Prevalence and capsular type distribution of group B Streptococcus isolated from vagina of pregnant women in Nghe An province, Vietnam

Abstract

Background and Objectives:

Identification of GBS serotypes provides helpful information for appropriate the development of suitable vaccines; however, no reports from Vietnam have been published. This study has been performed to find the prevalence and serotypes of group B Streptococcus isolated from vagina of pregnant women in Nghe An province, Vietnam.

Materials and Methods:

Vaginal swabs were collected from pregnant women at 35–37 weeks of gestation at the Nghe An Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital, Vietnam between May 2018 and July 2019. The swabs were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar for isolation of GBS. All isolates were identified using the Gram staining, CAMP test and specific PCR. GBS strains were serotyped using the multiplex PCR assays.

Results:

The prevalence of vaginal GBS colonization was 9.20% of 750 participants. Among the isolates, serotypes III (39.13%) and V (31.89%) were the most frequent, followed by serotypes Ia (11.59%), VI (11.59%), Ib (2.90%), II (1.45%) and VII (1.45%), respectively. Serotypes IV, VIII and IX were not found.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of GBS in the Nghe An province of central Vietnam was similar to reports from other parts of the world. The predominat GBS serotypes (III, V, Ia and VI) were slightly different from those previously described from other regions around the world. The high frequency of serotype VI was a notable feature of the strains from pregnant women in Vietnam.

INTRODUCTION

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that is an important neonatal pathogen of severe and invasive neonatal infections such as sepsis and meningitis, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates (1–4). This etiological agent also occurs as an invasive infections in immunocompromised patients and elderly persons (5–7). In pregnant women, GBS has been found in 10–30%, usually without any symptoms and are at risk of transmitting it to their newborn babies (6, 8, 9). In newborns, invasive infections due to GBS are associated with a mortality rate of 4% to 6% (9). While GBS infections virtually never cause maternal death, about 10–60% of them result in miscarriage or stillbirth (6, 10). The prevalence of invasive GBS infections are gradually increasing worldwide, particularly in older adults with underlying diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (7, 11). Therefore, the prevention and treatment of these infections are growing in importance (7, 11, 12).

The GBS are currently divided into ten serotypes based on the antigenicity of their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and are categorized as Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX (13, 14). Epidemiological surveys around the world have indicated that distribution of GBS serotypes are geographically different (6, 7). According to previous studies, serotype III is the most predominant, followed by Ia, Ib, II and V (6, 15, 16). These CPS is an important virulence factor of GBS (6), (17) and of there, serotypes Ia, III and V are reported to account for the majority of invasive cases of GBS (18). Therefore, routine screening for maternal colonization by GBS should be performed for prevention of neonatal infections (9, 16). According to Africa et al. (2018), an understanding of the serotype prevalence associated with GBS colonization and invasive disease in newborns is necessary to inform the development of suitable vaccines (18).

Identification of GBS serotypes, based on immunodiffusion tests and commercial latex agglutination (LA) methods, are the most widely used but these tests are only moderately reliable, resulting in nontypeability (NT) or erroneous serotyping of the isolates (2, 5). Because of the limitations of immunological methods, several molecular approaches have been developed for the differentiation of GBS serotypes (5).

Previously, there are many publications from Asian countries as China (15, 16), Japan (7), Korea (19), Thailand (18, 20) and Philippines (20) but very limited data is available on the serotypes distribution of GBS in Vietnam. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and serotypes of GBS isolated from vagina of pregnant women in Nghe An province, Vietnam.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical isolates and identification of GBS. The present cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2018 and July 2019. Vaginal samples was obtained from vagina of 750 healthy pregnant women at 35–37 weeks of gestation were evaluated at the Nghe An Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital (500 beds, Nghe An province, Vietnam). Vaginal specimens were taken from each patient’s vagina by trained nurses with sterile cotton swabs. After that, vaginal swabs were transported to the clinical microbiology laboratory within 2 hours for isolation of GBS. Samples were inoculated onto blood agar containing 5% sheep blood (Himedia, India) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h under 5% carbon dioxide (CO₂) atmosphere. The samples that no growth after 24 hours were incubated for a further 24 hours before being declared as culture-negative. In order to isolate GBS from vagina cultures-positive, colonies of suspected GBS were subcultured onto a sheep blood agar plate (Himedia, India) and was incubated at 37 °C for 18 to 24 hours under 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Colonies on blood agar plates were first confirmed as GBS using Gram staining and CAMP test. After the initial morphological identification, GBS isolates were identified by PCR and sequencing.

Genomic DNA isolation. DNA of GBS was extracted from isolates using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Cat. No51304, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), following manufacture recommendation. After that quality and quantity of extracted DNA was estimated using a NanoDrop ^TM 2000 Spectrophotometer at 260 nm (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Extracted DNA was diluted in double distilled water and maintained at −20 °C until used in the PCR.

Molecular identification of GBS strains. GBS isolates was confirmed by molecular techniques using the specific primer pair of dltS-F (5′-AGG AAT ACC AGG CGA TGA ACC GAT-3′) and dltS-R (5′-TGC TCT AAT TCT CCC CTT ATG GC-3′) (Integrated DNA Technologies, USA) for the dltS gene (2). The components of PCR reaction were as follows: 25 μl of 2× PCR SuperMix (Quantabio, USA), 1 μM each primer with final concentration of 10 pmol, 5 μl of template DNA and molecular grade distilled water up to 50 μl. The conditions were an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles (95 °C for 60 seconds, 55 °C for 60 seconds, and 72 °C for 60 seconds), with a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Sterile deionizer water used as negative control.

Determination of GBS serotypes based on multiplex PCR technique. Serotypes of GBS were identified by multiplex PCR assays using specific primers (Integrated DNA Technologies, USA) as described by Poyart et al. (2007) (2). The capsular types were collected on three groups of annealing temperature as follows: Types 1a, 1b, II and III at 58 °C; IV and V at 59 °C; VI, VII and VIII at 56 °C. Total volume of multiplex PCR reactions was 20 μl containing 2 μl of DNA solution, 10 μl 2× SuperMix (Quantabio, USA), 0.5 μl of each primer (0.25 μM) and distilled water up to 20 μl. PCR amplification was carried out with Thermo Mastercycler Gradient (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The conditions for the multiplex PCR assays were as follows: an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 60 seconds, annealing at the respective annealing temperature for 60 seconds and extension at 72 °C for 60 seconds and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 minutes.

The PCR and multiplex PCR products were analyzed on 1.5% agarose gels containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidiumbromide in 1× TBE buffer for about 1.5 h at 90V and visualized with UV illumination (UVP, Canada). The PCR product sizes was determined by a 50 bp (Thermofisher, USA) and 100 bp size marker (Norgen, Canada).

16S rRNA gene sequencing. Amplification of the 16S rDNA gene were achieved with the primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and 1492R (5′-GGT TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T-3′) (21). The PCR products were purified with a GeneJET PCR purification Kit (#K0701, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). After that PCR products of 16S gene from six isolates were sent to First BASE Laboratories Sdn-Bhd service (Kembangan 43300, Selangor, Malaysia) for automatic sequencing in both directions, using the same primers which were used in the PCR. The sequence accuracy of data was confirmed by two-directional sequencing. The GenBank/EMBL accession numbers of the sequences derived from strains GBS20, GBS23, GBS25, GBS28, GBS29 and GBS31 are MK942595, MK942596, MK942597, MK942598, MK942599 and MK942600, respectively.

Statistical analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The sequences of the 16S rDNA regions of GBS were analyzed independently by comparing with related sequences available in the GenBank database, using BLAST guidelines (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).

Ethics approval and consent to participate. The purpose and benefits of the study were informed to the patients. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women at 35–37 weeks of gestation: (i) agreed to participate in the study, (ii) signed a written informed consent, did not take antibiotics within 2 weeks and (iii) gave informed consent were eventually included in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Scientific and Ethical Committee at the National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology (Ha Noi, Vietnam) in March 2018 (ethics code: 264/QĐ-VSR).

RESULTS

The 750 vaginal samples were collected from vagina of pregnant women at 35–37 weeks of gestation between May 2018 and July 2019. In overall, 69 (9.20%) were found to be positive for GBS by culture, Gram staining, CAMP test. All of the isolates which were GBS culture-positive, were also positive by species-specific PCR primers (Fig. 1). We also deposited six sequences of the 16S rDNA regions of GBS in the NCBI database (GenBank, USA) under accession number MK942595 to MK942600.

Fig. 1.

Gel electrophoresis of GBS-specific PCR products targeting the 952 bp dltS gene

Lane 1: molecular size standard (50 bp DNA ladder); lanes 2–5 (strain GBS24 to GBS27): clinical GBS samples; lane 6: negative control

By multiplex PCR method, seven of the ten currently recognized GBS serotypes were identified, the most common serotype was III (n = 27, 39.13%) and V (n = 22, 31.89%), followed by Ia (n = 8, 11.59%), VI (n = 8, 11.59%), Ib (n = 2, 2.90%), II (n = 1, 1.45%) and VII (n = 1, 1.45%); the serotype distribution and frequency is shown in Table 1 and Fig. 2. Serotypes IV, VIII and IX were not detected. There were no significant correlations between age groups (< 30 and ≥ 30) and serotypes (p = 0.894).

Table 1.

Frequency distribution of capsular types among pregnant women in Nghe An province, Vietnam

Capsular type	Number	Frequencies (%)
Ia	8	11.59
Ib	2	2.90
II	1	1.45
III	27	39.13
V	22	31.89
VI	8	11.59
VII	1	1.45
Total	69	100

Fig. 2.

The multiplex PCR patterns of serotypes Ia, Ib, III (reaction 1) and V (reaction 2). Lanes 1 and 2 denoted to those of serotype Ia; lanes 3 and 4 denoted to those of serotype Ib; lanes 5–7 denoted to those of serotype III, lanes 8–10 denoted to those of serotype V; lane 11: 100bp ladder molecular weight marker; lane 12: negative control.

DISCUSSION

GBS is known to be the most common infectious cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates although preventive actions have decreased their incidence in many countries (4, 6). The results from different studies indicate that the prevalence of maternal GBS colonization, which is primary risk factor of neonatal GBS infections, differs in different countries (6, 18, 22). According to the CDC, routine screening for all pregnant women at 35–37 weeks gestation was necessary to prevent neonatal GBS infections (9, 16) but in Vietnam this issue has received very little attention. Therefore, the current study has been performed to determine the prevalence of GBS isolated from vagina of pregnant women in Nghe An province, Vietnam.

Multiple studies have demonstrated the prevalence of GBS among pregnant women varies between countries and different regions, ranging from 3% to 41% (9, 18, 23). In this study, GBS colonization rate among pregnant women in Nghe An province was found to be 9.20%. The results of our study was similar to that of previous researches in Iran (9.1%) (24), Eastern Asia (9.2%) (22), Turkey (9.2%) (25), and Korea (10.0%) (26). Lower GBS prevalence was reported from Cameroon (4.0%) (27), India (2.3%) (28), China (7.1%) (16). The higher prevalence rates reported in Namibia (13.6%) (6), Ethiopia (15.7%) (29), South Africa (16.6%) (18), Saudi Arabia (27.6%) (30). Studies from Brazil, Switzerland reported also higher prevalence of GBS among pregnant women than current study (31, 32). The prevalence of GBS in Vietnam are not very different from those in other parts of the world. Varying prevalence could be due to multiple factors including regional differences, sampling period, collection site of specimens, collection and culture method for GBS isolation and identification, etc. (18, 22, 33). Our finding is probably the first report of GBS infections in Vietnammese pregnant women. Therefore, more studies are required to determine the specific rate of GBS-vaginal colonization in Vietnam.

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) represents an important virulence factor for most encapsulated streptococci, including GBS, and has been related to the bacterial disease clinical manifestations and invasiveness (34). Therefore, it is considered as one of the main targets in the investigation for development of an effective and safe GBS vaccine (18). Previous studies showed that the serotype distribution of GBS varies in different geographical regions and ethnic origin of pregnant women (18, 35). Nevertheless, there were no reports of GBS seretypes available in Vietnam. The present study aims to report the distribution of GBS serotypes among healthy pregnant women at 35–37 weeks of gestation in NgheAn province, Vietnam, using multiplex PCR.

Identification of GBS serotypes in clinical laboratory is becoming increasingly important since it is one of the most important virulence factors and antigenic determinant. In a systematic review or meta-analysis, Madrid et al. (2017) indicated that serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III and V account for 97% of invasive isolates in all geographical regions (36). Owing to its importance in GBS pathogenesis, capsular types is considered to be the prime vaccine candidate for development of a vaccine against GBS infections (17, 37). Our study detected GBS serotypes I–III and V–VII among pregnant women in Nghe An province but not IV, VIII and IX. The most common serotypes in this study were III accounting for 39.13% of 69 GBS infections in pregnant women, followed by V (n = 22, 31.89%), while serotypes Ia, Ib, II, VI and VII were represented in lower percentages, ranging from 1.45 to 11.59%. Notably, serotype VI has a relatively high prevalence (11.59%). These results of our study were slightly different from reports from around the world. Serotypes Ia and VI are the most prevalent among pregnant women in Malaysia (38, 39), while serotypes III predominate in China (16). According to Whitney et al. (2004), serotype V was most common among strains from Bangkok, Thailand accounting for 45.8% of strains from that site (40). Serotypes Ia, Ib, III and V are usually the most common in the United States, Europe (25). Serotype VI was also reported as a common colonizing serotype in women in Egypt and Taiwan (41, 35). Serotype II is common in Namibia and South Africa and is consistently higher in comparison to other areas (6). In Ghana, serotypes VII and IX are the most commonly isolated from pregnant women (42). The reasons for such varying prevalence of GBS serotypes might be explained the investigation of different geographical locations, source of the bacterial isolates, profile of the population being studied and period of time in these studies (6, 15, 43). Besides those, previous studies have shown that the distribution of GBS serotypes not only differs from one country to another but also between provinces within the same country, with changes in prevalence over time (18). Therefore, additional investigations should be made to clarify the prevalence and serotypes of group B Streptococcus in Vietnam.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicated that prevalence of GBS colonization in pregnant women in Nghe An province is 9.20% and comparable to rates observed among countries within the same region. The most prevalent serotypes were serotypes III and V. The high frequency of serotype VI was a notable feature of the strains from pregnant women in Vietnam.