Table 2.

List of fungal pathogens on bast fiber crops identified using molecular method.

Pathogen		Disease	Method	Marker	Host Plant	Geographic Region(s)	Reference
Alternaria
A. alternata		Hemp leaf spot	Conventional PCR	ITS	Cannabis sativa	Shanxi, China	[46]
A. alternata		Ramie black leaf spot	Conventional PCR	ITS, GAPDH	Boehmeria nivea	Hunan, Hubei, China	[47]
Cercospora
Cercospora cf. flagellaris		Hemp leaf spot disease	Not mentioned	ITS, EF-1α, CAL, H3, actin	Cannabis sativa	Kentucky, USA	[48]
Colletotrichum
C. corchorum capsularis		Jute anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ACT, TUB2, CAL, GAPDH, GS, and ITS	Corchorus capsularis L.	Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Henan, China	[27]
C. fructicola		Jute anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ACT, TUB2, CAL, GAPDH, GS, and ITS	Corchorus capsularis L.	Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Henan, China	[26]
C. fructicola		Jute anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ACT, TUB2, CAL, GAPDH, GS, and ITS	Corchorus capsularis L.	Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Henan, China	[27]
C. gloeosporioides		Ramie anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ITS	Boehmeria nivea	HuBei, HuNan, JiangXi, and SiChuan, China	[30]
C. higginsianum		Ramie anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ITS	Boehmeria nivea	HuBei, China	[29]
C. phormii		New Zealand flax anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ITS	Phormium tenax	California, USA	[24]
C. phormii		New Zealand flax anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ITS	Phormium tenax	Perth, Australia	[25]
C. siamense		Jute anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ACT, TUB2, CAL, GAPDH, GS, and ITS	Corchorus capsularis L.	Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Henan, China	[26]
Colletotrichum sp.		Kenaf anthracnose	Conventional PCR	ITS	Corchorus olitorius	South Korea	[28]
Curvularia
C. cymbopogonis		Hemp leaf spot	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Exserohilum
E. rostratum		Hemp floral blight	Not mentioned	ITS, RPB2	Cannabis sativa	North Carolina, USA	[49]
Fusarium
F. oxysporum		Hemp roots and crown rot	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	Canada	[32]
F. oxysporum		Jute brown wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS	Corchorus olitorius	Dhaka, Manikgonj, Kishorgonj, Rangpur, and Monirampur, Bangladesh	[40]
F. oxysporum		Hemp wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	California, USA	[34]
F. solani		Hemp crown root	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	Canada	[32]
F. solani		Hemp wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	California, USA	[34]
F. solani		Sunn hemp root rot and wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Crotalaria juncea	Ceará, Brazil	[41]
F. brachygibbosum		Hemp wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	California, USA	[34]
F. udum f. sp. crotalariae		Sunn hemp fusarium wilt	Conventional PCR	EF-1α, β-tubulin	Crotalaria juncea	Tainan, China	[42]
Glomus
G. mosseae		Hemp root rot	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Golovinomyces
G. spadiceus		Hemp powdery mildew	Not mentioned	ITS, 28S	Cannabis sativa	Kentucky, USA	[43]
G. cichoracearum sensu lato		Hemp powdery mildew	Conventional PCR	ITS	Cannabis sativa	Atlantic Canada and British Columbia.	[44]
G. cichoracearum	Sunn hemp powdery mildew		Not mentioned	ITS	Crotalaria juncea	Florida, USA	[45]
Lasiodiplodia
L. theobromae		Kenaf black rot	Conventional PCR	ITS	Corchorus olitorius	Kangar Perlis, Malaysia	[54]
Leptoxyphium
L. kurandae		Kenaf sooty mould	Conventional PCR	ITS	Corchorus olitorius	Iksan, Korea	[55]
Macrophomina
Macrophomina phaseolina		Hemp charcoal rot	Conventional PCR	EF-1α, CAL	Cannabis sativa	Southern Spain	[50]
Micropeltopsis
Micropeltopsis cannabis		Unknown	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Orbilia
Orbilia luteola		Unknown	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Pestalotiopsis
Pestalotiopsissp.		Hemp spot blight	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Podosphaera
P. xanthii		Ramie powdery mildew	Conventional PCR	ITS	Boehmeria nivea	Naju, Korea	[53]
Pythium
P. dissotocum		Browning and a reduction in root mass, stunting	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	Canada	[32]
P. myriotylum		Browning and a reduction in root mass, stunting	Conventional PCR	ITS, EF-1α	Cannabis sativa	Canada	[32]
P. myriotylum		Hemp root rot and Wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS, COI, COII	Cannabis sativa	Connecticut, USA	[33]
P. aphanidermatum		Hemp root rot and crown wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS	Cannabis sativa	California, USA	[34]
P. aphanidermatum		Hemp crown and root Rot	Conventional PCR	ITS	Cannabis sativa	Indiana, USA	[35]
P. ultimum		Hemp crown and root Rot	Conventional PCR	ITS	Cannabis sativa	Indiana, USA	[36]
Rhizoctonia
Binucleate R. spp.		Hemp wilt	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Sclerotinia
Sclerotinia minor		Hemp crown rot	Conventional PCR	ITS	Cannabis sativa	San Benito County, Canada	[51]
Sphaerotheca
S. macularis		Hemp powdery mildew	Conventional PCR	25S	Cannabis sativa	USA	[52]
Verticillium
V. dahliae		flax wilt	Conventional PCR	ITS	Linum usitatissimum	La Haye Aubrée, France	[37]
V. dahliae		flax wilt	qPCR	ITS	Linum usitatissimum	Normandy, France	[38]
V. dahliae		flax wilt	qPCR	ß-tubulin	Linum usitatissimum	Germany	[39]
V. tricorpus		flax wilt	qPCR	ITS	Linum usitatissimum	Germany	[39]
V. longisporum		flax wilt	qPCR	ß-tubuIin	Linum usitatissimum	Germany	[39]

qPCR: quantitative PCR, ITS: internal transcribed spacer, GAPDH: glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GS: glutamate synthetase, EF-1α: translation elongation factor 1-α, CAL: calmodulin, H3: histone subunit 3, ACT: actin, TUB2: ß-tubulin, RPB2: RNA polymerase subunit B2, COI: cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COII: cytochrome oxidase subunit II.