Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2012 Dec 2:541–566. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-256745-2.50029-5

Pediatric Infections

Itzhak Brook
Editors: Sydney M Finegold1, W Lance George2
PMCID: PMC7155466

The content is available as a PDF (1.5 MB).

References

  • 1.Brook I. The role of anaerobic bacteria in pediatric infections. Adv. Pediatr. 1980;27:163–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Larson B., Snyder I.S., Galask R.P. Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1974;119:492–497. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90207-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Miller J.Y., Pupkin M.J., Hill G.B. Bacterial colonization of amniotic fluid from intact fetal membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1980;136:796–801. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)90458-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Wahbeh C.J., Hill G.B., Eden R.D., All S.A. Intra-amniotic bacterial colonization in premature labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985;148:739–743. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90558-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Ledger W.J., Sweet R.L., Headington J.T. Bacteroides species as a cause of severe infections in obstetric and gynecologic patients. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1971;133:837–842. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Brook I., Barrett C.T., Brinkman C.R., III, Martin W.J., Finegold S.M. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of maternal cervix and newborn gastric fluid and conjunctiva: A prospective study. Pediatrics. 1980;63:451–455. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Benirschke K. Routes and types of infection in the fetus and newborn. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1960;99:714–719. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1960.02070030716003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Coen R., Grush O., Kander E. Studies of bacterial activity and metabolism of the leukocyte in full term neonates. J. Pediatr. 1969;75:400–405. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80265-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Shackleford P.G., Smith M. Ocular infections. In: Feigin R.D., Cherry J.D., editors. “Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Disease”. Saunders; Philadelphia: 1981. pp. 661–683. [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Brook I., Martin W.J., Finegold S.M. Effect of silver nitrate application on the conjunctival flora of the newborn and the occurrence of clostridial conjunctivitis. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabis. 1978;15:179–183. doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19780501-16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates of acute conjunctivitis in children: A prospective study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1980;98:833–835. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030827003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Brook I., Pettit T.H., Martin W.J., Finegold S.M. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of acute conjunctivitis. Ann. Ophthalmol. 1978;11:13–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Speck W.T., Driscol J.M., Polin R.A., O'Neill J., Rosenkranz H.S. Staphylococcal and streptococcal colonization of the newborn infant. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1977;131:1005–1008. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1977.02120220071012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Brook I. Bacteriology of neonatal omphalitis. J. Infect. 1982;5:127–131. [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Bernstine J.B., Ludmir A., Fritz M. Bacteriological studies in ligated and nonligated umbilical cords. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1959;78:69–74. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(59)90643-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Finegold S.M. “Anaerobic Bacteria in Human Disease.”. Academic Press; New York: 1977. [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Center for Disease Control Tetanus surveillance. 1974:1970–1971. Report No. 4, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Bartlett J.G., Gorbach S.L., Finegold S.M. The bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia. Am. J. Med. 1974;56:202–207. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90598-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Harrod J.R., Stevens D.A. Anaerobic infections in the newborn infant. J. Pediatr. 1974;85:399–402. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(74)80129-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Brook I., Martin W.J., Finegold S.M. Neonatal pneumonia caused by members of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Clin. Pediatr. 1980;19:541–543. doi: 10.1177/000992288001900807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Cordero L., Anderson C.E., Zuspan F.P. Scalp abscess: A benign and infrequent complication of fetal monitoring. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1983;146:126–130. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(83)91039-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Okada D.M., Chow A.W., Bruce V.T. Neonatal scalp abscess and fetal monitoring: Factors associated with infection. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1977;129:185–188. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90742-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Brook I. Osteomyelitis and bacteremia caused by Bacteroides fragilis. A complication of fetal monitoring. Clin. Pediatr. 1980;19:639–640. doi: 10.1177/000992288001900913. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Kasai M., Kimura S., Askura Y., Suzuki H., Taira Y., Ohashi E. Surgical treatment of biliary atresia. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1968;3:665–675. [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Hitch D.C., Lilly J.R. Identification, quantification and significance of bacterial growth within the biliary tract after Kasai's operation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1978;13:563–568. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3468(78)80094-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Brook I., Altman R.P. The significance of anaerobic bacteria in biliary tract infection after hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. Surgery. 1984;95:281–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Long S.S., Swenson R.M. Development of anaerobic fecal flora in healthy newborn infants. J. Pediatr. 1977;91:298–302. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80836-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Thirmuoothi M.C., Keen B.M., Dajani A.S. Anaerobic infections in children: A prospective survey. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1976;3:318–323. doi: 10.1128/jcm.3.3.318-323.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Chow A.W., Leake R.D., Yamauchi T., Anthony B.F., Guze L.B. The significance of anaerobes in neonatal bacteremia: Analysis of 23 cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1974;54:736–745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Brook I. “Anaerobic Infections in Childhood.”. G. K. Hall; Boston: 1983. [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Brook I., Controni G., Rodriguez W., Martin W.J. Anaerobic bacteremia in children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1980;134:1052–1056. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230032010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Dysant N.K., Jr., Griswold W.R., Schanberger J.E., Gosienki P.J., Chow A.W. Meningitis due to Bacteroides fragilis in a newborn infant. J. Pediatr. 1976;89:509–511. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(76)80565-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Ahonkhai V.I., Kim M.H., Raziuddin K., Goldstein E.J.C. Perinatal Clostridium perfringens infection. Clin. Pediatr. 1981;20:532–533. doi: 10.1177/000992288102000809. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Kosloske A.M., Ulrich J.A., Hoffman H. Fulminant necrotizing enterocolitis associated with clostridia. Lancet. 1978;2:1014–1016. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92337-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Warren S., Schreiber J.R., Epstein M.F. Necrotizing enterocolitis and hemolysis associated with Clostridium perfringens. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1984;138:686–692. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1984.02140450068021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Brook I., Avery G., Glasgow A. Clostridium difficile in pediatric infections. J. Infect. 1982;4:253–257. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(82)92584-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Echeverria P., Smith A.L. Anaerobic bacteremia observed in a children's hospital. Clin. Pediatr. 1978;17:688–695. doi: 10.1177/000992287801700904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Rom S., Flynn D., Noone P. Anaerobic infection in a neonate: Early detection by gas liquid chromatography and response to metronidazole. Arch. Dis. Child. 1977;52:740–741. doi: 10.1136/adc.52.9.740. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Frantz I.D., III, L'Heureux P., Engel R.R., Hunt C.E. Necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. 1975;86:259–263. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80485-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Pederson P.V., Hansen F.H., Halveg A.B., Christiansen E.D., Jasusen T., Hogh P. Necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn—Is it gas-gangrene of the bowel? Lancet. 1976;2:715–716. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90009-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Kosloske A.M. Pathogenesis and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis: A hypothesis based on personal observation and a review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1984;74:1086–1092. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Kliegman R.M., Fanaroff A.A., Izant R., Speck W.T. Clostridia as pathogens in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. 1979;95:287–298. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80675-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Howard F.M., Flynn D.M., Bradley J.M., Noone P., Szawatkowski M. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis caused by Clostridium butyricum. Lancet. 1977;2:1099–1101. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90546-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Sturm R., Staneck J.L., Stauffer L.R., Neblett W.W., II Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis associated with penicillin-resistant toxigenic Clostridium butyricum. Pediatrics. 1980;66:928–931. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Han V.K.M., Sayed H., Chance G.W., Brabyn D.G., Shaheed W.A. An outbreak of Clostridium difficile necrotizing enterocolitis: A case for oral vancomycin therapy? Pediatrics. 1983;71:935–941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Cashore W.J., Peter G., Lauermann M., Stonestreet B.S., Oh W. Clostridia colonization and clostridial toxin in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. 1981;98:308–311. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80667-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Donta S.T., Myers M.G. Clostridium difficile toxin in asymptomatic neonates. J. Pediatr. 1982;100:431–434. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80454-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Shann F., Lawrence G., Jun-Di P. Enteritis necroticans in China. Lancet. 1979;1:1083–1084. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92978-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Kisloske A.M., Ulrich J.A. A bacteriologic basis for the clinical presentations of necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1980;15:558–564. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3468(80)80773-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Hansen T.N., Ritter D.A., Speer M.E., Kenny J.D., Rudolph A.J. A randomized study of oral gentamicin in the treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. 1980;97:836–839. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80283-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.O'Neill J.A., Jr., Stahlman M.T., Meng H.C. Necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn: Operative indications. Ann. Surg. 1975;182:274–278. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197509000-00009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Boyle R., Nelson J.S., Stonestreet B.S., Peter G., Oh W. Alterations in stool flora resulting from oral kanamycin prophylaxis of necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. 1978;93:857–861. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)81101-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Neu J., Masi M., Stevenson D.K., Kwong L.K., Hurwitz R., Sunshine P. Effects of asphyxia and oral gentamicin on intestinal lactase in the suckling rat. Pediatr. Pharmacol. (New York) 1981;1:215–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Brook I. Bacteriology of intracranial abscess in children. J. Neurosurg. 1981;54:484–488. doi: 10.3171/jns.1981.54.4.0484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Brook I., Johnson N., Overturf G.D., Wilkins J. Mixed bacterial meningitis: A complication of ventriculo and lumboperitoneal shunts: Report of two cases. J. Neurosurg. 1977;47:961–964. doi: 10.3171/jns.1977.47.6.0961. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Brook I., Yocum P., Friedman E.M. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in tonsils of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1981;90:261–263. doi: 10.1177/000348948109000313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess in children. Acta Pediatr. Scand. 1981;70:831–835. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb06235.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Reilly S., Imms P., Beeden A.G., Willis A.T. Possible role of the anaerobe in tonsillitis. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981;34:542–547. doi: 10.1136/jcp.34.5.542. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Tuner K., Nord C.E. Beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms in recurrent tonsillitis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 1983;39:83–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Brook I. The role of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in penicillin failure to eradicate group A streptococci. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1985;4:491–495. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198509000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Brook I., Gober A.E. Emergence of beta-lactamase-producing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the oropharynx of children following penicillin chemotherapy. Clin. Pediatr. 1984;23:338–341. doi: 10.1177/000992288402300608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Simon H.M., Sukair W. Staphylococcal antagonism to penicillin group therapy of hemolytic streptococcal pharyngeal infection: Effect of oxacillin. Pediatrics. 1968;31:463–469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Brook I., Yocum P. In vitro protection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from penicillin and cephalothin by Bacteroides fragilis. Chemotherapy. 1983;29:18–23. doi: 10.1159/000238168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Brook I., Pazzaglia G., Coolbaugh J.C., Walker R.I. In vitro protection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci by beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides species. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1983;12:599–606. doi: 10.1093/jac/12.6.599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Randolph M.F., DeHaan R.M. A comparison of lincomycin and penicillin in the treatment of group A streptococcal infections: Speculation on the “L” forms as a mechanism of recurrence. Del. Med. J. 1969;41:51–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Levine M.K., Berman J.D. A comparison of clindamycin and erythromycin in beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. J. Med. Assoc. Ga. 1972;61:108–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Breese B.B., Disney F.A., Talpey W.B. Beta-hemolytic streptococcal illness; Comparison of lincomycin, ampicillin, and potassium penicillin treatment. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1966;112:21–27. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1966.02090100057004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Massell B.F. Prophylaxis of streptcoccal infection and rheumatic fever: a comparison of orally administered clindamycin and penicillin. JAMA. 1979;241:1589–1594. doi: 10.1001/jama.241.15.1589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Brook I., Hirokawa R. Treatment of patients with recurrent tonsillitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: A prospective randomized study comparing penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Clin. Pediatr. 1985;24:331–336. doi: 10.1177/000992288502400606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Heck W.E., McNaught R.C. Periauricular Bacteroides infection, probably arising in the parotid. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1952;149:662–668. doi: 10.1001/jama.1952.72930240003012c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Sazana L. Actinomycosis of the parotid gland: Report of five cases. Oral Surg. 1965;19:197–203. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(65)90291-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Brook I., Finegold S.M. Acute suppurative parotitis caused by anaerobic bacteria: Report of two cases. Pediatrics. 1978;62:1019–1021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Fredett V., Auger A., Forget A. Anaerobic flora of chronic nasal sinusitis in adults. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1961;84:164–174. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of sinusitis in children. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1969;246:967–969. [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Brook I., Grimm S., Kielich R. Bacteriology of acute periapical abscess in children. J. Endodont. 1981;7:379–381. doi: 10.1016/S0099-2399(81)80060-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Brook I., Anthony B.F., Finegold S.M. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of acute otitis media in children. J. Pediatr. 1978;92:13–15. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)80060-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Brook I., Finegold S.M. Bacteriology of chronic otitis media. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1979;241:387–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of chronic mastoiditis in children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1981;135:479–480. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130290074026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Storer E.H. Appendicitis. In: Howard R.J., Simmons R.L., editors. “Surgical Infectious Diseases”. Appleton; New York: 1982. pp. 975–986. [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Brook I. Bacterial studies of peritoneal cavity and postoperative wound infection following perforated appendix in children. Ann. Surg. 1980;192:208–212. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198008000-00014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Brook I., Finegold S.M. Bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia in children. Pediatrics. 1980;65:115–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Brook I., Finegold S.M. The bacteriology and therapy of lung abscess in children. J. Pediatr. 1979;94:10–14. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80341-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Brook I., Fink R. Transtracheal aspiration in pulmonary infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 1983;64:51–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Brook I. Bacterial colonization, tracheitis and pneumonia, following tracheostomy and long-term intubation in pediatric patients. Chest. 1979;70:420–424. doi: 10.1378/chest.76.4.420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Brook I., Finegold S.M. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of cutaneous abscesses in children. Pediatrics. 1981;67:891–895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Brook I. Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of decubitus ulcers in children. Am. Surg. 1980;46:624–626. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Dunkle L.M., Brotherton M.S., Feigin R.D. Anaerobic infections in children: A prospective study. Pediatrics. 1976;57:311–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88.Stone J.H. Bacterial flora of appendicitis in children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1976;11:37–45. doi: 10.1016/0022-3468(76)90167-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Anaerobic Infections in Humans are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES