Skip to main content
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006 May 15;4(5):357. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.357

Opinion of the Scientific Panel Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Migratory Birds and their Possible Role in the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
PMCID: PMC7163743  PMID: 32313578

The content is available as a PDF (6.6 MB).

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare , 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Migratory Birds and their Possible Role in the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. EFSA Journal 2006;4(5):357, 239 pp. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.357

Panel members: Bo Algers, Harry J. Blokhuis, Donald M. Broom, Patrizia Costa, Mariano Domingo, Mathias Greiner, Daniel Guemene, Jörg Hartung, Trevor Hastings, Per Have, Frank Koenen, Christine Muller‐Graf, David B. Morton, Albert Osterhaus, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Moez Sanaa, Mo Salman, J. Michael Sharp, Philippe Vannier, Martin Wierup, Marion Wooldridge.

Adoption date: 12 May 2006

Published date: 15 May 2006

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2005‐243

References

  1. References used in this Scientific Opinion are available and are listed in the Scientific Report published at the EFSA web (http://www.efsa.eu.int).
  2. Acheson F, Hewitt D, 1952. Spread of influenza in a factory. Br J Soc Med 6(1): 68–75. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akbay C, Boz I, 2005. Turkey's livestock sector: Production, consumption and policies. Livestock Research for Rural Development 17(9): 14. [Google Scholar]
  4. Alerstam T, 1993. Bird migration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 428pp. [Google Scholar]
  5. Alexander DJ, 2000. A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet Microbiol 74(1–2): 3–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alexander DJ, Allan WH, Parsons DG, Parsons G, 1978. The pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks. Res Vet Sci 24(2): 242–247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Alexander DJ, Spackman D, 1981. Characterisation of influenza A viruses isolated from turkeys in England during March‐May 1979. Avian Pathology 10: 281–293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Allan WH, Alexander DJ, Pomeroy BS, Parsons G, 1977. Use of virulence index tests for avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis 21(3): 359–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. AQIS , 1991. Discussion paper on the importation of fresh frozen and cooked chicken meat and products from the USA, Denmark, Thailand and New Zealand. Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Canberra, Australia. [Google Scholar]
  10. Aubrecht G, Dick G, Prentice C, 1994. Monitoring of Ecological Change in Wetlands of Middle Europe. In Proc. International Workshop Linz, Austria 1993. IWRB Publication No. 30. Slimbridge UK: 55–60. [Google Scholar]
  11. Baccetti N, Dall'Antionia P, Magagnoli P, Melega L, Serra L, Soldatini C, Zenatello M, 2002. Risultati dei censimenti degli uccelli acquatici svernanti in Italia: distribuzione stima e trend delle popolazioni nel 1991–2000 (Waterbirds in Italy: distributions trends). Biologia e Conservatione della Fauna 111: 1–240. [Google Scholar]
  12. Baillie SR, 1995. Uses of ringing data for the conservation and management of bird populations: a ringing scheme perspective. Journal of Applied Statistics 22: 967–987. [Google Scholar]
  13. Bairlein F, 2001. Results of bird ringing in the study of migration routes. Ardea 89 (Special Issue): 7–19. [Google Scholar]
  14. Bairlein F, Elkins N, Evans P, 2002. Why and how do birds migrate? In: Wernham CV, Toms MP, Marchant JH, Clark JA, Siriwardena GM, Baillie SR. (eds). The Migration Atlas: Movements of the Birds of Britain and Ireland. Poyser, London, UK: 23–43. [Google Scholar]
  15. Bakken V, Runde O, Tjorve E, 2003. Norsk ringmerkings atlas. Vol. 1 Stavanger Museum, Stavanger, Norway: 431pp. [Google Scholar]
  16. Beard CW, Brugh M, Johnson DC, 1984. Laboratory studies with the Pennsylvania avian influenza viruses (H5N2). Proc. 88th Ann Meeting U.S, Anim Health Assoc 88: 462–473. [Google Scholar]
  17. Berrevoets CM, Strucker RCW, Arts FA, Meininger PL, 2002. Watervogels in de Zoute Delta 2001/2002. RIKZ Report 2003.001. Middelburg: Rijksinstitu ut voor Kust en Zee, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  18. BirdLife International , 2004. Birds in Europe: Population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12. BirdLife International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  19. BirdLife International , 2004a. Birds in the European Union: A status assessment. BirdLife International, Wageningen, The Netherlands: 50pp. [Google Scholar]
  20. BirdLife International , 2005. BirdLife's World Bird Database. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone. [Google Scholar]
  21. BirdLife Malta, (in prep.). An Atlas of the Breeding birds of Malta.
  22. Blew J, Südbeck P. (eds.), 2005. Migratory waterbirds in the Wadden Sea 1980–2000. Wadden Sea Ecosystem No. 20. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Group Joint Monitoring Group of Migratory Birds in the Wadden Sea, Wilhelmshaven, Germany: 200pp. [Google Scholar]
  23. Blew J, Günther K, Südbeck P, 2005. Bestandsentwicklung der im deutschen Wattenmeer rastenden Wat‐ und Wasservögel von 1987/1988 bis 2001/2002. Vogelwelt 125: 99–125. [Google Scholar]
  24. Bolton M, 1987. An Atlas of Wintering Birds in the Western Algarve. A Rocha Occasional Publication No.1. Merseyside, England. [Google Scholar]
  25. Brader M, 1996. International Waterbird Census (IWC) in Upper Austria January 1996 (including census of November 1995 and March 1996). Vogelkundliche Nachrichten Oberösterreich ‐ Naturschutz aktuell 4(2). [Google Scholar]
  26. Brader M, et al, 2003. Atlas der Brutvögel Oberösterreichs (Atlas of Breeding Birds in Upper Austria), Denisia 7; Kataloge der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen, [Catalogues of the Upper Austrian Provincial Museums] Neue Folge Nr, 194.
  27. Brown IH, Londt BZ, Shell W, Manvell RJ, Banks J, Gardner R, Outtrim L, Essen SC, Sabirovic M, Slomka M, Alexander DJ, 2006. First incursion of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the ‘Asian’ lineage into Europe. In: Brown I, Capua I. (eds), 6th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, St. Johns College, Cambridge: Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK: 37 [abstract] [Google Scholar]
  28. Butler D, 2006. Thai dogs carry bird‐flu virus, but will they spread it? Nature 439(7078): 773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Calladine J, Robertson D, Wernham C, 2006. The ranging behaviour of some granivorous passerines on farmland in winter determined by mark‐recapture and by radiotelemetry, Ibis 148 169–173. [Google Scholar]
  30. Chan PK, 2002. Outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997. Clin Infect Dis 34 Suppl 2: S58–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Chen H, Smith GJ, Zhang SY, Qin K, Wang J, Li KS, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y, 2005. Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature 436(7048): 191–2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Chen H, Smith GJ, Li KS, Wang J, Fan XH, Rayner JM, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang JX, Zhang LJ, Guo CT, Cheung CL, Xu KM, Duan L, Huang K, Qin K, Leung YH, Wu WL, Lu HR, Chen Y, Xia NS, Naipospos TS, Yuen KY, Hassan SS, Bahri S, Nguyen TD, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y, 2006. Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  33. Chernichko I, Kostyushin V, 2003. Strategy for Waterbird Monitoring in the Black Sea Region, Wetlands International Kiev. [Google Scholar]
  34. Colhoun K, Newton SF, 2000. Winter waterbird population on non‐estuarine coasts in the Republic of Ireland: results of the 1997/98 Non‐Estuarine Coastal Waterfowl Survey (NEWS), Irish Birds 6: 527–542. [Google Scholar]
  35. Collier MP, Banks AN, Austin GE, Girling T, Hearn RD, Musgrove AJ, 2005. The Wetland Bird Survey 2003–04: Wildfowl and Wader Counts, BTO/ WWT/RSPB/ JNCC Thetford. [Google Scholar]
  36. Couch RB, Douglas RG Jr., Fedson DS, Kasel JA, 1971. Correlated studies of a recombinant influenza‐virus vaccine. 3. Protection against experimental influenza in man. J Infect Dis 124(5): 473–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Couch RB, Kasel JA, 1983. Immunity to influenza in man. Annu Rev Microbiol 37: 529–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Crowe O, 2005. Ireland's wetlands and their waterbirds: status and distribution, BirdWatch; Ireland Dublin, 402 pp. [Google Scholar]
  39. Crowe O, Boland H, 2004. Irish Wetland bird Survey: results of waterbird monitoring in Ireland in 201/02, Irish Birds 7: 313–326. [Google Scholar]
  40. Davidson NC, Stroud DA, (in press), African‐Western Eurasian Flyways: current knowledge population status and future challenges, Proceedings of the Waterbirds around the World Conference, The Stationary Office Edinburgh. [Google Scholar]
  41. De Marco MA, Foni E, Campitelli L, Raffini E, 2003. Long‐term Monitoring for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Bird Species in Italy, Veterinary Research Communications; [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Deceuninck B, 2005. Waterbirds censused in mid‐January in France: importance of protected areas for wintering birds and trends over 1983–2002, Namur: Proceedings of the 28th French Conference for Ornithology November 28th‐30th 2003.
  43. Defra , 2005. Epidemiology Report on avian influenza in quarantine premises in Essex. National Emergency Epidemiology Group, November 2005 [Google Scholar]
  44. Devillers P, Roggeman W, Tricot J, Del Marmol P, Kerwijn C, Jacob JP, Anselin A. 1988. Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs de Belgique, [Atlas of Breeding Birds in Belgium], Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Bruxelles, 395 pp. [Google Scholar]
  45. Devos K, (in press). Numbers and population trends of waders along the Belgian North Sea coast, International Wader Studies 18.
  46. Dimitrov M, Michev T, Profirov L, Nyagolov K, 2005. Waterbirds monitoring in Bourgas Wetlands. Pensoft Series Faunistica 44. 159pp.
  47. Dinh Xuan T, Nguyen Thu T, Tran Cong T, 2005. Pork and Poultry markets in Vietnam. General Statistics Office ‐ Vietnam: 50 pp.
  48. Dixon J, Gulliver A, Gibson D, 2001. Global farming systems study: Challenges and priorities to 2030 ‐ synthesis and global overview, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 98 pp. [Google Scholar]
  49. Dvorak M, Ranner A, Berg HM, 1993. Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs, [Atlas of Breeding birds in Austria]. Ergebnisse der Brutvogelkartierung 1981–1985.
  50. Dybbro T, 1976. De Danske Ynglefugles udbredlse, [Atlas of Breeding Birds in Denmark]. Kobenhavn Dansk Ornithologisk Forening.
  51. EC , 1979. Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ L 103 25.4.1979 p.1) [as ammended]
  52. EC , 1990. Council Directive 90/539/EEC of 15 October 1990 on animal health conditions governing intra‐Community trade in and imports from third countries of poultry and hatching eggs (OJ L 303 31.10.1990 p.6.).
  53. EC , 1992. Council Directive 92/40/EEC1 of 19 May 1992 introducing Community measures for the control of avian influenza (OJ L 167 22.6.1992 p.14). [Google Scholar]
  54. EC , 2002. Commission Decision 2002/649/EC of 5 August 2002 on the implementation of surveys for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in the Member States (OJ L 213 9.8.2002 p, 3). [Google Scholar]
  55. EC , 2003. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) No 2160/2003 of 17 November 2003 on the control of salmonella and other specified food‐borne zoonotic agents OJ L 325 12.12.2003 p, 1). [Google Scholar]
  56. EC , 2004a. Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs (OJ L 139 30.04.2004 p, 1) corrigendum by OJ L 226 25.06.2004 p, 3. [Google Scholar]
  57. EC , 2004b. Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for on the hygiene of foodstuffs (OJ L 139 30.04.2004 p, 55) corrigendum by OJ L 226 25.06.2004 p, 22. [Google Scholar]
  58. EC , 2005a. Commission Decision 2005/734/EC of 19 October 2005 laying down biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by Influenza virus A subtype H5N1 from birds living in the wild to poultry and other captive birds and providing for an early detection system in areas at particular risk (OJ L 274 20.10.2005 p, 105). [Google Scholar]
  59. EC , 2005b. Commission Decision 2005/732/EC of 17 October 2005 approving the programmes for the implementation of Member States' surveys for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds during 2005 and laying down reporting and eligibility rules for the Community financial contribution to the implementation costs of those programmes (OJ L 274 20.10.2005 p, 95). [Google Scholar]
  60. EC , 2005c. Council Directive 2005/94/EC of 20 December 2005 on Community measures for the control of avian influenza and repealing Directive 92/40/EEC (OJ L 10 14.1.2006 p.16). [Google Scholar]
  61. EC , 2005d. Commission Decision 2005/464/EC of 21 June 2005 on the implementation of survey programmes for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds to be carried out in the Member States (OJ L 164 24.6.2005 p, 52). [Google Scholar]
  62. EC , 2005e. Commission Decision 2005/726/EC of 17 October 2005 amending Decision 2005/464/EC on the implementation of survey programmes for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds to be carried out in the Member States (OJ L 273 19.10.2005 p, 21). [Google Scholar]
  63. EFSA 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on Animal Health and Welfare Aspects of Avian Influenza. The EFSA Journal (2005) 266: 1–21. [Google Scholar]
  64. Elias G, Reino L, Silva T, Tome R, Geraldes P, 1999. Atlas of the Wintering Birds of Baixo Alentejo, Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves. [Google Scholar]
  65. Ellis TM, Bousfield RB, Bissett LA, Dyrting KC, Luk GS, Tsim ST, Sturm‐Ramirez K, Webster RG, Guan Y, Malik Peiris JS, 2004. Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian Pathol 33(5): 492–505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Ens BJ, Piersma T, Tinbergen JM, 1994. Towards predictive models of bird migration schedules: theoretical and empirical bottlenecks, NIOZ‐Rapport Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee the Netherlands, 27pp [Google Scholar]
  67. FAO , 2002. Small scale poultry production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. AGAL: 119. [Google Scholar]
  68. FAO , 2003a. Livestock Sector Brief ‐ Tanzania, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 16 pp. [Google Scholar]
  69. FAO , 2003b. Livestock Sector Brief ‐ Ethiopia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 15 pp.
  70. FAO , 2003c. Livestock Sector Brief ‐ Kenya, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 16 pp.
  71. FAO 2004. FAO Recommendations on the Prevention, Control and Eradication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Asia. FAO Position Paper, September 2004. FAO, Rome Italy: 59 pages [Google Scholar]
  72. FAO , 2004a. Livestock household needs survey ‐ North Caucasus (Chechnya and Ingushetia). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 46 pp. [Google Scholar]
  73. FAO , 2004b. Livestock Sector Brief – Zambia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 15 pp. [Google Scholar]
  74. FAO , 2005a. Livestock Sector Brief ‐ China, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 15 pp. [Google Scholar]
  75. FAO , 2005b. Livestock Sector Brief‐Indonesia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 15 pp. [Google Scholar]
  76. Fiedler W, 1998. Joint Vogelwarte Radolfzell‐EURING migration project: a large‐scale ringing recovery analysis of the migration of European bird species, EURING Newsletter 2: 31–35. [Google Scholar]
  77. Fitchner GJ, 1987. The Pennsylvania/Virginia experience in eradication of influenza H5N2. Proc 2nd Int Symp Avian Influenza U.S, Anim, Health Assoc Univ Wisconsin; pp 33–38. [Google Scholar]
  78. Fouchier RA, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Van Der Kemp L, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, 2000. Detection of influenza A viruses from different species by PCR amplification of conserved sequences in the matrix gene. J Clin Microbiol 38(11): 4096–4101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Fouchier RA, Olsen B, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, van der Kemp L, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, 2003. Influenza A virus surveillance in wild birds in Northern Europe in 1999 and 2000. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl): 857–860. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Fransson T, Pettersson J, 2001. Svensk ringmärkningsatlas (Volym 1 Lommar‐rovfåglar), [Swedish Bird Ringing Atlas (Volume 1 Divers‐Raptors)], Naturhistoriska riksmuseet Sveriges Ornitologiska Forening Stockholm. [Google Scholar]
  81. Frederiksen M, Fox AD, Madsen J, Colhoun K, 2001. Estimating the total number of birds using a staging site. Journal of Wildlife Management 65(2): 282–289. [Google Scholar]
  82. Gabriel G, Dauber B, Wolff T, Planz O, Klenk HD, Stech J, 2005. The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(51): 18590–18595. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Gibbons DW, Reid JB, Chapman RA, 1993. The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991. T., AD, Poyser; London. [Google Scholar]
  84. Gilbert M, Wint W, Slingenbergh JI, 2004. The ecology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in East and Southeast Asia: outbreak distribution, risk factors and policy implications, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 43. [Google Scholar]
  85. Gilbert M, Chaitaweesub P, Parakamawongsa T, Premashthira S, Tiensin T, Kalpravidh W, Wagner H, Slingenbergh J, 2006. Free‐grazing ducks and highly pathogenic avian influenza, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 12(2): 227–234. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Gilissen N, Haanstra L, Delany S, Boere G, Hagemeijer W, 2002. Numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1997 1998 and 1999. Results from the International Waterbird Census. Wetlands International Global Series No 11. Wageningen, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  87. Gjershaug JO, Thingstad PG, Eldøy S, Byrkjeland S, 1994. Norsk Fugleatlas, [Norwegian Bird Atlas]. Norsk Ornitologisk Forening. Klæbu. [Google Scholar]
  88. Gleeson L, Selleck P, Bingham J, Lowther S, Trinidad L, Heine H, 2006. Transmission of H5N1 avian infleunza virus A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/453/2004 to Anas castanea (chestnut teal), an Australian native duck. In Brown I, Capua I. (eds) 6th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, St. Johns College, Cambridge: Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK. 23 [abstract]. [Google Scholar]
  89. Glezen WP, Couch RB, 1989. Influenza viruses. In: Evans (ed). Viral infections in humans, Epidemiology and control., Chapter 15 pp 419–449 3rd edition Plenum Medical Book Company; New York: 1989. 15: 419–449 [Google Scholar]
  90. Globig A, Starick E, Werner O, 2006. Influenzavirus‐Infektionen bei migrierenden Wasservögeln: Ergebnisse einer zweijährigen Studie in Deutschland. Berliner und Münchner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 119(3–4):132–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Govorkova EA, Rehg JE, Krauss S, Yen HL, Guan Y, Peiris M, Nguyen TD, Hanh TH, Puthavathana P, Long HT, Buranathai C, Lim W, Webster RG, Hoffmann E, 2005. Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and poultry in 2004. J Virol 79(4): 2191–2198. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. GRAIN , 2006. Fowl play: the poultry industry's central role in the bird flu crisis. Grain briefing, February 2006. http://www.grain.org/briefings_files/birdflu2006-en.pdf
  93. Guan Y, J, S, Peiris A, S, Lipatov T, M, Ellis K, C, Dyrting S, Krauss L, J, Zhang R, G, Webster and K, F , Shortridge, 2002. Emergence of multiple genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR, Proc, Natl, Acad, Sci, USA 99 (13): 8950–8955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Guan Y, Peiris M, Kong KF, Dyrting KC, Ellis TM, Sit T, Zhang LJ, Shortridge KF, 2002a. H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from geese in Southeastern China: evidence for genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission to ducks. Virology 292(1): 16–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Guan Y, Poon LL, Cheung CY, Ellis TM, Lim W, Lipatov AS, Chan KH, Sturm‐Ramirez KM, Cheung CL, Leung YH, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS, 2004. H5N1 influenza: a protean pandemic threat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(21): 8156–8161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Guillemain M, Sadoul N, Simon G, 2005. European flyway permeability and abmigration in Teal Anas crecca an analysis based on ringing recoveries. Ibis 147: 688–696. [Google Scholar]
  97. Hagemeijer WJM, Blair MJ, (eds) 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. T, AD, Poyser, London. [Google Scholar]
  98. Hale WG , 1973. Waders. Collins; London. [Google Scholar]
  99. Harrison JA, Allan DG, Underhill LG, Herremans M, Tree AJ, Parker V, Brown CJ, (eds.) 1997. The Atlas of Southern African Birds, Vol, 1, BirdLife South Africa Johannesburg. [Google Scholar]
  100. Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y, 2001. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 293(5536): 1840–1842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Heath M, Borggreve C, Peet N, 2000. European bird populations: estimates and trends. BirdLife Conservation Series No 10. BirdLife International Cambridge UK. 160 pp.
  102. Heath MF, Evans MI, (eds), 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation, 2 vols, Cambridge UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No, 8), Volume 1: Northern Europe Volume 2 Southern Europe. [Google Scholar]
  103. Helsinki Commission , 2004. Development of Baltic Waterbird Monitoring Strategy, 7th Meeting of Monitoring Assessment Group Talin.
  104. Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, Turner B, 1980. The perpetuation of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in Canadian waterfowl. Can J Microbiol 26(5): 622–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Hulse‐Post DJ, Sturm‐Ramirez KM, Humberd J, Seiler P, Govorkova EA, Krauss S, Scholtissek C, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Long HT, Naipospos TS, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Webster RG, 2005. Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(30): 10682–10687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. International Wader Study Group , 1998. The Odessa Protocol on international co‐operation on migratory flyway research and conservation., In: Hötker H, Lebedeva E, Tomkovich PS, Gromadzka J, Davidson NC, Evans J, Stroud DA, West RB, (eds.). Migration and international conservation of waders, Research and conservation on North Asian African and European flyways, International Wader Studies 10: 500 pp. [Google Scholar]
  107. Isakov YA, 1967. MAR Project and conservation of waterfowl breeding in the USSR. In: Salverda Z, (ed.). Proceedings of the Second European Meeting on Wildfowl Conservation Noordwijk aan Zee. Ministry of Cultural Affairs Recreation and Social Welfare The Netherlands; 125–138 [Google Scholar]
  108. Ito T, Okazaki K, Kawaoka Y, Takada A, Webster RG, Kida H, 1995. Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs. Arch Virol 140(7): 1163–1172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Iverson GC, Warnock SE, Butler RW, Bishop MA, Warnock N, 1996. Spring migration of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) along the Pacific Coast of North America: a telemetry study. Condor 98: 10–22. [Google Scholar]
  110. Kaleta EF, Hergarten G, Yilmaz A, 2005. Avian influenza A viruses in birds ‐ An ecological, ornithological and virological view. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 112:448–456. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Karesh WB, Cook RA, Bennett EL, Newcomb J, 2005. Wildlife trade and global disease emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 11(7): 1000–1002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Kear J, (ed.) 2005. Ducks Geese and Swans, Oxford University Press; Oxford, Two volumes, 908 pp, [Google Scholar]
  113. Keawcharoen J, Oraveerakul K, Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Amonsin A, Payungporn S, Noppornpanth S, Wattanodorn S, Theambooniers A, Tantilertcharoen R, Pattanarangsan R, Arya N, Ratanakorn P, Osterhaus DM, Poovorawan Y, 2004. Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerg Infect Dis 10(12): 2189–21991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Kingsford RT, 1996. Wildfowl (Anatidae) movements in arid Australia, Gibier Faune Sauvage Game and Wildlife 13: 141–155. [Google Scholar]
  115. Knight V, Couch RB, Landahl HD, 1970. Effect of lack of gravity on airborne infection during space flight. Jama 214(3): 513–518. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Knips V, 2004. Review of the Livestock Sector in the Mekong Countries. Livestock Sector Report – Cambodja, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 38 pp. [Google Scholar]
  117. Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, Xiong KJ, Sun YH, Zhang XW, Wu XM, Gao XB, Li TX, 2005. New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China. J Virol 79(24): 15460–15466. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Krauss S, Walker D, Pryor SP, Niles L, Chenghong L, Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, 2004. Influenza A viruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in North America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4(3): 177–189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Van Amerongen G, Osterhaus AD, 2003. Pathology of human influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Vet Pathol 40(3): 304–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Baars M, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A, 2004. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science 306(5694): 241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Kwon YK, Joh SJ, Kim MC, Lee YJ, Choi JG, Lee EK, Wee SH, Sung HW, Kwon JH, Kang MI, Kim JH, 2005. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Magpies (Pica pica sericea) in South Korea. J Wildl Dis 41(3): 618–623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Lack P, (ed.) 1986. The Atlas of Wintering Birds In Britain and Ireland, T AD Poyser; London. [Google Scholar]
  123. Lappo EG, 1996. Comparisons of breeding range structure for Dunlin Calidris alpina and Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea: conservative and nomadic waders, Wader Study Group Bulletin 80: 41–46. [Google Scholar]
  124. Laursen K, Pihl S, Durinck J, Hansen M, Skov H, Frikke J, Danielsen F, 1997. Numbers and Distribution of Waterbirds in Denmark 1987–1989. National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Coastal Zone Ecology, Danish Review of Game Biology 15:181 pp. [Google Scholar]
  125. Li, K. S. Y. Guan J, Wang, G. J. Smith K, M, Xu L, Duan A, P, Rahardjo P, Puthavathana C, Buranathai T, D, Nguyen A, T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh P, Auewarakul H, T, Long N, T, Hanh R, J, Webby L, L, Poon H, Chen K, F, Shortridge K, Y, Yuen R, G, Webster and Peiris J. S., 2004. Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia, Nature 430 (6996):209–213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Lithuanian Ornithological Society (in prep.) Atlas of Breeding Birds in Lithuania.
  127. Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, Zhu Q, Qin K, Zhang XW, Zhang XL, Zhao D, Wang G, Feng Y, Ma J, Liu W, Wang J, Gao GF, 2005. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 309(5738): 1206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Lu H, Castro AE, Pennick K, Liu J, Yang Q, Dunn P, Weinstock D, Henzler D, 2003. Survival of avian influenza virus H7N2 in SPF chickens and their environments. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl): 1015–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Lyngs P, 2003. Migration and winter ranges of birds in Greenland, Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 97: 1–167. [Google Scholar]
  130. Maclean IMD, Austin GE, Mellan HJ, Girling T, 2005. WeBS Alerts 2003/2004: Changes in numbers of wintering waterbirds in the United Kingdom its Constituent Countries Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), BTO Research Report No, 416 to the WeBS Partnership, BTO Thetford. [Google Scholar]
  131. Madsen J, 1995. Impacts of disturbance on migratory waterfowl, Ibis 137: 67–74. [Google Scholar]
  132. Madsen J, Fox AD, 1995. Impacts of hunting disturbance on waterbirds ‐ a review, Wildlife Biology 1: 193–207. [Google Scholar]
  133. Madsen J, Cracknell G, Fox AD, (eds) 1999. Goose populations of the Western Palearctic: a review of status and distribution, Wetlands International Publication No, 48/NERI Denmark, 343 pp.
  134. Magnino S, Fabbi M, Moreno A, Sala G, Lavazza A, Ghelfi E, Gandolfi L, Pirovano G, Gasperi E, 2000. Avian influenza virus (H7 serotype) in a saker falcon in Italy. Vet Rec 146(25): 740. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Marchant J, 2002. Learning about bird movements: methods of study. In: Wernham CV, Toms MP, Marchant JH, Clark JA, Siriwardena GM, Baillie SR. (ed.). The Migration Atlas: Movements of the Birds of Britain and Ireland. A. D, Poyser; London UK: 1–13 [Google Scholar]
  136. Martí R, Del Moral JC, (eds.) 2002. La invernada de aves acuáticas en España, Dirección de Conservación de la Naturaleza‐SEO/BirdLife, Ed, Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales Ministerio de Medio Ambiente; Madrid, 309 pp + CD‐ROM. [Google Scholar]
  137. Martin V, Sims L, Lubroth J, Pfeiffer D, Slingenbergh J, Domenech J, 2006. Epidemiology and ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza with particular emphasis on South East Asia. Dev Biol (Basel) 124: 23–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Mase M, Tsukamoto K, Imada T, Imai K, Tanimura N, Nakamura K, Yamamoto Y, Hitomi T, Kira T, Nakai T, Kiso M, Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y, Yamaguchi S, 2005. Characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated during the 2003–2004 influenza outbreaks in Japan. Virology 332(1): 167–176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Meschini E, Frugis S, 1993. Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti in Italia, Suppl, Ric, Biol, Selvaggina 20: 1–344. [Google Scholar]
  140. Michev T, Profirov L, 2003. Midwinter numbers of waterbirds in Bulgaria: results from 25 years of mid‐winter counts carried out at the most important Bulgarian wetlands. Publ, House Pensoft Sofia; (In English with Bulgarian summary). 160 pp [Google Scholar]
  141. Muñoz MJ, Sánchez‐Vizcaíno JM, Peris S, 2006. Can highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) reach the Iberian Peninsula from Asia by means of migratory birds?, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research (in press).
  142. Monval JY, Pirot JY, 1989. Results of the IWRB International Waterfowl Census 1967–1986. IWRB Special Publication No 8. Slimbridge UK. [Google Scholar]
  143. Morris R, Jackson R, Stevenson M, Benard J, Cogger N, 2005. Epidemiology of H5N1 Avian Influenza in Asia and Implications for Regional Control, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 254. [Google Scholar]
  144. Moser MR, Bender TR, Margolis HS, Noble GR, Kendal AP, Ritter DG, 1979. An outbreak of influenza aboard a commercial airliner. Am J Epidemiol 110(1): 1–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Mullié WC, Brouwer J, Codjo SF, Decae R, 1999. Small isolated wetlands in the Central Sahel: a resource shared between people and waterbirds. In: Beintema A, van Vessem J, (eds). Strategies for conserving waterbirds, Proceedings of Workshop 2 of the 2nd International Conference on Wetlands and Development held in Dakar Senegal 8–14 November 1998, Wetlands International Publication No, 55. Wageningen The Netherlands: 30–38, [Google Scholar]
  146. Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Baas C, Rimmelzwaan GF, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, 2005. Mallards and highly pathogenic avian influenza ancestral viruses, northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 11(10): 1545–1551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Munster VJ, Wallenstein A, Baas C, Rimmelzwaan GF, Olsen B, Osterhaus, ADME , Fouchier RAM, 2006. European influenza A virus monitoring in migratory fowl. In Brown I, Capua I. (eds) 6th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, St. Johns College, Cambridge: Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK. 61 [abstract] [Google Scholar]
  148. NERI , 1995. Waterbird numbers in the Baltic Sea winter 1993, Ministry of the Environment and Energy National Environmental Research Institute Denmark. [Google Scholar]
  149. Newton I, 1998. Population limitation in birds, Academic Press; London, 597 pp. [Google Scholar]
  150. Newton I. and Dale LC, 1996. Bird migration at different latitudes in Eastern North America. The Auk, Vol 113 (3) 626–635. [Google Scholar]
  151. Nikolov SC, Vassilev VP, 2004. Breeding bird atlas of the Ponor Mountains Western Bulgaria, Sandgrouse 26: 7–22. [Google Scholar]
  152. OIE , 2004. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals: Chapter 2.1.14 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Fifth Edition, OIE; Paris. [Google Scholar]
  153. OIE 2004a. Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for Animals and Animal Products Volume 1, 2004 World Organisation for Animal Health. [Google Scholar]
  154. OIE 2004b. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals: Chapter 2.1.14 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Fifth Edition 2004 OIE Paris. [Google Scholar]
  155. OIE 2005. World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Code 14th Edition 2005.
  156. OIE , 2006. OIE Bulletin, ISSN: 1684‐3770.
  157. Okazaki K, Takada A, Ito T, Imai M, Takakuwa H, Hatta M, Ozaki H, Tanizaki T, Nagano T, Ninomiya A, Demenev VA, Tyaptirganov MM, Karatayeva TD, Yamnikova SS, Lvov DK, Kida H, 2000. Precursor genes of future pandemic influenza viruses are perpetuated in ducks nesting in Siberia. Arch Virol 145(5): 885–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Waldenstrom J, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, 2006. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science 312:384–388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Owen M, 1996. Review of the migration strategies of the Anatidae: challenges for conservation, Gibier Faune Sauvage Game and Wildlife 13: 123–139. [Google Scholar]
  160. Perkins LE, Swayne DE, 2001. Pathobiology of A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (H5N1) avian influenza virus in seven gallinaceous species. Vet Pathol 38(2): 149–164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Perkins LE, Swayne DE, 2002. Susceptibility of laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) to H5N1 and H5N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis (4). 46: 877–885. 2002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Perkins LE, Swayne DE, 2002a. Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong‐origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons. Avian Dis 46(1): 53–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Perkins LE, Swayne DE, 2003. Varied pathogenicity of a Hong Kong‐origin H5N1 avian influenza virus in four passerine species and budgerigars. Vet Pathol 40(1): 14–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Pfeiffer DU, 2005. Assistance in the geospatial analysis of HPAI outbreaks in Vietnam. Report based on Consultancy Mission OSRO/RAS/401/JPN. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy: 8pp. [Google Scholar]
  165. Pienkowski MW, Pienkowski A, 1983. WSG project on the movement of wader populations in western Europe eighth progress report, Wader Study Group Bulletin 38: 13–22. [Google Scholar]
  166. Piersma T, 1987. Hink stap of sprong? Reisbeperkingen van arctische steltlopers door voedselzoeken vetopbouw en vliegsnelheid, [Hop skip or jump? Constraints on migration of arctic waders by feeding fattening and flight speed], Limosa 60: 185–194. [Google Scholar]
  167. Piersma T, 1994. Close to the edge: energetic bottlenecks and the evolution of migratory pathways in Knots, Doctoral thesis Riksuniversiteit Groningen The Netherlands, 366 pp. [Google Scholar]
  168. Priednieks J, Strazds M, Stradz A, Petrinš, 1989. Latvian breeding bird atlas 1980–1984, Zinâtne Riga Latvia (In Latvian, Russian and English).
  169. Rees EC, Matthews GVT, Mitchell CR, Owen M, 2005. Movements and migrations. In: Kear J, (ed.) Ducks, Geese and Swans, Oxford University Press Oxford, 112–131, [Google Scholar]
  170. Renno O, (ed.) 1993. Eesti Haudelindude Levikuatlas, Estonian Bird Atlas: The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Estonia, Vulgas Talin. [Google Scholar]
  171. Ridgill S, Fox A.D, 1990. Cold weather movements of waterfowl in western Europe, IWRB Special Publication No, 13, IWRB; Slimbridge, 87 pp. [Google Scholar]
  172. Rimmelzwaan GF, van Riel D, Baars M, Bestebroer TM, van Amerongen G, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T, 2006. Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts. Am J Pathol 168(1): 176–83; quiz 364. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Risberg L, 1990. Sveriges Faglar (Swedish Bird Atlas), Stokholm: Naturbokhandeln. [Google Scholar]
  174. Rogers SO, Starmer WT, Castello JD, 2004. Recycling of pathogenic microbes through survival in ice. Med Hypotheses 63(5): 773–777. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Roggeman W, Huisseune D, Vangeluwe D, Vandenbulch P, Vandousselare P, 1995. Belgium Ringing Scheme Databank: Gavidae to Anatidae, Studiedocumenten van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Naturwetenschappen; Brussels Belgium. [Google Scholar]
  176. Rohwer FC, Anderson MG, 1988. Female‐biased philopatry monogamy and the timing of pair formation in migratory waterfowl, Current Ornithology 5: 187–221. [Google Scholar]
  177. Roth Y, Chapnik JS, Cole P, 2003. Feasibility of aerosol vaccination in humans. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112(3): 264–270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Rufino R, (ed.) 1989. Atlas das Aves que nidificam em Portugal Continental, Serviço Nacional de Parques Reservas e Conservação da Natureza Lisboa Portugal, 215 pp. [Google Scholar]
  179. Rushton J, Viscarra R, Bleiche EG, McLeod A 2004. Impact of influenza outbreaks in the poultry sectors of five South east Asian countries (Cambodjia, Indonesia, lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam) outbreak costs, responses and potential long term control, FAO, Rome, Italy: 25. [Google Scholar]
  180. Salomonsen F, 1968. The moult migration, Wildfowl 19: 5–24. [Google Scholar]
  181. Schaffer FL, Soergel ME, Straube DC, 1976. Survival of airborne influenza virus: effects of propagating host, relative humidity, and composition of spray fluids. Arch Virol 51(4): 263–273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Schaub M, Pradel R, Jenni L, Lebreton J‐D, 2001. Migrating birds stop over longer than usually thought: an improved capture – recapture analysis, Ecology 82: 852–859. [Google Scholar]
  183. Schmidt H, Luder R, Naef‐Daenzer B, Graf N, Zbinden N, 1998. Schweizer Brutvogelatlas, Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach; Switzerland. [Google Scholar]
  184. Schulman JL, Kilbourne ED, 1962. Airborne transmission of influenza virus infection in mice. Nature 195: 1129–1130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Scott DA, Rose PM, 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia, Wetlands International Publication No, 41, Wetlands International, Wageningen The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  186. Senne DA, Panigrahy B, Kawaoka Y, Pearson JE, Suss J, Lipkind M, Kida H, Webster RG, 1996. Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential. Avian Dis 40(2): 425–437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Seo SH, Hoffmann E, Webster RG, 2004. The NS1 gene of H5N1 influenza viruses circumvents the host anti‐viral cytokine responses. Virus Res 103(1–2): 107–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Shortridge KF, Zhou NN, Guan Y, Gao P, Ito T, Kawaoka Y, Kodihalli S, Krauss S, Markwell D, Murti KG, Norwood M, Senne D, Sims L, Takada A, Webster RG, 1998. Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. Virology 252(2): 331–342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Sims LD, Ellis TM, Liu KK, Dyrting K, Wong H, Peiris M, Guan Y, Shortridge KF, 2003. Avian influenza in Hong Kong 1997–2002. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl): 832–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Sims LD, Guan Y, Ellis TM, Liu KK, Dyrting K, Wong H, Kung NY, Shortridge KF, Peiris M, 2003a. An update on avian influenza in Hong Kong 2002. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl): 1083–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Sims LD, Domenech J, Benigno C, Kahn S, Kamata A, Lubroth J, Martin V, Roeder P, 2005. Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia. Vet Rec 157(6): 159–164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Siriwardena G, Wernham C, 2002. Synthesis of the migration patterns of British Irish birds, In: Wernham CV, Toms MP, Marchant JH, Clark JA, Siriwardena GM, Baillie SR. (Eds.). The Migration Atlas: Movements of the Birds of Britain and Ireland, T, AD, Poyser; London UK, 70–102. [Google Scholar]
  193. Smit C, Piersma T, 1989. Numbers midwinter distribution and migration of wader populations using the East Atlantic Flyway, In: Boyd H, Pirot J, (Eds.) Flyways and reserve networks for water birds, IWRB Special Publication No, 9: 24–63.
  194. Smith AW, Skilling DE, Castello JD, Rogers SO, 2004. Ice as a reservoir for pathogenic human viruses: specifically, caliciviruses, influenza viruses, and enteroviruses. Med Hypotheses 63(4): 560–566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Snow DW, Perrins CM, 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1: Non‐Passerines, Concise Edition, Oxford University Press; Oxford UK New York USA, 1008 pp. [Google Scholar]
  196. Songserm T, Sae‐Heng N, Jam‐on R, Witoonsatient K, Meemak N, 2005. Clinical, gross‐histopathologic and immunohistochemical finding of grazing ducks affected with HPAI H5N1 in Thailand [abstract 74]. In: Abstracts of the Office International des Epizooties/Food and Agricultural Organization International Conference on Avian Influenza, Paris, 7–8 April 2005. [Google Scholar]
  197. Songserm T, Amonsin A, Jam‐on R, Sae‐Heng N, Meemak N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, 2006. Avian influenza H5N1 in naturally infected domestic cat, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 12, N° 4, April 2006. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no04/05-1396.pdf [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Sovinc A, 1994. The atlas of the wintering birds in Slovenia, DZS; Ljubljana. [Google Scholar]
  199. SOVON , 1992. All‐year Atlas of Birds in the Netherlands in brief, SOVON; Beek‐Ubbergen The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  200. SOVON , 2002. Atlas van de Nederlandse broedvogels 1998–2000. [Atlas of the Dutch breeding birds: 1998–2000] ‐ Nederlandse Fauna 5, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis KNNV Uitgeverij European Invertebrate Survey‐Nederland Leiden. [Google Scholar]
  201. Spackman E, Senne DA, Bulaga LL, Myers TJ, Perdue ML, Garber LP, Lohman K, Daum LT, Suarez DL, 2003. Development of Real‐Time RT‐PCR for the Detection of Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Diseases, 47 (3):1079–1082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. St'astnÝ K, Bejcek V, Hudec K, 1996. Atlas of Breeding Bird Distribution in the Czech Republic 1985–1989 (in Czech), Nakladatelstvi a vydavatelstvi H H. [Google Scholar]
  203. Stallknecht DE, Shane SM, Kearney MT, Zwank PJ, 1990. Persistence of avian influenza viruses in water. Avian Dis 34(2): 406–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Stallknecht DE, Shane SM, Zwank PJ, Senne DA, Kearney MT, 1990a. Avian influenza viruses from migratory and resident ducks of coastal Louisiana. Avian Dis 34(2): 398–405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Stallknecht DE, 1998. Ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza viruses in wild bird populations, In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Avian Influenza Athens Georgia, US Animal Health Association; 61–69. [Google Scholar]
  206. Staneviĉius V, 2003. Monitoring of breeding waterbirds in Lithuania: organisation and sampling designs, Ornis Hungarica 12–13, 89–94. [Google Scholar]
  207. Stroud DA, Chambers D, Cook S, Buxton N, Fraser B, Clement P, Lewis P, McLean I, Baker H, Whitehead S, (Eds), 2001. The UK SPA network: its scope and content, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, (http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1412). [Google Scholar]
  208. Stroud DA, Davidson NC, West R, Scott DA, Haanstra L, Thorup O, Ganter B, Delany S, (compilers) on behalf of the International Wader Study Group, 2004. Status of migratory wader populations in Africa and Western Eurasia in the 1990s, International Wader Studies 15: 1–259. [Google Scholar]
  209. Sturm‐Ramirez KM, Ellis T, Bousfield B, Bissett L, Dyrting K, Rehg JE, Poon L, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webster RG, 2004. Reemerging H5N1 influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. J Virol 78(9): 4892–4901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Sturm‐Ramirez KM, Hulse‐Post DJ, Govorkova EA, Humberd J, Seiler P, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Chaisingh A, Long HT, Naipospos TS, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Webster RG, 2005. Are ducks contributing to the endemicity of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Asia? J Virol 79(17): 11269–11279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Summers RW, Underhill LG, 1987. Factors related to breeding production of Brent Geese Branta b, bernicla and waders (Charadrii) on the Taimyr Peninsula, Bird Study 34: 161–171. [Google Scholar]
  212. Švažas S, Balčiauskas L, Raudonikis L, 2003. Lithuanian wetlands database: the tool for bird monitoring and conservation in Lithuanian wetlands, Ornis Hungarica 12–13:95–103. [Google Scholar]
  213. Swayne DE, Beck JR, 2004. Heat inactivation of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in egg products. Avian Pathol 33(5): 512–518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Terregino C, Cattoli G, De Nardi R, Beato MS, Capua I, Guberti V, Scremin M, 2005. Isolation of influenza A viruses subtype H7N7 and H7N4 from waterfowl in Italy. Vet Rec 156(9): 292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Thorup O, (comp.) 2005. Breeding waders in Europe 2000, International Wader Studies 14, 142 pp. [Google Scholar]
  216. Tiensin T, Chaitaweesub P, Songserm T, Chaisingh A, Hoonsuwan W, Buranathai C, Parakamawongsa T, Premashthira S, Amonsin A, Gilbert M, Nielen M, Stegeman A, 2005. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Thailand, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 11(11): 1664–1672. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Togan S, Bayaner A, 2003. Analysis of the impact on agricultural markets and incomes of EU enlargement to Turkey, Conference on Turkey: Towards EU Accession, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  218. Underhill LG, Tree AJ, Oschadleus HD, Parker V, 1999. Review of ring recoveries of waterbirds in southern Africa, Avian Demography Unit University of Cape Town Cape Town, 119 pp. [Google Scholar]
  219. Utterback W, 1984. Update on avian influenza through February 21 1984 in Pensylvania and Virginia, Proc, 33rd Western Poultry Dis Conf pp 4–7. [Google Scholar]
  220. Väisänen RA, Lammi E, Koskinnes P, 1998. Muuttuva pessimälinnusto [Distribution number and population changes of Finnish Birds], Otava Keuruu. [Google Scholar]
  221. van Roomen M, van Winden E, Koffijberg K, Boele A, Hustings F, Kleefstra R, Schoppers J, van Turnhout C, SOVON Ganzen‐ en zwanenwerkgroep Soldaat L , 2004. Watervogels in Nederland in 2002/03, SOVON‐monitoringrapport 2004/2 RIZA‐rapport BM04/09 SOVON Vogelonderzoek Nederland Beek‐Ubbergen, 235 pp.
  222. van Roomen M, van Turnhout C, van Winden E, Koks B, Goedhart P, Leopold M, Smit C, 2005a, Trends in benthivorous waterbirds in the Dutch Wadden Sea 1975–2002: large differences between shellfish‐eaters and worm‐eaters, Limosa 78: 21–38. [Google Scholar]
  223. Velasco T, Alberto LJ, 1993. Number main localities and distribution maps of waders wintering in Spain, Wader Study Group Bulletin, 70: 33–41. [Google Scholar]
  224. Veterinaires Sans Frontieres 2004. Organization of avian production and description of HPAI epidemiological patterns in Vietnam ‐ intermediate report, Veterinaires sans Frontiers/World Bank. [Google Scholar]
  225. Vowles GA, Vowles RS, 1994. Breeding Birds of the Algarve, Centro de Estudos Ornitológicos no Algarve, [Google Scholar]
  226. Wahl J, Sudfelt C, Naacke J, Mooij J, 2004. Rundbrief zum Wasservogelmoinitoring in Deutschland, Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten Muenster Germany. [Google Scholar]
  227. Walasz, 2000. The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Malopolska (south east Poland).
  228. Wan XF, Ren T, Luo KJ, Liao M, Zhang GH, Chen JD, Cao WS, Li Y, Jin NY, Xu D, Xin CA, 2005. Genetic characterization of H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in southern China during the 2003–04 avian influenza outbreaks. Arch Virol 150(6): 1257–1266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Wash Wader Ringing Group 2004. Wash Wader Ringing Group, 2002–2003 Report, Wash Wader Ringing Group Thetford UK. [Google Scholar]
  230. Washington Post , 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/19/AR2005101902147.html
  231. Weber R, Munteanu D, Papadopol A, Kiss A, et al, 1994. Atlasul provizoriu al păsărilor clocitoare din România, [Provisional Atlas of Breeding Birds from Romania], Ed.I Publ.S.O.R, 2 Mediaş republicat sub titlul Atlasul păsărilor clocitoare din România Ed.II Publ.S.O.R, 16 Cluj‐Napoca.
  232. Webster RG, 1998. Influenza: an emerging disease. Emerg Infect Dis 4(3): 436–441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Webster RG, Yakhno M, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Murti KG, 1978. Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology 84(2): 268–278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y, 1992. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56(1): 152–79. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Webster RG, Guan Y, Peiris M, Walker D, Krauss S, Zhou NN, Govorkova EA, Ellis TM, Dyrting KC, Sit T, Perez DR, Shortridge KF, 2002. Characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses that continue to circulate in geese in southeastern China. J Virol 76(1): 118–126. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Webster RG, Peiris M, Chen H, Guan Y, 2006. H5N1 outbreaks and enzootic influenza. Emerg Infect Dis 12(1): 3–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Wernham CV, Toms MP, Marchant JH, Clark JA, Siriwardena GM, Baillie SR, 2002. The Migration Atlas: Movements of the Birds of Britain and Ireland, T, AD, Poyser; London UK, 884 pp. [Google Scholar]
  238. Wetlands International , 2002. Waterbird Population Estimates ‐ Third Edition, Wetlands International Global Series No, 12, Wageningen The Netherlands, 226 pp, [Google Scholar]
  239. Wetlands International. International Wader Study Group (in prep), Atlas of wader populations in Africa and western Eurasia, Wetlands International and International Wader Study Group. [Google Scholar]
  240. Whaley DJ, Dawes JC, 2003. Cyprus Breeding Bird Atlas, BirdLife Cyprus Cyprus. [Google Scholar]
  241. Wolf PU, Uhl W, Gerst S, Wolf C, Gerst K, Klopries M, Teifke JP, Klopfleisch R, Harder T, Werner O, Hoffmann B, Starick E, Mundt E, Beer M, Mettenleitner T, 2006. Letal verlaufende Influenza bei Hauskatzen nach natürlicher Infektion mit H5N1/Asia in Deutschland. Deutsches Tierärzteblatt 54(4): 426–431. [Google Scholar]
  242. Wright PF, Webster, RG Orthomyxoviruses, In: Knipe DM Howly PM. eds, Fields Virology, Fourth edition Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams, Wilkins: 2001, 47:1533–1579. [Google Scholar]
  243. Xu X, Subbarao, Cox NJ, Guo Y, 1999. Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Virology 261(1): 15–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Yeatman‐Berthelot D, 1991. Atlas des Oiseaux de France en Hiver, [Atlas of birds in France in winter], Paris France. [Google Scholar]
  245. Yeatman‐Berthelot D, Jarry G, 1994. Nouvel Atlas des Oiseaux Nicheurs de France 1985‐1989. [New Atlas of Breeding Birds in France], Société Ornithologique de France; Paris France. [Google Scholar]
  246. Andersson, Å. , Madsen, J. , Mooij, J. & Reitan, O. , 1999. Chapter 16. Canada Goose Branta canadensis Fennoscandia/continental Europe. Pp. 236–245. In: Madsen J., Cracknell G. & Fox A.D. (eds.) Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic. A review of status and distribution. Wetlands International Publ. 48, Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. National Environmental Research Institute, Rønde, Denmark. 344 pp. [Google Scholar]
  247. Beaglehole, R. , Bonita, R. , Kjellesatrom, T. , 1993. Basic Epidemiology. WHO; [Google Scholar]
  248. Brown J. D., Stallknecht D. E., Beck J.R., Suarez D. L., Swayne D. E., 2006. Susceptibility of North American Ducks and Gulls to H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses, Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1663–70. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Delany S., Veen J., Clark J. (eds.), 2006. Urgent preliminary assessment of ornithological data relevant to the spread of Avian Influenza in Europe. Report from Wetlands International and EURING to the European Commission. 343 pp. (At: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/nature_conservation/focus_wild_birds/avian_influenza/index_en.htm)
  250. DG SANCO 2006. Guidelines on the implementation of survey programmes for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds to be carried out in the Member States in 2007. European Commission, SANCO/10268/2006. [Google Scholar]
  251. EFSA , 2006. Scientific Opinion on “Migratory birds and their possible role in the spread of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (EFSA‐Q‐2005‐243)”. Adopted on 12th May 2006. The EFSA Journal (2006) 357, 1–46. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/ahaw/ahaw_opinions/1484.html [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Olsen B., Munster, V.J. , Wallensten, A. , Waldenstrom, J. , Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. , Fouchier, R.A.M. , 2006. Global patterns of Influenza A virus in Wild Birds. Science 312(5772):384–388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Pfeiffer, D.U. , Brown, I. , Fouchier, R.A.M. , Gaidet, N. , Guberti, V. , Harder, T. , Langston, R. , Soares Magalhaes, R.J. , Martin, V. , Sharp, J.M. , Stärk, K. , Stroud, D.A. , Szewcyk, B. , Veen, J. & Waldenström, J. 2006. Scientific Report on migratory birds and their possible role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza. 155 pp + 20 pp figures. [Annex to: Migratory birds and their possible role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza. The European Food Safety Authority Journal 357: 1–46.] http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/ahaw/ahaw_opinions/1484.html [Google Scholar]
  254. Rees, E.E.C. , Matthews, G.V.T. , Mitchell, C.R. , Oven, M. , 2005. Movements and Migrations in: Kear J. (Ed.) – Ducks, Geese and Swans. Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  255. Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. , 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 1: Non‐Passerines. Concise Edition Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  256. Stärk K.D.C., Regula, G. , Hernandez, J. , Knopf, L. , Fuchs, K. , Morris, R.S. , Davies P., 2006. Concepts for risk‐based surveillance in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary public health: A review. BMC Health Services Research, 6:20 http://www.biomedcentral.com [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Wetlands International 2002. Waterbird Population Estimates – Third edition. Wetlands International Global Series No. 12. Wageningen, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]

Articles from EFSA Journal are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES