Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006 Apr 27;22(9):809–822. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb02825.x

Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms II. Physiology and mechanisms

P G BARDIN 1,✉, S L JOHNSTON 1, P K PATTEMORE 2
PMCID: PMC7162038  PMID: 1358415

The content is available as a PDF (6.3 MB).

References

  • 1. Minor TE, Dick EC, Baker JW, Ouellette JJ, Cohen M, Reed CE. Rhinovirus and influenza type A infections as precipitants of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113:149–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Horn MEC, Reed SE, Taylor P. Role of viruses and bacteria in acute wheezy bronchitis in childhood: a study of sputum. Arch Dis Child 1979; 54:587–92. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Pattemore PK, Johnston SL, Bardin PG. Viruses as precipitants of asthma. I. Epidemiology. Clinical Allergy 1992;22:325–36. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Couch RB. Rhinoviruses In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, eds. Virology. New York : Raven Pres, 1990:607–29. [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Hers JF. Disturbances of ciliated epithelium due to influenza virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1966; 93:162–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Camner P, Jarstrand C, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance in patients with influenza. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108:131–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Carson JL Collier AM, Shih‐chin S, Hu MS. Acquired ciliary defects in nasal epithelium of children with acute viral upper respiratory infections. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:463–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Hendley JO. Rhinovirus colds: immunology and pathogenesis. Eur J Respir Dis 1983; 64:340–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Winter B, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Respiratory virus infection of monolayer cultures of human nasal epithelial cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:839–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Sasaki Y, Togo Y, Wagner HN, Hornicak RB, Scwartz AR, Proctor DF. Mucociliary function during experimentally induced rhinovirus infection in man. Ann Otol 1973; 82:203–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Wilson R, Alton E, Rutman A, Higgins P, Al Nakib W, Geddes DM et al. Upper respiratory viral infection and mucociliary clearance. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 70:272–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Reed SE, Boyde A. Organ cultures of respiratory epithelium infected with rhinovirus or parainfluenza virus studied in a scanning electron microscope. Infect Immun 1972; 6:65–76. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Turner RB, Hendley JO, Gwaltney JM. Shedding of infected ciliated epithelial cells in rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis 1982; 145:849–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Barnes PJ. Neural control of human airways in health and disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134:1289–314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Empey DW, Laitinen LA, Jacobs L, Gold WM, Nadel JA. Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after respiratory tract infection. Am Rev Resp Dis 1976; 113:131–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Cuss FM, Barnes PJ. Epithelial mediators. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:S32–S35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Robinson C, Holgate ST. Regulation by prostanoids In: Crystal RG, West JB. et al., eds. The lung. New York : Raven Press, 1991:941–51. [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Barnes PJ. Neuropeptides and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:S28–S32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Nadel JA, Borson DB. Modulation of neurogenic inflammation by neutral endopeptidase. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:S33–S36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Jakab GJ. Sequential virus infections, bacterial superinfections and fibrogenesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:374–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Busse WW, Swenson CA, Borden EC, Treuhaft MW, Dick EC. Effect of Influenza A virus on leukocyte histamine release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71:382–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Ida S, Hooks JJ, Siraganian RP, Notkins AL. Enhancement of IgE mediated histamine release from human basophils by viruses: role of interferon. J Exp Med 1977; 145:892–906. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Chonmaitree T, Lett‐Brown MA, Tsong Y, Goldman AS, Baron S. Role of interferon in leukocyte histamine release caused by common respiratory viruses. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:127–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Huftel MA, Swenson CA, Borcherding WR, Dick EC, Hong R, Busse WW. Enhanced basophil histamine release (HR) following in‐vitro incubation with live influenza A virus is attenuated by T‐cell depletion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87:21l(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Graziano FM, Tilton R, Hirth T, Segaloff D, Mullins T, Dick E et al. The effect of parainfluenza 3 infection on guinea pig basophil and lung mast cell histamine release. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139:715–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Sanchez‐Legrand F, Smith TF. Interaction of paramyxoviruses with human basophils and their effect on histamine release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84:538–46. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Clementsen P, Hannoun C, Norn S. Influenza A virus enhances allergic histamine release. Effect of neuraminidase. Allergy 1989; 44:33–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Swenson C, Dick E, Busse W. Rhinovirus upper respiratory infection enhances airway hyperreactivity and basophil histamine releaseability. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79:194(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Huftel MA, Dick EC, Swenson CA, Busse WW. Enhanced basophil histamine release (HR) following in‐vitro incubation with live rhinovirus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85:265(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Fireman P, Skoner DP, Doyle WJ. Effect of rhinovirus (RV) 39 infection on responses of the lower airway and the leukocyte. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:A420. [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Mullins T, Busse W, Graziano FM. The effect of parainfluenza 3 (P‐3) infection on guinea pig (GP) basophils (B). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85:215(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Castleman WL, Sorkness RL, Lemanske RF, McAllister PK. Virus induced airway hyperresponsiveness in Brown Norway rats is associated with increased numbers of bronchiolar mast cells and bronchiolar wall thickening. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:A808(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Kimira I, Tanizaki Y, Saito K, Takabushi K, Veda N, Sato S. Appearance of basophils in the sputum of patients with bronchial asthma. Clin Allergy 1975; 1:95–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Lett‐Brown MA, Aelvoet M, Hooks JJ, Georgiades JA, Thueson DO, Grant JA. Enhancement of basophil chemotaxis in vitro by virus induced interferon. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:547–53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Fitzpatrick FA, Stringfellow DA. Virus and interferon effects on cellular prostaglandin biosynthesis. J Immunol 1980; 125:431–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Lewis GP. Kinins in inflammation and tissue injury In: Erdos EG, ed. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Bradykinin, Kallidin, Kallikrein. Vol 25 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag, 1970:516–30. [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Naclerio RM, Proud D, Lichtenstein LM, Kagey‐Sobotka A, Hendley JO, Sorrentino J et al. Kinins are generated during experimental rhinoviral colds. J Infect Dis 1987; 157:133–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Bjornson AB, Mellencamp MA, Schiff GM. Complement is activated in the upper respiratory tract during influenza virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:1062–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Smith TF, McIntosh K, Fishaut M, Henson PM. Activation of complement by cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Infection and Immunity 1981; 33:43–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Kaul TN, Welliver RC, Ogra PL. Appearance of complement components and immunoglobulins on nasopharyngeal epithelial cells following naturally acquired infection with respiratory syncytial virus. J Med Virol 1982; 9:149–58. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. Serhan CN, Hirsch U, Palmblad J, Samuelsson B. Formation of lipoxin A by granulocytes from eosinophilic donors. FEBS Lett 1987; 217:242–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Kim SJ. Formation of lipoxins by alveolar macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 150:870–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Dahlen SE, Rand J, Serhan CN, Bjork J, Samuelsson B. Biological activities of lipoxin A include lung strip contraction and dilation of arterioles in vivo . Acta Physiol Scand 1987; 130:643–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. Hansson A, Serhan CN, Haeggstrom J, Ingelman‐Sundberg M, Samuelsson B, Morris J. Activation of protein kinase C by lipoxin A and other eicosanoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 134:1215–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Ramstedt U, Serhan CN, Nicolaou KC, Webber SE, Wigzell H, Samuelsson B. Lipoxin A‐induced inhibition of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity: studies on stereospecificity of inhibition and mode of action. J Immunol 1987; 138:266–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Serhan CN, Nicolaou KC, Webber SE, Samuelsson B. Lipoxin A: stereochemistry and biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:16340–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Kim SJ. Elevated formation of lipoxins in viral antibody‐positive rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3:113–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Lee TH, Crea AEG, Gant V, Spur BW, Marron BE, Nicolaou KC et al. Identification of lipoxin A and its relationship to the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 in the bronchoalveolar fluids obtained from patients with selected pulmonary diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:1453–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Winther B, Farr B, Turner RB, Hendley JO, Gwaltney JM, Mygind N. Histopathological examination and enumeration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the nasal mucosa during experimental rhinoviral colds. Acta Otolaryngol 1984; 413:19–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Levandowski RA, Weaver CW, Jackson GG. Nasal‐secretion leukocyte populations determined by flow cytometry during acute rhinovirus infection. J Med Virol 1988; 25:423–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Stark JM, Tosi M. Use of a microtiter assay to demonstrate enhanced neutrophil adhesion to human airway epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:A43(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 52. Faden H, Kaul TN, Ogra PL. Activation of oxidative and arachidonic acid metabolism in neutrophils by respiratory syncytial virus antibody complexes: possible role in disease. J Infect Dis 1983; 148:110–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. Porterfield JS. Antibody dependent enhancement of viral infectivity. Adv Virus Res 1986; 31:335–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Panuska JR, Cirino NM, Midulla F, Despot JE, McFadden ER, Huang YT. Productive infection of isolated human alveolar macrophages by Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:113–19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. Alvarado CA, Canesco C, Wentz‐Murtha P, Swanson MC, Reed CE. Serum and secretory antibody response of normal and asthmatic subjects to influenza vaccine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87:287(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 56. Levandowski RA, Ou DW, Jackson GG. Acute‐phase decrease of T‐lymphocyte subsets in rhinovirus infection. J Infect Dis 1986; 153:743–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57. Schattner A. T‐cells, interferon and rhinovirus infection. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:834(letter). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. Pene J, Rousset F, Briere F et al. IgE production by normal lymphocytes is induced by interleukin 4 and suppressed by interferons and prostaglandin E2 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:6880–4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. Vrtis R, Schrader L, Dick EC, Busse WW. Development of low density eosinophils (Eos) following in vitro incubation with respiratory viruses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85:l65(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 60. Garofalo R, Kimpen JLL, Welliver RC, Ogra PL. Role of Respiratory Syncytial Virus‐induced eosinophil degranulation in bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87:247(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 61. Calhoun WJ, Reed HE, Stevens CA, Busse WW. Experiment rhinovirus 16 infection potentiates airway inflammation only in allergic subjects. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 143:A47(abstract. [Google Scholar]
  • 62. Hsia J, Goldstein AL, Simon GL, Sztein M, Hayden FG. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ production, cytotoxicity and antigen‐stimulated blastogenesis during experimental rhinovirus infection. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:591–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63. Levandowski RA, Pachucki CT, Rubenis M. Specific mononuclear cell response to rhinovirus. J Infect Dis 1983; 148:1125(abstract). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64. Welliver RC, Kaul A, Ogra PL. Cell‐mediated immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection: relationship to the development of reactive airways disease. J Paediatr 1979; 94:370–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65. Szentivanyi A. The beta‐adrenergic theory of atopic abnormality in asthma. J Allergy 1968; 42:203–23. [Google Scholar]
  • 66. Maselli T, Melzer EO, Ellis EF. Pharmacologic effects of epinephrine in asthmatic children. J Allergy 1970; 45:117(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 67. Makino S, Ouellette JJ, Reed CE, Fishel C. Correlation between increased bronchial response to acetylcholine and diminished metabolic and eosinopenic responses to epinephrine in asthma. J Allergy 1970; 46:178–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68. Grieco MH, Pierson RH, Pi‐Sunver RX. Comparison of the circulatory and metabolic effects of isoproterenol, epinephrine and methoxamine in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Med 1968; 44:863–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69. Busse WW. Decreased granulocyte response to isoproterenol in asthma during upper respiratory infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115:783–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70. Buckner CK, Songsiridej V, Dick EC, Busse WW. In vivo and in vitro studies on the use of the guinea pig as a model for virus‐provoked airway hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:305–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71. Scarpace PJ, Bender BS. Viral pneumonia attenuates adenylate cyclase but not beta‐adrenergic receptors in murine lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1602–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72. Welliver RC, Wong DT, Sun M, Middleton E Jr, Vaughan RS, Ogra PL. The development of respiratory syncytial virus‐specific IgE and the release of histamine in nasopharyngeal secretion after infection. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:841–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73. Welliver RC, Kaul TN, Ogra PL. The appearance of cell‐bound IgE in respiratory tract epithelium after respiratory syncytial virus infection. N Engl J Med 1980; 303:1198–202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74. Welliver RC, Sun M, Rinaldo D, Ogra PL. Predictive value of respiratory syncytial virus‐specific IgE responses for recurrent wheezing following bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 1986; 109:776–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75. Welliver RC, Wong DT, Middleton E, Sun M, McCarthy N, Ogra PL. Role of parainfluenza virus‐specific IgE in pathogenesis of croup and wheezing subsequent to infection. J Paediatr 1982; 101:889–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76. Tipirneni P, Moore BS, Hyde JS, Schauf V. IgE antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in asthma and other atopic diseases. Ann Allergy 1980; 45:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77. Kay AB. Inflammatory cells in allergic disease In: Holgate ST. ed. Mast cells, mediators and disease. London : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988:227–39. [Google Scholar]
  • 78. Plaut M, Pierce JH, Watson CJ, Paul W et al. Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross linkage of FCεR1 or to calcium ionophores. Nature 1989; 339:64–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79. Frick OL. Effect of respiratory and other virus infections on IgE immunoregulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78:1013–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80. Frick OL, German DF, Mills J. Development of allergy in children. I. Association with virus infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979; 63:228–41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81. Sakamoto M, Ida S, Takishima T. Effect of influenza virus infection on allergic sensitisation to aerosolised ovalbumin in mice. J Immunol 1984; 132:2614–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82. Piersol JM, Kral K, Frick OL. Effect of attenuated measles virus vaccination on modulation of T‐cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71:139(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 83. Street NE, Mosmann TR. Functional diversity of T lymphocytes due to secretion of different cytokine patterns. FASEB J 1991; 5:171–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84. Saryan JA, Leung DV, Geha RS. Induction of human IgE synthesis by a factor derived from T‐cells of patients with hyper IgE states. J Immunol 1983; 130:242–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85. Forsyth BR, Bloom HH, Johnson KM, Chanock RM. Patterns of illness in rhinovirus infections of military personnel. N Engl J Med 1963; 269:602–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86. Mufson MA, Webb PA, Kennedy H, Gill V, Chanock RM. Etiology of upper respiratory tract illness among civilian adults. JAMA 1966; 195:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87. Reilly CM, Hoch SM, Stokes J. Clinical and laboratory findings in cases of respiratory illness caused by coryzaviruses. Ann Intern Med 1962; 57:515–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88. Lemanske RF, Dick EC, Swenson CA, Vrtis RF, Busse WW. Rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infection increases airway hyperreactivity and late asthmatic reactions. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:1–10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89. Minor TE, Dick EC, Baker JW, Ouellette JJ, Cohen M, Reed CE. Rhinovirus and influenza type A infections as precipitants of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113:149–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90. Halperin SA, Eggleston PA, Beasley P, Suratt PM, Hendley JO, Gröschel DHM et al. Exacerbations of asthma in adults during experimental rhinovirus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:976–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91. McFadden ER, Denison DM, Waller JF, Assonfi B, Peacock A, Sopwith T. Direct recordings of the temperature in the tracheobronchial tree in normal man. J Clin Invest 1982; 69:700–5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92. Craighead JE, Meier M, Cooley MH. Pulmonary infection due to rhinovirus type 13. N Engl J Med 1969; 281:1403–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93. Las Heras J, Swanson VL. Sudden death of an infant with rhinovirus infection complicating bronchial asthma. Paediat Path 1983; 1:319–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94. Krueger GRF, Wasserman K, De Clerk LS, Stevens WJ et al. Latent herpesvirus‐6 in salivary and bronchial glands. Lancet 1990; 336:1255–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95. Woolcock AJ, Salome CM, Yan K. The shape of the dose‐response curve to histamine in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:71–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96. Josephs LK, Gregg I, Mullee MA, Holgate ST. Nonspecific bronchial reactivity and its relationship to the clinical expression of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:350–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97. Pattemore PK, Asher MI, Harrison AC, Mitchell EA, Rea HH, Stewart AW. The interrelationship among bronchial hyperresponsiveness, the diagnosis of asthma, and asthma symptoms. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:549–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98. Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE. Airway hyperresponsiveness. Relevance of random population data to clinical usefulness. Am Rev Resp Dis 1990; 142:497–500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99. Buckner CK, Clayton DE, Ain‐Shoka AA, Busse WW, Dick EC, Shult P. Parainfluenza 3 blocks the ability of a beta‐receptor agonist to inhibit antigen‐induced contraction of isolated guinea pig airway smooth muscle. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:376–84. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100. Saban R, Dick EC, Fishleder RI, Buckner CK. Enhancement by parainfluenza 3 infection of contractile responses to substance P and capsaicin in airway smooth muscle from the guinea pig. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:586–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101. Dusser DJ, Jacoby DB, Djokic TD, Rubinstein I, Borson DB, Nadel JA. Virus induces airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins: role of neutral endopeptidase. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67:1504–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102. Clough J, Sorkness R, Dick EC, Buckner C, Lemanske R. Parainfluenza III (P3) virus infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness to intravenous substance P in guinea pigs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87:250 (abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 103. Jenkins CR, Breslin ABX. Upper respiratory tract symptoms in experimental rhinovirus infection. Am Rev Resp Dis 1984; 130:879–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104. Halperin SA, Eggleston PA, Hendley JO, Suratt PM, Gröschel DHM, Gwaltney JM. Pathogenesis of lower respiratory tract symptoms in experimental rhinovirus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:806–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105. Hudgel DW, Langston L, Selner JC, McIntosh K. Viral infection in adults with chronic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120:393–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106. Bush RK, Busse WW, Flaherty D, Warshauer D, Dick EC, Reed CE. Effects of experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on airways and leukocyte function in normal subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978; 61:80–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107. Summers QA, Higgins PG, Barrow IG, Tyrrell DAJ, Holgate ST. Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and bradykinin in atopic and non‐atopic normal volunteers after experimental rhinovirus infection. Eur Respir J (in press). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108. Fuller RW, Dixon CMS, Cuss FMC, Barnes PJ. Bradykinin‐induced bronchoconstriction in humans. Am Rev Resp Dis 1987; 135:176–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109. Laitinen LA, Elkin RB, Empey D, Jacobs L, Mills J, Nadel JA. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in normal subjects during attenuated Influenza virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:358–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110. Laitinen LA, Kava T. Bronchial reactivity following uncomplicated influenza A infection in healthy subjects and in asthmatic patients. Eur J Respir Dis 1980; 106:51–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111. Ouellette JJ, Reed CE. Increased response of asthmatic subjects to methacholine after influenza vaccine. J Allergy 1965; 36:558–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112. Lowenberg A, Orie NGM, Shuter HJ, de Vries K. Bronchial hyperreactivity and bronchial obstruction in respiratory viral infection. Respiration 1986; 49:1–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113. Kumar L, Newcomb RW, Molk L. Effect of live measles vaccination on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic children to methacholin. J Allergy 1970; 45:104(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  • 114. Picken JJ, Niewochner DE, Chester EH. Prolonged effect of viral infection of the upper respiratory tract upon small airways. Am J Med 1972; 52:739–47. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115. Storr J, Lenney W. School holidays and admissions with asthma. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64:103–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical and Experimental Allergy are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES