDA Compounding Resources | Web site: fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/ResourcesforYou/ucm268128.htm#Compounding_of_Animal_Drugs | Information regarding legal requirements for compounding |
| Flavorx | Web site: flavorx.com | In house compounding kits |
| Humco | Web site: humcocompounding.com | Compounding bases and flavorings |
| Medisca | Web site: medisca.com | Compounding flavors and recipes |
| Perrigo | Web site: perrigo.com | Compounding bases and flavorings |
| Trissel’s Stability of Compounded Formulations, 5th edb | Publisher: American Pharmacists Association | Monographs on various commonly compounded drugs |
| U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention | Web site: usp.org/usp-healthcare-professionals/compounding | Compounding standards and resources |
a
Web sites accessed on September 1, 2016.
b
Trissel LA, American Pharmacists Association. Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulations/Lawrence A Trissel. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association, 2005.