Table 2.
Clinical trials and researches on bone regeneration or reduction of bone graft resorption
| Authors | Research | Intervention | Methods | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gjerde et al | Clinical trial (NCT02751125) | Cell therapy (BMMSC) induced regeneration of severely atrophied mandibular bone | 11 subjects (aged 52-79 years) with severe mandibular ridge resorption. Bone marrow cells were aspirated from the posterior iliac crest and plastic adherent cells were expanded in culture medium containing human platelet lysate. The MSCs and biphasic calcium phosphate granules as scaffolds were inserted subperiosteally onto the resorbed alveolar ridge. |
The bone marrow cells were expanded in vitro. Significant new bone formation was induced. The regenerated bone volume was adequate for dental implant installation. Healing was uneventful, without adverse events. |
| Marrella et al 105 | Biomaterial research | Engineering vascularized and innervated bone biomaterials for improved skeletal tissue regeneration | Highlight the structure and osteogenic functions of the vascular and nervous systems in bone, in a coupled manner. Discuss important design criteria for engineering vascularized, innervated, and neurovascularized bone implant materials. |
Emphasised that bone implant materials with neurovascularized networks can more accurately mimic native skeletal tissue and improve the regeneration of bone tissue. |
| Wang et al 21 | Clinical research | Preventing early-stage graft bone resorption by simultaneous innervation | Reported a new technique for simultaneous innervation of vascularized iliac flaps in mandibular reconstruction. 22 patients (aged 50 to 69 years) with postoncologic continuity defects of the mandible underwent mandibular reconstruction (10 innervated flaps and 12 control flaps). |
Graft bone density loss in the control group was significantly higher than in the innervated group. Bone quality evaluation indicated a suitable condition for dental implantation in all patients in the innervated group. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses showed successful innervation in the innervated group but not in the control group. Osteoclast activity was significantly higher in the control group than in the innervated group. |
| Wang et al | Clinical trial (NCT03889587) |
Innervation of vascularized iliac transplant avoids resorption in jaw bone reconstruction | Randomized controlled trial with 40 participants between the age of 17 to 65 years, irrespective of gender. Patients with post resection segmental defect of mandible between 5-9 cm long will be randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group 1 (Innervation)-There will be simultaneous innervation of vascularized iliac or fibular bone flaps through neurorrhaphy between the nerves innervating iliac or fibular bones and recipient site. Group 2 (Non-innervation)-This will be the traditional method of vascularized iliac or fibular bone flaps, and neurorrhaphy will not be performed. |
The decreased ratio of the graft bone Hounsfield unit calculated by Spiral CT examination. It is used to reflect the degree of bone resorption. The index of successful innervated reconstruction. The innervation and sensation in the muscle island of innervated graft bone flap will be tested using neuroelectrophysiological and needling response examination. The graft bone samples taken by hollow drilling technique during the dental implant(s) procedure will be observed by silver staining. |
Abbreviations: BMMSC: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells.