SUMMARY
The immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in the chicken is reviewed. While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Some strains replicate in the intestine but apparently without pathological changes. Pectoral myopathy has been associated with an important recent variant. Several factors can influence the course of infection with IBV, including the age, breed and nutrition of the chicken, the environment and intercurrent infection with other infectious agents. Immunogenic components of the virus include the S (spike) proteins and the N nucleoprotein. The humoral, local and cellular responses of the chicken to IBV are reviewed, together with genetic resistance of the chicken. In long-term persistence of IBV, the caecal tonsil or kidney have been proposed as the sites of persistence. Antigenic variation among IBV strains is related to relatively small differences in amino acid sequences in the S1 spike protein. However, antigenic studies alone do not adequately define immunological relationships between strains and cross-immunisation studies have been used to classify IBV isolates into ‘protectotypes’. It has been speculated that changes in the S1 protein may be related to differences in tissue tropisms shown by different strains. Perhaps in the future, new strains of IBV may arise which affect organs or systems not normally associated with IB.
RÉSUMÉ
L'immunopathogénie du virus de la bronchite infectieuse (IBV) chez le poulet fait l'objet d'un bilan. Bien que la bronchite infectieuse (IB) soit d'abord considérée comme une maladie du système respiratoire, différentes souches d'IBV peuvent montrer des tropismes tissulaires variables et affectent aussi l'oviducte et les reins avec des conséquences sérieuses. Quelques souches se multiplient dans l'intestin mais apparemment sans troubles pathologiques. Une myopathie pectorale a été associée à l'apparition récente d'un virus variant important. Différents facteurs peuvent influencer le cours de l'infection par l'IBV, incluant l'âge, la variété commerciale et l'alimentation des poulets, l'environnement et les infections intercurrentes dues à d'autres agents infectieux. Les composants immunogéniques du virus incluent les protéines S (de spicule) et la nucléoprotéine N. Les réponses humorales, locale et cellulaire du poulet à l'IBV sont étudiées, ainsi que la résistance génétique. En ce qui concerne la persistance à long terme de l'IBV, les amygdales caecales ou les reins ont été proposés pour être des sites de persistance. La variation antigénique parmi lès souches d'IBV est reliée à des différences relativement faibles au niveau de la séquence en acides aminés de la protéine de la spicule S1. Néanmoins, les études antigéniques seules ne définissent pas de façon adéquat les relations immunologiques existant entre les souches, et des essais d'immunisation croisées ont été utilisés pour classer les isolats d'IBV en ‘protectotypes’. Il a été spéculé que les changements au niveau de la protéine S1 peuvent être reliés à des différences de tropismes tissulaires mises en évidence pour certaines souches. Dans le futur, de nouvelles souches pourraient apparaître et affecter des organes ou systèmes non-habituellement associés à l'IB.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Es wird eine Übersicht über die Immunpathogenese der Bronchitisvirus (IBV)-Infektion beim Huhn gegeben. Obwohl die infektiöse Bronchitis (IB) primär als eine Erkrankung des Respirationstraktes angesehen wird, können verschiedene IBV-Stämme unterschiedliche Geweb-stropismen aufweisen und, mit ernsten Folgen, auch den Eileiter und die Nieren befallen. Manche Stämme vermehren sich im Darm, anscheinend aber ohne pathologische Veränderungen. Pektorale Myopathie ist mit einer wichtigen neuen Variante in Verbindung gebracht worden. Mehrere Faktoren können den Verlauf der Infektion mit IBV beeinflussen und umfassen das Alter, die Rasse und die Fütterung des Huhnes, die Umgebung und die interkurrente Infektion mit anderen Infektionserregern. Die immunogenen Bestandteile des Virus sind die S (spike)-Proteine und das N-Nukleoprotein. Die humoralen, lokalen und zellulären Reaktionen des Huhnes gegen IBV sowie die genetische Resistenz des Huhnes werden besprochen. Bei der langfristigen IBV-Persistenz sind die Blinddarmtonsillen oder die Nieren als Orte der Persistenz vermutet worden. Die Antigenvariation bei IBV-Stämmen hängt mit relativ kleinen Unterschieden der Aminosäuresequenzen im Spike-Protein S1 zusammen. Antigenuntersuchungen alleine reichen jedoch nicht aus, um immunologische Beziehungen zwischen Virusstämmen ausreichend zu definieren, und Kreuzimmunisierungsversuche sind benutzt worden, um IBV-Isolate in ‘Protektotypen’ zu klassifizieren. Es sind Vermutungen darüber angestellt worden, daß Veränderungen im Spike-Protein S1 eine Beziehung zu Unterschieden der Gewebstropismen, die verschiedene Stämme aufweisen, haben könnten. Vielleicht könnten in der Zukunft neue IBV-Stämme auftauchen, die Organe oder Systeme befallen, welche normalerweise keinen Zusammenhang mit der IB haben.
RESUMEN
Se revisa la inmunopatogenia de la infeccion por el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa en la gallina. Mientras que la bronquitis infecciosa (IB) es considerada primariamente una enfer-medad del aparato respiratorio, distintas cepas de IBV pueden mostrar tropismos diversos y afectar tambien al oviducto y el riñón con consecuencias serias. Algunas cepas se replican en el intestino pero aparentemente sin producir lesiones. Una reciente variante de IBV ha sido relacionada con la miopatia pectoral. Diversos factores pueden influir el euros de la infección por IBV incluyendo la edad, estirpe y estado nutritivo del ave, el medio ambiente e infecciones intercurrentes con otros agentes infecciosos. Los componentes inmunogénicos del virus incluyen las proteinas S y la nucleoproteína N. Se revisan las respuestas inmunes humorales y celulares de las gallinas frente a IBV asi como la resistencia genética de la gallina. En situaciones de persistencia de IBV se considera que las tonsilas cecales o el riñón son los lugares probables de acantonamiento. Las variaciones antigénicas entre las distintas cepas de IBV están en relatión con diferencias aminoacidicas pequeñas en la proteína S1. No obstante, los estudios antigenicos por si solos no son capaces de definir adecuadamente las relaciones entre las cepas, y se han utilizado estudios de inmunización cruzada para clasificar los aislamientos de IBV en “protectotipos”. Se especula que los cambios en la proteína S1 puedan estar relacionados con las diferencias en el tropismo tisular que presentan ciertas cepas. Probablemente en el futuro se aislarán nuevas cepas de IBV que afecten a organos o sistemas no asociados normalmente con IB.
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