Figure 3.

A perspective in translational research of nerve-supported bone homeostasis. On the one hand, a bony flap with both vascular anastomosis and neuroanastomosis to restore the mandibular defection leads to decreased post osteoporosis (the iliac/fibula bone graft is an example of autograft). On the other hand, stem cells derived from bone marrow, vascular endothelial cells and neurotransmitters all cultured in an artificial scaffold to reconstruct bone defection show balanced bone homeostasis. Abbreviations: TE: tissue engineering.