Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2013 Jun 27;11(6):3265. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats

EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)
PMCID: PMC7163758  PMID: 32313569

Abstract

A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk‐based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk‐categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post‐mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post‐mortem inspection is applied.

Keywords: meat inspection, sheep, goats, slaughterhouse, surveillance, contaminants, residues

EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards , 2013. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats. EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3265, 186 pp. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265

Panel members: Olivier Andreoletti, Dorte Lau Baggesen, Declan Bolton, Patrick Butaye, Paul Cook, Robert Davies, Pablo S. Fernández Escámez, John Griffin, Tine Hald, Arie Havelaar, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Roland Lindqvist, James McLauchlin, Truls Nesbakken, Miguel Prieto Maradona, Antonia Ricci, Giuseppe Ru, Moez Sanaa, Marion Simmons, John Sofos and John Threlfall

Correspondence: biohaz@efsa.europa.eu

Acknowledgement: The Panels wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on the public hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats, Geneviève Benard, John Griffin, Tine Hald, Rina Mazzette, Truls Nesbakken, Declan Murray and Miguel Prieto Maradona, the CONTAM Panel: Diane Benford, Sandra Ceccatelli, Bruce Cottrill, Michael DiNovi, Eugenia Dogliotti, Lutz Edler, Peter Farmer, Peter Fürst, Laurentius (Ron) Hoogenboom, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Anne‐Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Manfred Metzler, Carlo Stefano Nebbia, Michael O'Keeffe, Ivonne Rietjens, Dieter Schrenk, Vittorio Silano, Hendrik van Loveren, Christiane Vleminckx and Pieter Wester, the members of the CONTAM Working Group on meat inspection and contaminants: Johanna Fink‐Gremmels, Reinhard Fries, Peter Fürst, Steven McOrist, Carlo Nebbia and Michael O'Keeffe, the AHAW Panel: Edith Authie, Charlotte Berg, Anette Bøtner, Howard Browman, Ilaria Capua, Aline De Koeijer, Klaus Depner, Mariano Domingo, Sandra Edwards, Christine Fourichon, Frank Koenen, Simon More, Mohan Raj, Liisa Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Jan Arend Stegeman, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Ivar Vågsholm, Antonio Velarde, Preben Willeberg and Stéphan Zientara, the members of the AHAW Working Group on meat inspection and animal health and welfare: Donald Broom, Marcus Doherr, Mariano Domingo, Javier Dominguez, Frank Koenen, Simon More, Declan Murray, Pascal Oltenacu, Mohan Raj, Moez Sanaa, Mo Salman, Martin Wierup and Preben Willeberg, for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion, and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) staff: Eva Warns‐Petit and Vicente Lopez Chavarrias, and EFSA staff: Pablo Romero Barrios, Ernesto Liébana, Elena Mazzolini (BIOHAZ), Silvia Inés Nicolau‐Solano, Valeriu Curtui, Gina Cioacata (CONTAM), Karen Mackay, Milen Georgiev, Ana Afonso (AHAW) for the support provided to this scientific opinion.

Adoption date: 6 June 2013

Published date: 27 June 2013

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2011‐00365, EFSA‐Q‐2011‐00960, EFSA‐Q‐2011‐01036

On request from: European Commission

References

References

  1. Abubakar MB, Ei‐Yuguda AD and Baba SS, 2008. Serological evidence of influenza virus infections in domestic animals and birds in North‐Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 6(1), 67–70. [Google Scholar]
  2. Acha PN and Szyfres B, 2001. Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals. Volume I. Bacterioses and mycoses. [Google Scholar]
  3. ACMSF , 2005. Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food. Second report on Campylobacter. Food Standards Agency. Accessed on 29/03/2012. Available from http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/acmsfcampylobacter.pdf.
  4. AFSSA 2005. Toxoplasmose: état des connaissances et évaluation du risque lié à l'alimentation ‐ rapport du groupe de travail “Toxoplasma gondii” de l'Afssa. 328p.
  5. Aitken I 2007. Part V: Diseases of the Alimentary System In: Diseases of Sheep, Fourth Edition Blackwell Publishing; Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  6. Alvarado‐Esquivel C, Silva‐Aguilar D, Villena I and Dubey JP 2012. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Dairy Goats in Michoacán State, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology. [DOI] [PubMed]
  7. Alvarez J, Castellanos E, Romero B, Aranaz A, Bezos J, Rodriguez S, Mateos A, Dominguez L and de Juan L, 2011. Epidemiological investigation of a Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis outbreak in swine. Epidemiology and Infection, 139(1), 143–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Animalia 2007. National guidelines for raw materials in Norwegian abattoirs Available online: http://www.animalia.no/Tjenester/Bransjeretningslinjer/Hygienisk-ravarekvalitet/.
  9. Anonymous 2009. Cattle and Sheep Transport and Lairage Available online: http://www.ukmeat.org/FSAMeat/CattleLairage.htm.
  10. Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK, Nguku PM, Omolo JO, Mutonga D, Rao CY, Lederman ER, Schnabel D, Paweska JT, Katz M, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Feikin DR and Breiman RF, 2010. Risk Factors for Severe Rift Valley Fever Infection in Kenya, 2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(2), 14–21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Arnold T, Neubauer H, Ganter M, Nikolaou K, Roesler U, Truyen U and Hensel A, 2006. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in goat herds from northern Germany. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B‐Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 53(8), 382–386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Arthur TM, Kalchayanand N, Bosilevac JM, Brichta‐Harhay DN, Shackelford SD, Bono JL, Wheeler TL and Koohmaraie M, 2008. Comparison of Effects of Antimicrobial Interventions on Multidrug‐Resistant Salmonella, Susceptible Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Protection, 71(11), 2177–2181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Asheim LJ and Mysterud I, 1999. The Norwegian sheep farming production system. Options Mediterraneennes. Serie A, Seminaires Mediterraneens, (38), 249–253. [Google Scholar]
  14. Aymerich T, Picouet PA and Monfort JM, 2008. Decontamination technologies for meat products. Meat Science, 78(1–2), 114–129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Baird GJ 2007. Chapter 44: Caseous Lymphadenitis In: Aitken I.D. (ed) Diseases of Sheep, Fourth Edition Blackwell Publishing; Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  16. Baird GJ and Fontainet MC, 2007. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and its role in ovine caseous lymphadenitis. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 137(4), 179–210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Baril L, Ancelle T, Goulet V, Thulliez P, Tirard‐Fleury V and Carme B, 1999. Risk factors for Toxoplasma infection in pregnancy: A case‐control study in France. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 31(3), 305–309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Barlow RS, Gobius KS and Desmarchelier PM, 2006. Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and lamb cuts: results of a one‐year study. Int J Food Microbiol, 111(1), 1–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Basak S, Mondal A, Polley S, Mukhopadhyay S and Chattopadhyay D, 2007. Reviewing chandipura: A vesiculovirus in human epidemics. Bioscience reports, 27(4–5), 275–298. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bell JF and Moore GJ, 1971. Susceptibility of carnivora to rabies virus administered orally. Am J Epidemiol, 93(3), 176–182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Berger F, Goulet V, Le Stat Y, de Valk H and Desenclos JC 2007. La toxoplasmose en France chex la femme enceinte en 2003: seroprevalence et facteurs associes. Institut de veille sanitaire, 2007.
  22. Besser TE, Richards BL, Rice DH and Hancock DD, 2001. Escherichia coli O157: H7 infection of calves: infectious dose and direct contact transmission. Epidemiology and Infection, 127(3), 555–560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bhagat N and Virdi JS, 2011. The Enigma of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 37(1), 25–39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Biet F, Boschiroli ML, Thorel MF and Guilloteau LA, 2005. Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare complex (MAC). Veterinary Research, 36(3), 411–436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bilei S, Rodas EMF, Tolli R, de Santis P, Di Domenico I, Del Frate S, Palmieri P and Condoleo R, 2012. Prevalence of major pathogens on sheep carcasses slaughtered in Italy. Italian Journal of Food Science, 24(1), 9–18. [Google Scholar]
  26. Bilzer T, Grabner A and Stitz L, 1996. Immunopathogenesis of natural Borna disease in horses: Clinical, virological and neuropathological findings. Tierarztliche Praxis, 24(6), 567–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Bisias G, Kritas SK, Burriel A and Kontos V, 2010. Leptospirosis: An important re‐emerging infection of animals and man. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 61(1), 76–84. [Google Scholar]
  28. Biss ME and Hathaway SC, 1995. Microbiological and visible contamination of lamb carcasses according to preslaughter presentation status ‐ implications for haccp. Journal of Food Protection, 58(7), 776–783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Biss ME and Hathaway SC, 1996a. The effect of different on‐line dressing practices on microbiological and visible contamination of lamb carcasses. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 44(2), 55–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Biss ME and Hathaway SC, 1996b. Effect of pre‐slaughter washing of lambs on the microbiological and visible contamination of the carcases. Veterinary Record, 138(4), 82–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Biss ME and Hathaway SC, 1996c. Microbiological contamination of ovine carcasses associated with the presence of wool and faecal material. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 81(6), 594–600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Biss ME and Hathaway SC, 1998. A HACCP‐based approach to hygienic slaughter and dressing of lamb carcasses. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 46(5), 167–172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Mora A, Gonzalez EA, Bernardez MI, Alonso MP, Coira A, Rodriguez A, Rey J, Alonso JA and Usera MA, 2003. Verotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli in Spain: Prevalence, serotypes, and virulence genes of O157: H7 and non‐O157 VTEC in ruminants, raw beef products, and humans. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 228(4), 345–351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Bolton DJ, Byrne C, Sheridan J and Riordan D, 1999. Escherichia coli O157:H7: implications for HACCP on the farm and in the abattoir. The National Food Research Centre Research Report No. 6. Teagasc, Dublin.
  35. Bolton DJ, O'Neill CJ and Fanning S, 2012. A Preliminary Study of Salmonella, Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli/Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter on Four Mixed Farms. Zoonoses and Public Health, 59(3), 217–228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Bonke R, Wacheck S, Bumann C, Thum C, Stueber E, Koenig M, Stephan R and Fredriksson‐Ahomaa M, 2012. High prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp diarizonae in tonsils of sheep at slaughter. Food Research International, 45(2), 880–884. [Google Scholar]
  37. Brahmbhatt MN, 2000. Zoonoses transmitted from goats. Intas Polivet, 1(2), 161–165. [Google Scholar]
  38. Brandal LT, Lindstedt B‐A, Haugum K, Løbersli I, Konsmo K and Kapperud G (Norwegian Food Safety Authority), 2010. (Investigation of E. coli from sheep slaughtered in 2007. Comparison with human clinical isolates and evaluation of pathogenicity. Report to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority). [In Norwegian].
  39. Brandal LT, Sekse C, Lindstedt BA, Sunde M, Lobersli I, Urdahl AM and Kapperud G, 2012. Norwegian sheep are an important reservoir for human‐pathogenic Escherichia coli O26:H11. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 4083–4091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Brooks HJ, Mollison BD, Bettelheim KA, Matejka K, Paterson KA and Ward VK, 2001. Occurrence and virulence factors of non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli in retail meat in Dunedin, New Zealand. Lett Appl Microbiol, 32(2), 118–122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Buncic S, 2006. Integrated food safety and veterinary public health. Ed Buncic S.
  42. Butaye P, Michael GB, Schwarz S, Barrett TJ, Brisabois A and White DG, 2006. The clonal spread of multidrug‐resistant non‐typhi Salmonella serotypes. Microbes and Infection, 8(7), 1891–1897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Buxton D, 1998. Protozoan infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp.) in sheep and goats: recent advances. Veterinary Research, 29(3–4), 289–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Byrne B, Dunne G, Lyng J and Bolton DJ, 2007. The development of a ‘clean sheep policy’ in compliance with the new Hygiene Regulation (EC) 853/2004 (Hygiene 2). Food microbiology, 24(3), 301–304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Byrne T, Amer P, Rohloff M, Smith K and Fennessy P, 2011. Opportunities for Ireland in a changing global sheep industry. Paper Presented to Irish Grasslands Assn Sheep Conference 13th July 2011. Available: http://www.sheep.ie/publications/files/Global%20sheep%20perspective_Long.pdf Accessed 10/05/12.
  46. Caplazi P, Melzer K, Goetzmann R, Rohner‐Cotti A, Bracher V, Zlinszky K and Ehrensperger F, 1999. Borna disease in Switzerland and in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde, 141(11), 521–527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Cebra C and Cebra M 2012. Chapter 17 ‐ Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Sheep and Goat Medicine (Second Edition), Pages 503–516.
  48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2000. Human ingestion of Bacillus anthracis‐contaminated meat‐ Minnesota. MMWR; Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 49813–816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Chiodini R, 2000. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease). Selected papers from the Sixth International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis, Melbourne, Australia, 14–18 February, 1999. Veterinary Microbiology, 77(3/4). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Clark RG, Fenwick SG, Nicol CM, Marchant RM, Swanney S, Gill JM, Holmes JD, Leyland M and Davies PR, 2004. Salmonella Brandenburg ‐ emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 52(1), 26–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Collis VJ, Davies MH, Hutchison ML, Buncic S, Reid CA, Small A, Tinker D and Hadley P, 2004. Factors affecting the presence and spread of human bacterial pathogens in sheep. Food Standards Agency, Project M01015. [Google Scholar]
  52. Conde de Felipe MM, Molina JM, Rodriguez‐Ponce E, Ruiz A and Gonzalez JF, 2007. IGM and IGG response to 29–35‐kDa Toxoplasma gondii protein fractions in experimentally infected goats. Journal of Parasitology, 93(3), 701–703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Contreras A, Sierra D, Sanchez A, Corrales JC, Marco JC, Paape MJ and Gonzalo C, 2007. Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 68(1–2), 145–153. [Google Scholar]
  54. Cook AJC, Gilbert RE, Buffolano W, Zufferey J, Petersen E, Jenum PA, Foulon W, Semprini AE, Dunn DT and European Res Network C, 2000. Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case‐control study. British Medical Journal, 321(7254), 142–147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Cortes C, de la Fuente R, Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Dhabi G, Mora A, Justel P, Contreras A, Sanchez A, Corrales JC and Orden JA, 2005. Serotypes, virulence genes and intimin types of verotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic E‐coli isolated from healthy dairy goats in Spain. Veterinary Microbiology, 110(1–2), 67–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Cringoli G and Rinaldi L, 2003. [Water as risk factor for helminthiasis in domestic ruminants in the central and southern Italy and zoonotic risk]. Annali di igiene: medicina preventiva e di comunita, 15(4 Suppl 1), 43–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Cui J, Wang Z, Cui J and Wang ZQ, 2005. Epidemiological trends and control measures of trichinellosis in China. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 23(5 (Suppl)), 344–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Cutter CN and Rivera‐Betancourt M, 2000. Interventions for the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 and non‐O157: H7 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli on beef surfaces. Journal of Food Protection, 63(10), 1326–1332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Danis K, Di Renzi M, O'Neill W, Smyth B, McKeown P, Foley B, Tohani V and Devine M, 2009. Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection: an all‐Ireland case‐control study. Eurosurveillance, 14(7), 12–19. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Daskalov H, 2006. The importance of Aeromonas hydrophila in food safety. Food Control, 17(6), 474–483. [Google Scholar]
  61. Davies FG and Martin V, 2006. Recognizing Rift Valley Fever. Veterinaria Italiana, 42(1), 7–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. de Jong A, Stephan B and Silley P, 2012. Fluoroquinolone resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from healthy livestock and poultry in the EU. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112(2), 239–245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. de Smet S, de Zutter L and Houf K, 2011. Small ruminants as carriers of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter on small and medium farms. Small Ruminant Research, 97(1–3), 124–129. [Google Scholar]
  64. Dengjel B, Zahler M, Hermanns W, Heinritzi K, Spillmann T, Thomschke A, Loscher T, Gothe R and Rinder H, 2001. Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(12), 4495–4499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Didier ES, 2005. Microsporidiosis: An emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals. Acta Tropica, 94(1), 61–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Domenis L, Arduino D, Ragionieri M, Bandirola C, Ruffier M, Orusa R and Robetto S, 2011. Diagnostic aspects related to an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a herd of goats in Aosta Valley Region. Large Animal Review, 17(1), 27–34. [Google Scholar]
  67. Domingues AR, Pires SM, Halasa T and Hald T, 2012. Source attribution of human campylobacteriosis using a meta‐analysis of case‐control studies of sporadic infections. Epidemiology and Infection, 140(6), 970–981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Dorsa WJ, Cutter CN, Siragusa GR and Koohmaraie M, 1996. Microbial decontamination of beef and sheep carcasses by steam, hot water spray washes, and a steam‐vacuum sanitizer. Journal of Food Protection, 59(2), 127–135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Doyle MP and Schoeni JL, 1987. Isolation of Escherichia‐coli O157‐H7 from retail fresh meats and poultry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 2394–2396. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Dubey JP, 1996. Strategies to reduce transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to animals and humans. Veterinary Parasitology, 64(1–2), 65–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Dubey JP, 1997. Survival of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in 0.85–6% NaCl solutions at 4–20 C. Journal of Parasitology, 83(5), 946–949. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Dubey JP, 2009. Toxoplasmosis in sheep‐The last 20 years. Veterinary Parasitology, 163(1–2), 1–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Dubey JP, Gamble HR, Hill D, Sreekumar C, Romand S and Thulliez P, 2002. High prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii infection in market weight pigs from a farm in Massachusetts. Journal of Parasitology, 88(6), 1234–1238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Dubey JP, Kotula AW, Sharar A, Andrews CD and Lindsay DS, 1990. Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. J Parasitol, 76(2), 201–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Dubey JP, Sundar N, Hill D, Velmurugan GV, Bandini LA, Kwok OCH, Majumdar D and Su C, 2008. High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA. International Journal for Parasitology, 38(8–9), 999–1006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Duffy EA, Belk DE, Sofos JN, LeValley SB, Kain ML, Tatum JD, Smith GC and Kimberling CV, 2001. Microbial contamination occurring on lamb carcasses processed in the United States. Journal of Food Protection, 64(4), 503–508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Duffy EA, LeValley SB, Belk KE, Sofos JN and Smith GC, 2000. Pre‐harvest management practices, good manufacturing practices during harvest, and microbiological quality of lamb carcasses. Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation, 20(10), 753–762. [Google Scholar]
  78. Duffy G, 2003. Verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli in animal faeces, manures and slurries. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 9494S–103S. [DOI] [PubMed]
  79. Duffy L, Barlow R, Fegan N and Vanderlinde P, 2009. Prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella associated with goats at two Australian abattoirs. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 48(2), 193–197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Duffy LL, Small A and Fegan N, 2010. Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella serotypes in sheep during slaughter at two Australian abattoirs. Aust Vet J, 88(10), 399–404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Dumetre A, Ajzenberg D, Rozette L, Mercier A and Darde M‐L, 2006. Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep from Haute‐Vienne, France: Seroprevalence and isolate genotyping by microsatellite analysis. Veterinary Parasitology, 142(3–4), 376–379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Durrwald R, 1993. Naturally occurring Borna virus infection in solipeds and sheep. A study of epidemiology, new diagnostic techniques and also antibody kinetics in horses inoculated with live vaccine. Die naturliche Borna‐Virus‐Infektion der Einhufer und Schafe: Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologie, zu neueren diagnostischen Methoden (ELISA, PCR) und zur Antikorperkinetik bei Pferden nach Vakzination mit Lebendimpfstoff., 209 pp.‐209 pp.
  83. ECDC and EFSA 2011. Joint Technical Report on Shiga toxin/verotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli in humans, food and animals in the EU/EEA, with special reference to the German outbreak strain STEC O104, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2011.
  84. Edrington TS, Long M, Ross TT, Thomas JD, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Craddock F, Salisbury MW and Nisbet DJ, 2009. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Isolated from Feedlot Lambs. Journal of Food Protection, 72(8), 1713–1717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2004. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on the request from the Commission on Meat Inspection Procedures for Lambs and Goats. EFSA Journal 54, 1–49. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2007a. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from EFSA on monitoring and identification of human enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. EFSA Journal, 595, 1–30. [Google Scholar]
  87. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2007b. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from EFSA on Surveillance and monitoring of Toxoplasma in humans, foods and animals. The EFSA Journal (2007), 583 1–64. [Google Scholar]
  88. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2007c. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on microbiological criteria and targets based on risk analysis. The EFSA Journal, 462, 1–29. [Google Scholar]
  89. EFSA (European Food Safty Authority) , 2008. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from EFSA on Overview of methods for source attribution for human illness from food borne microbiological hazards. EFSA Journal, 764, 43pp. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from the European Commission on Assessment of the Public Health significance of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals and foods. The EFSA Journal 993, pp. 1–73. [Google Scholar]
  91. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2010. Scientific Report submitted to EFSA. Development of harmonised schemes for the monitoring and reporting of Echinococcus in animals and foodstuffs in the European Union. Supporting publications 2012:EN‐373. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/doc/36e.pdf.
  92. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2011. Scientific / Technical Report submitted to EFSA. Estimation of the relative contribution of different food and animal sources to human Salmonella infections in the European Union. Supporting Publications 2011:EN‐184. [80 pp.] Availabe online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/doc/184e.pdf.
  93. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2012. Technical hearing on meat inspection of small ruminants. Supporting publications 2012:EN‐373. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/373e.htm.
  94. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2013. Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be coverd by meat inspection of domestic sheep and goats. EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3277. [63 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3277. [Google Scholar]
  95. EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) , 2012. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food‐borne Outbreaks in 2010. EFSA Journal, 10(3):2597, 442pp. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. EFSA and ECDC 2013a. The European Union Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2011. EFSA Journal, 11(5):3196, 359 pp. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) , 2013b. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food‐borne Outbreaks in 2011; EFSA Journal 2013, 11(4):3129, 250 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards) , 2013. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals). EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3266. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3266. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) 2013. Scientific Opinion on Rift Valley fever. EFSA Journal 11(4):, [48 pp.]. [Google Scholar]
  100. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) , 2010. Scientific Opinion on Quantification of the risk posed by broiler meat to human campylobacteriosis in the EU. EFSA Journal 2010;8(1):1437. [89 pp.]. [Google Scholar]
  101. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) , 2011a. Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2190 96 pp.]. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) , 2011b. Scientific Opinion on Campylobacter in broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA Journal, 9, 141pp. [Google Scholar]
  103. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) , 2011c. Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases and/or AmpC β‐lactamases in food and food‐producing animals. EFSA Journal 2011;9(8):2322. [95 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2322. [Google Scholar]
  104. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) 2011. Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of lactic acid for the removal of microbial surface contamination of beef carcasses, cuts and trimmings. EFSA Journal 9(7):, [35 pp.]. [Google Scholar]
  105. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) (European Food Safety Authority) , 2013. Scientific Opinion on VTEC‐seropathotype and scientific criteria regarding pathogenicity assessment. EFSA Journal 2013;11(4):3138. [106 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3138. [Google Scholar]
  106. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) 2011. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (swine). EFSA Journal, 9(10):2351 198 pp.]. [Google Scholar]
  107. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) 2012. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (poultry). EFSA Journal, 10(6):2741 179 pp.]. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. El‐Nawawi FA, Tawfik MA and Shaapan RM, 2008. Methods for Inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii Cysts in Meat and Tissues of Experimentally Infected Sheep. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 5(5), 687–690. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. El‐Shazly AM, Morsy TA and Dawoud HA, 2004. Human Monieziasis expansa: the first Egyptian parastic zoonosis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 34(2), 515–518. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ergonul O, 2006. Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 6(4), 203–214. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. European Commission , 2011. Agriculture in the European Union Statistical and Economic Information Available: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/statistics/agricultural/2011/pdf/overview_en.pdf Accessed 10/05/12.
  112. Evans MR, Salmon RL, Nehaul L, Mably S, Wafford L, Nolan‐Farrell MZ, Gardner D and Ribeiro CD, 1999. An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT170 associated with kebab meat and yogurt relish. Epidemiol Infect, 122(3), 377–383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. FAO/WHO/OIE 2009. Joint FAO/WHO/OIE Statement on influenza A(H1N1) and the safety of pork. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_20090502/en/. Accessed 24/05/2013.
  114. Fasanella A, Galante D, Garofolo G and Jones MH, 2010a. Anthrax undervalued zoonosis. Vet Microbiol, 140, 318–331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Fasanella A, Garofolo G, Galante D, Quaranta V, Palazzo L, Lista F, Adone R and Jones MH, 2010b. Severe anthrax outbreaks in Italy in 2004: considerations on factors involved in the spread of infection. New Microbiologica, 33, 83–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Fasanella A, Van Ert M, Altamura SA, Garofolo G, Buonavoglia C, Leori G, Huynh L, Zanecki S and Keim P, 2005. Molecular diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(7), 3398–3401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Fearnley C, On SLW, Kokotovic B, Manning G, Cheasty T and Newell DG, 2005. Application of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism for comparison of human and animal isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(9), 4960–4965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Field RA, Kalchayanand N, Rozbeh M and Andersen MK, 1991. Influence of a pelt puller on microbiological quality of lamb. Sheep Research Journal, 7(3), 24–26. [Google Scholar]
  119. Fischman HR and Ward FE, 3rd , 1968. Oral transmission of rabies virus in experimental animals. Am J Epidemiol, 88(1), 132–138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Food Standards Agency 2007a. Assessment of Meat Hygiene Practice in Abattoir. Available: http://new.wales.gov.uk/ecolidocuments/NCP/NCP.03960.pdf. Accessed 15/05/12.
  121. Food Standards Agency , 2007b. Clean sheep for slaughter: a guide for producers. Available: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/publication/cleansheep0507.pdf. Accessed 14/06/13.
  122. Food Standards Agency , 2010. A UK‐wide survey of microbiological contamination of fresh red meats on retail sale. Food Survey Information Sheet, (No. 02/10), 6pp.‐6pp.
  123. Food Standards Agency 2011. Risk profile in relation to Toxoplasma in the food chain. Available: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/committee/acmsfrtaxopasm.pdf. Accessed 14/06/13.
  124. Fouet AS, Smith KL, Keys C, Vaissaire J, Le Doujet C, Levy M, Mock M and Keim P, 2002. Diversity among French Bacillus anthracis isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(12), 4732–4734. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Fredriksson‐Ahomaa M, Stolle A and Korkeala H, 2006. Molecular epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infections. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 47(3), 315–329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Fremaux B, Prigent‐Combaret C, Delignette‐Muller ML, Mallen B, Dothal M, Gleizal A and Vernozy‐Rozand C, 2008. Persistence of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O26 in various manure‐amended soil types. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104(1), 296–304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Fried B and Abruzzi A, 2010. Food‐borne trematode infections of humans in the United States of America. Parasitology Research, 106(6), 1263–1280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Fukushima H, Gomyoda M, Aleksic S and Tsubokura M, 1993. Differentiation of Yersinia‐enterocolitica serotype o‐5, 27 strains by phenotypic and molecular techniques. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31(6), 1672–1674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Garcia AB, Steele WB and Taylor DJ, 2010. Prevalence and carcass contamination with Campylobacter in sheep sent for slaughter in Scotland. Journal of Food Safety, 30(1), 237–250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Garcia Bocanegra I, Cabezon O, Hernandez E, Martinez‐Cruz MS, Martinez‐Moreno A and Martinez‐Moreno J, 2012. Toxoplasma gondii in ruminant species (cattle, sheep and goats) from southern Spain. J Parasitol. [DOI] [PubMed]
  131. Georgiev M, Afonso A, Neubauer H, Needham H, Thiery R, Rodolakis A, Roest H, Stark K, Stegeman J, Vellema P, Van der Hoek W and More S, 2013. Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countries, 1982 to 2010. Euro Surveill, 18(8). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Gerrand WG, 1975. Potential risk areas in abattoirs. Institute of Meat Bulletin, (No. 89), 23–24, 26‐28, 30‐32. [Google Scholar]
  133. Geser N, Stephan R and Haechler H, 2012. Occurrence and characteristics of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk. BMC Veterinary Research, 8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Ghosh S, Alam MM, Ahmed MU, Talukdar RI, Paul SK and Kobayashi N, 2010. Complete genome constellation of a caprine group A rotavirus strain reveals common evolution with ruminant and human rotavirus strains. Journal of General Virology, 912367–2373. [DOI] [PubMed]
  135. Gill CO, 2004. Visible contamination on animals and carcasses and the microbiological condition of meat. Journal of Food Protection, 67(2), 413–419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Ginsbourger M, Guinard A, Villena I, King LA, El‐Eid N and Schwoebel V, 2012. Collective outbreak of food poisoning due to Toxoplasma gondii associated with the consumption of lamb meat, Aveyron (France), November 2010. Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, (16/17), 195–197. [Google Scholar]
  137. Goodwin‐Ray KA 2006. Pneumonia and pleurisy in sheep: Studies of prevalence, risk factors, vaccine efficacy and economic impact A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand Available http://epicentre.massey.ac.nz/portals/0/epicentre/downloads/publications/thesis/kathygoodwinphd.pdf Accessed 23/07/12.
  138. Gourdon F, Beytout J, Reynaud A, Romaszko JP, Perre D, Theodore P, Soubelet H and Sirot J, 1999. Human and animal epidemic of Yersinia enterocolitica O: 9, 1989–1997, Auvergne, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(5), 719–721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Grabner A and Fischer A, 1991. Symptomatology and diagnosis of Borna encephalitis of horses. A case analysis of the last 13 years. Tierarztliche Praxis, 19(1), 68–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Gras LM, Smid JH, Wagenaar JA, de Boer AG, Havelaar AH, Friesema IHM, French NP, Busani L and Van Pelt W, 2012. Risk Factors for Campylobacteriosis of Chicken, Ruminant, and Environmental Origin: A Combined Case‐Control and Source Attribution Analysis. PLoS one, 7(8). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Green L, Glover M, Hovers K, Winter A and Wood J, 2011. Clinical forum understanding lameness in sheep: managements for today. UK Vet: Livestock, 16(5), 30–42. [Google Scholar]
  142. Greenfield J, Greenway JA and Bigland CH, 1973. Arizona infections in sheep associated with gastroenteritis and abortion. The Veterinary record, 92(15), 400–401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Grunow R, Klee SR, Beyer W, George M, Grunow D, Barduhn A, Klar S, Jacob D, Elschner M, Sandven P, Kjerulf A, Jensen JS, Cai W, Zimmermann R and Schaade L, 2013. Anthrax among heroin users in Europe possibly caused by same Bacillus anthracis strain since 2000. Euro Surveill, 18(13). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Hadley P.J., Holder JS and Hinton MH 1997. Effects on fleece soiling and skinning method on the microbiology of sheep carcasses. Veterinary Record, 140, 570–574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Hald T, Wong DMALF and Aarestrup FM, 2007. The attribution of human infections with antimicrobial resistant Salmonella bacteria in Denmark to sources of animal origin. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 4(3), 313–326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Hall MLM and Rowe B, 1980. Arizona 26‐29‐30 in sheep in the United‐Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 107(25–2), 581–582. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Halos L, Thebault A, Aubert D, Thomas M, Perret C, Geers R, Alliot A, Escotte‐Binet S, Ajzenberg D, Darde M‐L, Durand B, Boireau P and Villena I, 2010. An innovative survey underlining the significant level of contamination by Toxoplasma gondii of ovine meat consumed in France. International Journal for Parasitology, 40(2), 193–200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Hansson IB, 2001. Microbiological meat quality in high‐ and low‐capacity slaughterhouses in Sweden. Journal of Food Protection, 64(6), 820–825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Hanzelyova A and Gamcikova K, 2009. Hygiene of killing and slaughter processing: results of bacteriological investigations of carcasses from slaughterhouses in the Pres region in the years 2004–2008. Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis, 34(3), 167–171. [Google Scholar]
  150. Hassan AEA, 2008. Master thesis: Effect of steam vacuum treatment on bacterial quality of sheep and lamb carcasses, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo. [Google Scholar]
  151. Hauge SJ, Nafstad O, Skjerve E, Rotterud OJ and Nesbakken T, 2011a. Effects of shearing and fleece cleanliness on microbiological contamination of lamb carcasses. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 150(2–3), 178–183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Hauge SJ, Wahlgren M, Rotterud OJ and Nesbakken T, 2011b. Hot water surface pasteurisation of lamb carcasses: Microbial effects and cost‐benefit considerations. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 146(1), 69–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Havelaar AH, Haagsma JA, Mangen MJJ, Kemmeren JM, Verhoef LPB, Vijgen SMC, Wilson M, Friesema IHM, Kortbeek LM, Duynhoven YTHPv and Pelt Wv, 2012a. Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2009. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156(3), 231–238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Havelaar AH, Ivarsson S, Lofdahl M and Nauta MJ, 2012b. Estimating the true incidence of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis in the European Union, 2009. Epidemiol Infect, 1–10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  155. Hess IM, Neville LM, McCarthy R, Shadbolt CT and McAnulty JM, 2008. A Salmonella Typhimurium 197 outbreak linked to the consumption of lambs' liver in Sydney, NSW. Epidemiol Infect, 136(4), 461–467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Heuer C, Dreyfus A, Wilson PR, Benschop J, Subharat S, Ayanegui‐Alcerreca AM, Fang F, Collins‐Emerson JM and Midwinter AC, 2010. Epidemiology and control of leptospirosis in New Zealand. Ed Alban LKLA. pp.
  157. Heuvelink AE, Zwartkruis‐Nahuis JT, Beumer RR and de Boer E, 1999. Occurrence and survival of verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157 in meats obtained from retail outlets in The Netherlands. J Food Prot, 62(10), 1115–1122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Hill D, Coss C, Dubey JP, Wroblewski K, Sautter M, Hosten T, Munoz‐Zanzi C, Mui E, Withers S, Boyer K, Hermes G, Coyne J, Jagdis F, Burnett A, McLeod P, Morton H, Robinson D, McLeod R and Toxoplasmosis Study G, 2011. Identification of a sporozoite‐specific antigen from Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Parasitology, 97(2), 328–337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Hill DE, Sreekumar C, Gamble HR and Dubey JP, 2004. Effect of commonly used enhancement solutions on the viability of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork loin. Journal of Food Protection, 67(10), 2230–2233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Himathongkham S, Bahari S, Riemann H and Cliver D, 1999. Survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry. Fems Microbiology Letters, 178(2), 251–257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Hiszczynska‐Sawicka E, Li H, Xu JB, Holec‐Gasior L, Kur J, Sedcole R, Bickerstaffe R and Stankiewicz M, 2011. Modulation of immune response to Toxoplasma gondii in sheep by immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding ROP1 antigen as a fusion protein with ovine CD154. Veterinary Parasitology, 183(1–2), 72–78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Hjartardottir S, Gunnarsson E and Sigvaldadottir J, 2002. Salmonella in sheep in Iceland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 43(1), 43–48. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Hodgkinson O, 2010. The importance of feet examination in sheep health management. Small Ruminant Research, 92(1–3), 67–71. [Google Scholar]
  164. Hoffmann S, Batz MB and Morris JG, Jr. , 2012. Annual Cost of Illness and Quality‐Adjusted Life Year Losses in the United States Due to 14 Foodborne Pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 75(7), 1292–1302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Hofhuis A, Van Pelt W, Van Duynhoven YTHP, Nijhuis CDM, Mollema L, Van der Klis FRM, Havelaar AH and Kortbeek LM, 2011. Decreased prevalence and age‐specific risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in The Netherlands between 1995/1996 and 2006/2007. Epidemiology and Infection, 139(4), 530–538. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Hogue AT, Dreesen DW, Green SS, Ragland RD, James WO, Bergeron EA, Cook LV, Pratt MD and Martin DR, 1993. Bacteria on beef briskets and ground‐beef ‐ correlation with slaughter volume and antemortem condemnation. Journal of Food Protection, 56(2), 110‐&. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Hoseinian Khosroshahi K, Ghaffarifar F, D'Souza S, Sharifi Z and Dalimi A, 2011. Evaluation of the immune response induced by DNA vaccine cocktail expressing complete SAG1 and ROP2 genes against toxoplasmosis. Vaccine, 29(4), 778–783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Houf K, 2009. Arcobacter in a food safety perspective. Archiv Fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 60(2), 73–76. [Google Scholar]
  169. Hunter D, Bellhouse R and Baker KB, 1981. Clostridium‐difficile isolated from a goat. Veterinary Record, 109(13), 291–292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Hutchison ML, Nicholson FA, Smith KA, Keevil CW, Chambers BJ and Moore A, 2000. A study on farm manure applications to agricultural land and an assessment of the risks of pathogen transfer into the food chain. A report to the Ministry of Agricultural Fisheries and Food, London, January 2000. xvii + 194 pp.‐xvii + 194 pp.
  171. Hutchison ML, Walters LD, Avery SM and Moore A, 2005a. Decline of zoonotic agents in livestock waste and bedding heaps. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(2), 354–362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Hutchison ML, Walters LD, Avery SM, Munro F and Moore A, 2005b. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen levels and prevalences in farm manures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(3), 1231–1236. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. ICMSF (International Commission on Microbial Specifications for Food) , 1996. Microorganisms in foods. 5: microbiological specifications of food pathogens.
  174. Idris A, Moors E, Sohnrey B and Gauly M, 2012. Gastrointestinal nematode infections in German sheep. Parasitology Research, 110(4), 1453–1459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Ingram M and Roberts TA, 1976. Microbiology of red meat carcass and slaughterhouse. Royal Society of Health Journal, 96(6), 270–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Innes EA, Bartley PM, Maley S, Katzer F and Buxton D, 2009. Veterinary vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104(2), 246–251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Islam M, Doyle MP, Phatak SC, Millner P and Jiang X, 2004. Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Journal of Food Protection, 67(7), 1365–1370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Jackman B and Steve Hathaway S, 2010. Examination Procedures for Adult Sheep Slaughtered in New Zealand Available online: http://foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/examination_for_Adult_sheep.pdf Accessed 25/07/12.
  179. James C, Thornton JA, Ketteringham L and James SJ, 2000. Effect of steam condensation, hot water or chlorinated hot water immersion on bacterial numbers and quality of lamb carcasses. Journal of Food Engineering, 43(4), 219–225. [Google Scholar]
  180. Johnson RWM, 2009. Veterinary Public Health: An historical perspective. In: Public Policy in Food and Agriculture. Ed Azzeddine MA. p124–146 pp.
  181. Jonassen CM, Jonassen TO, Saif YM, Snodgrass DR, Ushijima H, Shimizu M and Grinde B, 2001. Comparison of capsid sequences from human and animal astroviruses. Journal of General Virology, 821061–1067. [DOI] [PubMed]
  182. Jongert E, Roberts CW, Gargano N, Foerster‐Wald E and Petersen E, 2009. Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: challenges and opportunities. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104(2), 252–266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Joshi MV, Patil DR, Tupe CD, Umarani UB, Ayachit VM, Geevarghese G and Mishra AC, 2005. Incidence of neutralizing antibodies to Chandipura virus in domestic animals from Karimnagar and warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Acta Virologica, 49(1), 69–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC and Palmer N, 1972. Pathology of domestic animals. Volume 2 Second edition. [Google Scholar]
  185. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC and Palmer N 2007. Peritoneum and retroperitoneum In: Pathology of Domestic Animals (Fifth Edition), Pages 279–296.
  186. Kalinova Z, Cislakova L and Halanova M, 2009. [Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis]. Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi, 15, 210–213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Kapperud G, Espeland G, Wahl E, Walde A, Herikstad H, Gustavsen S, Tveit I, Natas O, Bevanger L and Digranes A, 2003. Factors associated with increased and decreased risk of Campylobacter infection: A prospective case‐control study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(3), 234–242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Kapperud G, Jenum PA, StrayPedersen B, Melby KK, Eskild A and Eng J, 1996. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy ‐ Results of a prospective case‐control study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(4), 405–412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Karch H, Denamur E, Dobrindt U, Finlay BB, Hengge R, Johannes L, Ron EZ, Tonjum T, Sansonetti PJ and Vicente M, 2012. The enemy within us: lessons from the 2011 European Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak. EMBO Mol Med, 4(9), 841–848. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Keen JE, Wittum TE, Dunn JR, Bono JL and Durso LM, 2006. Shiga‐toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural fair livestock, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(5), 780–786. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Kijlstra A and Jongert E, 2008. Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat. International Journal for Parasitology, 38(12), 1359–1370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Kijlstra A and Jongert E, 2009. Toxoplasma‐safe meat: close to reality? Trends in Parasitology, 25(1), 18–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. King N, Lake R and Campbell D, 2011. Source Attribution of Nontyphoid Salmonellosis in New Zealand Using Outbreak Surveillance Data. Journal of Food Protection, 74(3), 438–445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W, Auer H and Barisani‐Asenbauer T, 2011. Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(5), 870–872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Koene MGJ, Mevius D, Wagenaar JA, Harmanus C, Hensgens MPM, Meetsma AM, Putirulan FF, Van Bergen MAP and Kuijper EJ, 2012. Clostridium difficile in Dutch animals: their presence, characteristics and similarities with human isolates. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18(8), 778–784. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Kosmider RD, Nally P, Simons RRL, Brouwer A, Cheung S, Snary EL and Wooldridge M, 2010. Attribution of Human VTEC O157 Infection from Meat Products: A Quantitative Risk Assessment Approach. Risk Analysis, 30(5), 753–765. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Koutsoumanis K and Sofos JN, 2004. Microbial contamination. pp. 727–737. In: Encyclopaedia of Meat Sciences, Vol. 2 Eds Jensen W.K., Devine C., Dikeman M. Elsevier, Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  198. Krauss H, Weber H, Appel M, Enders B, Isenberg HD, Schiefer HG, Slenczka W, von Graevenitz A and Zahner H, 2003. Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans, 3rd Edition ASM Press. [Google Scholar]
  199. Krogstad O, 1974. Yersinia enterocolitica infection in goat. A serological and bacteriological investigation. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 15(4), 597–608. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Kur J, Holec‐Gasior L and Hiszczynska‐Sawicka E, 2009. Current status of toxoplasmosis vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines, 8(6), 791–808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. La Ragione RM, Best A, Woodward MJ and Wales AD, 2009. Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in small domestic ruminants. Fems Microbiology Reviews, 33(2), 394–410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Langoni H, Domingues PF and Baldini S, 2006. Goat mastitis: its agents and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Veterinaria, 13(1), 51–54. [Google Scholar]
  203. Lewis CJ 2000. Chapter 23. Clostridial Diseases In: Aitken I.D. (ed) Diseases of Sheep, Fourth Edition Blackwell Publishing Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  204. Lindsay DS, Collins MV, Holliman D, Flick GJ and Dubey JP, 2006. Effects of high‐pressure processing on Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in ground pork. Journal of Parasitology, 92(1), 195–196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Loncaric D, Paulsen P, Tichy A, Smulders FJM and Upmann M, 2009. The microbiological effects of poor slaughter and processing hygiene in mutton production as determined by various marker organisms. Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift, 96(5–6), 135–144. [Google Scholar]
  206. Longbottom D and Coulter LJ, 2003. Animal chlamydioses and zoonotic implications. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 128(4), 217–244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Longstreeth JR and Udall ND, 1997. Clean livestock at slaughter. Veterinary Record, 140(9), 239–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Loretz M, Stephan R and Zweifel C, 2010. Antimicrobial activity of decontamination treatments for poultry carcasses: A literature survey. Food Control, 21(6), 791–804. [Google Scholar]
  209. Ludwig H, Kraft W, Kao M, Gosztonyi G, Dahme E and Krey H, 1985. Borna virus infection (Borna disease) in naturally and experimentally infected animals: its significance for research and practice. Tierarztliche Praxis, 13(4), 421–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Lunden A and Uggla A, 1992. Infectivity of Toxoplasma‐gondii in mutton following curing, smoking, freezing or microwave cooking. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 15(3–4), 357–363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Maciulskis P, Lukauskas K, Dranseika A, Kiudulas V and Pockevicius A, 2005. The epidemiological situation of enzootic rabies in the Republic of Lithuania over the past ten years. Ed Dodet BSAPPPLM. [PubMed]
  212. Malone FE, Hartley HM and Skuce RA, 2010. Bacteriological examinations in sheep health management. Small Ruminant Research, 92(1–3), 78–83. [Google Scholar]
  213. Malone FE, Wilson EC, Pollock JM and Skuce RA, 2003. Investigations into an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of sheep in contact with tuberculous cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B‐Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 50(10), 500–504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Mannelli A, Bertolotti L, Gern L and Gray J, 2012. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe: transmission dynamics in multi‐host systems, influence of molecular processes and effects of climate change. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 36(4), 837–861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Marianelli C, Cifani N, Teresa M, Fiasconaro CM, Russo M, La Mancusa F, Pasquali P and Di Marco V, 2010. A case of generalized bovine tuberculosis in a sheep. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22(3), 445–448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Martin WB, 1996. Respiratory infections of sheep. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 19(3), 171–179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Martineli TM, Rossi OD Junior, Cereser ND, Cardozo MV, Fontoura CL and Perri SHV, 2009. Microbiological counting in lamb carcasses from an abattoir in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ciencia Rural, 39(6), 1836–1841. [Google Scholar]
  218. Martinez‐Navalon B, Anastasio‐Giner B, Cano‐Fructuoso M, Sanchez‐Martinez P, Llopis‐Morant A, Perez‐Castarlenas B, Goyena E and Berriatua E, 2012. Short communication. Sarcocystis infection: a major cause of carcass condemnation in adult sheep in Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(2), 388–392. [Google Scholar]
  219. Matthijnssens J, Potgieter CA, Ciarlet M, Parreno V, Martella V, Banyai K, Garaicoechea L, Palombo EA, Novo L, Zeller M, Arista S, Gerna G, Rahman M and Van Ranst M, 2009. Are Human P 14 Rotavirus Strains the Result of Interspecies Transmissions from Sheep or Other Ungulates That Belong to the Mammalian Order Artiodactyla? Journal of Virology, 83(7), 2917–2929. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Mavrogianni VS and Brozos C, 2008. Reflections on the causes and the diagnosis of peri‐parturient losses of ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 76(1–2), 77–82. [Google Scholar]
  221. McGee P, Bolton DJ, Sheridan JJ, Earley B and Leonard N, 2001. The survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in slurry from cattle fed different diets. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 32(3), 152–155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. McNally A, Cheasty T, Fearnley C, Dalziel RW, Paiba GA, Manning G and Newell DG, 2004. Comparison of the biotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter and from humans with yersiniosis in Great Britain during 1999–2000. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 39(1), 103–108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM and Tauxe RV, 1999. Food‐related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(5), 607–625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Milios K, Mataragas M, Pantouvakis A, Drosinos EH and Zoiopoulos PE, 2011. Evaluation of control over the microbiological contamination of carcasses in a lamb carcass dressing process operated with or without pasteurizing treatment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 146(2), 170–175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Milnes AS, Stewart I, Clifton‐Hadley FA, Davies RH, Newell DG, Sayers AR, Cheasty T, Cassar C, Ridley A, Cook AJC, Evans SJ, Teale CJ, Smith RP, McNnally A, Toszeghy M, Futter R, Kay A and Paiba GA, 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain during 2003. Epidemiology and Infection, 136(6), 739–751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Minihan D, O'Mahony M, Whyte P and Collins JD, 2003. An investigation on the effect of transport and lairage on the faecal shedding prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B‐Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 50(8), 378–382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Mitchell G and Linklater K, 1983. Differential diagnosis of scouring in lambs. In Practice, 5(1), 4–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Mohamed M, Mosha F, Mghamba J, Zaki SR, Shieh W‐J, Paweska J, Omulo S, Gikundi S, Mmbuji P, Bloland P, Zeidner N, Kalinga R, Breiman RF and Njenga MK, 2010. Epidemiologic and Clinical Aspects of a Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Humans in Tanzania, 2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(2), 22–27. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Montoya JG and Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet, 363(9425), 1965–1976. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Moriarty EM, McEwan N, Mackenzie M, Karki N, Sinton LW and Wood DR, 2011. Incidence and prevalence of microbial indicators and pathogens in ovine faeces in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 54(2), 71–81. [Google Scholar]
  231. Motarjemi Y, 2000. Regulatory assessment of HACCP: a FAO/WHO Consultation on the role of government agencies in assessing HACCP. Food Control, 11(5), 341–344. [Google Scholar]
  232. Mudura T, Pop M and Stoichici A, 2007. Different Transylvania's animals species rabies frecquency in comparation with all Romania. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 64(1/2), 600. [Google Scholar]
  233. Mullner P, Jones G, Noble A, Spencer SEF, Hathaway S and French NP, 2009. Source Attribution of Food‐Borne Zoonoses in New Zealand: A Modified Hald Model. Risk Analysis, 29(7), 970–984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Nakagomi O, Mochizuki M, Aboudy Y, Shif I, Silberstein I and Nakagomi T, 1992. Hemagglutination by a human rotavirus isolate as evidence for transmission of animal rotaviruses to humans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30(4), 1011–1013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Nardoni S, Mancianti F and Cecchi S, 2002. Yeasts from ovine droppings: Isolation and characterization. Journal De Mycologie Medicale, 12(3), 127–130. [Google Scholar]
  236. Nesbakken T, 2006. Yersinia infections. In: Foodborne infections and intoxications. Ed Cliver HPRaDO.
  237. Newton KG, Harrison JCL and Wauters AM, 1978. Sources of psychrotrophic bacteria on meat at abattoir. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 45(1), 75–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Nordic Council of Ministers 2006. Risk‐Based Meat Inspection in a Nordic Context. TemaNord; 2006:585, Copenhagen. [Google Scholar]
  239. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 2007. A risk assessment of shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in the Norwegian meat chain with emphasis on dry‐cured sausages. Panel on Biological Hazards, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, Oslo. http://www.vkm.no/dav/1b1d63d5e9.pdf.
  240. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety , 2008. Salmonella diarizonae hos dyr i Norge; konsekvenser for dyr og mennesker [Salmonella diarizonae in animals in Norway; consequences for animals and humans]. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, Panel on Biological Hazards, Oslo. http://www.vkm.no/dav/45b04ed80b.pdf.
  241. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 2012. Great hygienic effects from more strict requirements for the sheep slaughter. Available: http://www.english.vkm.no/eway/default.aspx?pid=278&trg=gontent_6444&Main_6359=6582:0:31,2562&Content_6444=6393:1940688::0:6596:1:::0:0 Accessed 15/08/12.
  242. Ogden ID, Dallas JF, MacRae M, Rotariu O, Reay KW, Leitch M, Thomson AP, Sheppard SK, Maiden M, Forbes KJ and Strachan NJC, 2009. Campylobacter Excreted into the Environment by Animal Sources: Prevalence, Concentration Shed, and Host Association. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 6(10), 1161–1170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. O'Neill CJ, Bolton DJ and Fanning S, 2011. Comparative studies on the survival of Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella in different farm environments. Agriculture, Food and Analytical Bacteriology, 1 (2), 116–122. [Google Scholar]
  244. Oosterom J, Denuyl CH, Banffer JRJ and Huisman J, 1984. Epidemiological investigations on Campylobacter‐jejuni in households with a primary infection. Journal of Hygiene, 93(2), 325–332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Oporto B, Esteban JI, Aduriz G, Juste RA and Hurtado A, 2008. Escherichia coli O157: H7 and non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing E‐coli in healthy cattle, sheep and swine herds in northern Spain. Zoonoses and Public Health, 55(2), 73–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Oporto B, Juste RA, Lopez‐Portoles JA and Hurtado A, 2011. Genetic Diversity among Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Healthy Livestock and Their Links to Human Isolates in Spain. Zoonoses and Public Health, 58(5), 365–375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Opsteegh M, Langelaar M, Sprong H, den Hartog L, de Craeye S, Bokken G, Ajzenberg D, Kijlstra A and Van der Giessen J, 2010a. Direct detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in meat samples using magnetic capture and PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 139(3), 193–201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Opsteegh M, Prickaerts S, Frankena K and Evers EG, 2011. A quantitative microbial risk assessment for meatborne Toxoplasma gondii infection in The Netherlands. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 150(2–3), 103–114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Opsteegh M, Teunis P, Mensink M, Zuchner L, Titilincu A, Langelaar M and Van der Giessen J, 2010b. Evaluation of ELISA test characteristics and estimation of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in Dutch sheep using mixture models. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 96(3–4), 232–240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Orden JA, Cortes C, Horcajo P, de la Fuente R, Blanco JE, Mora A, Lopez C, Blanco J, Contreras A, Sanchez A, Corrales JC and Dominguez‐Bernal G, 2008. A longitudinal study of verotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli in two dairy goat herds. Vet Microbiol, 132(3–4), 428–434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Orden JA, Ruiz‐Santa‐Quiteria JA, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Mora A, Cid D, Gonzalez EA, Blanco J and de la Fuente R, 2003. Prevalence and characterization of Vero cytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy sheep and goats. Epidemiology and Infection, 130(2), 313–321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Oryan A, Mansourian M, Moazeni M, Nikahval B and Barband S, 2011. Liver distomatosis in cattle, sheep and goats of Northeastern Iran. Global Veterinaria, 6(3), 241–246. [Google Scholar]
  253. Palmer CM 2008. The future for abattoirs. Food Standards Agency, United Kingdom: Available http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/board/fsa080504a2.pdf Accessed 17/05/13. [Google Scholar]
  254. Patterson JT and Gibbs PA, 1978. Sources and properties of some organisms isolated in two abattoirs. Meat Science, 2(4), 263–273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Pavlovic I, Ivanovic S, Zujovic M, Tomic Z and Memisi N, 2012. Studies on the endoparasites of goats in spread Belgrade area in period 2009–2010. Archiva Zootechnica, 15(4), 27–31. [Google Scholar]
  256. Peel MM, Palmer GG, Stacpoole AM and Kerr TG, 1997. Human lymphadenitis due to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: report of ten cases from Australia and review. Clin Infect Dis, 24(2), 185–191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Peralta B, Casas M, de Deus N, Martin M, Ortuno A, Perez‐Martin E, Pina S and Mateu E, 2009. Anti‐HEV antibodies in domestic animal species and rodents from Spain using a genotype 3‐based ELISA. Veterinary Microbiology, 137(1–2), 66–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Phebus RK, Nutsch AL, Schafer DE, Wilson RC, Riemann MJ, Leising JD, Kastner CL, Wolf JR and Prasai RK, 1997. Comparison of steam pasteurization and other methods for reduction of pathogens on surfaces of freshly slaughtered beef. Journal of Food Protection, 60(5), 476–484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Philbey AW, Glastonbury JRW, Links IJ and Matthews LM, 1991. Yersinia species isolated from sheep with enterocolitis. Australian Veterinary Journal, 68(3), 108–110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Phillips D, Jordan D, Morris S, Jenson I and Sumner J, 2006. Microbiological quality of Australian sheep meat in 2004. Meat Science, 74(2), 261–266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Phillips D, Sumner J, Alexander JF and Dutton KM, 2001. Microbiological quality of Australian sheep meat. Journal of Food Protection, 64(5), 697–700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Pierard D, Van Damme L, Moriau L, Stevens D and Lauwers S, 1997. Virulence factors of verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli isolated from raw meats. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63(11), 4585–4587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Pires SM, Vieira AR, Perez E, Wong DLF and Hald T, 2012. Attributing human foodborne illness to food sources and water in Latin America and the Caribbean using data from outbreak investigations. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 152(3), 129–138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Pires SM, Vigre H, Makela P and Hald T, 2010. Using Outbreak Data for Source Attribution of Human Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis in Europe. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7(11), 1351–1361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Pisoni G, Zadoks RN, Vimercati C, Locatelli C, Zanoni MG and Moroni P, 2009. Epidemiological investigation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus involved in clinical mastitis in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(3), 943–951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Plonka M, Bielanski W, Konturek SJ, Targosz A, Sliwowski Z, Dobrzanska M, Kaminska A, Sito E, Konturek PC and Brzozowski T, 2006. Helicobacter pylori infection and serum gastrin, ghrelin and leptin in children of Polish shepherds. Digestive and Liver Disease, 38(2), 91–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Pointon A, Kiermeier A and Fegan N, 2012. Review of the impact of pre‐slaughter feed curfews of cattle, sheep and goats on food safety and carcase hygiene in Australia. Food Control, 26(2), 313–321. [Google Scholar]
  268. Popescu R, Pistol A, Miltaru L, Caplan D, Cucuiu R and Popovici F, 2011. Two cases of infection with Bacillus anthracis, Romania, October 2011. Euro surveillance: bulletin europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 16(45). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Pospischil A, 2006. Enzootic abortion in ewes: A review of recent developments in diagnostics. Small Ruminant Research, 62(1–2), 113–115. [Google Scholar]
  270. Poulin M‐F and Boivin G, 2009. A case of disseminated infection caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology, 20(2), 59–61. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Prendergast DM, Lendrum L, Pearce R, Ball C, McLernon J, O'Grady D, Scott L, Fanning S, Egan J and Gutierrez M, 2011. Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in beef and sheep abattoirs in Ireland and characterisation of isolates by Pulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multi‐Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis. Int J Food Microbiol, 144(3), 519–527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Pritchard GC, Smith R, Ellis‐Iversen J, Cheasty T and Willshaw GA, 2009. Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in animals on public amenity premises in England and Wales, 1997 to 2007. Veterinary Record, 164(18), 545–549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Pritchard J, 1990. Salmonella Arizonae in sheep. Canadian Veterinary Journal‐Revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 31(1), 42–42. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Pugh DG and Baird N 2011. Sheep and Goat Medicine. 2nd edt.
  275. Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Carter ME, Donnelly WJ and Leonard FC 2002. In Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, pp. 81–83. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. [Google Scholar]
  276. Rahkio M and Korkeala H, 1996. Microbiological contamination of carcasses related to hygiene practice and facilities on slaughtering lines. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 37(3), 219–228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Retzlaff D, Phebus R, Kastner C and Marsden J, 2005. Establishment of minimum operational parameters for a high‐volume static chamber steam pasteurization system (SPS 400‐SC (TM)) for beef carcasses to support HACCP programs. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2(2), 146–151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Rey J, Sanche S, Blanco JE, de Mendoza JH, de Mendoza MH, Garcia A, Gil C, Tejero N, Rubio R and Alonso JM, 2006. Prevalence, serotypes and virulence genes of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli isolated from ovine and caprine milk and other dairy products in Spain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107(2), 212–217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Richt JA and Rott R, 2001. Borna disease virus: a mystery as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Veterinary Journal, 161(1), 24–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Rieu‐Lesme F and Fonty G, 1999. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the ruminal reservoir of newborn lambs. The Veterinary record, 145(17), 501–501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Roberts TA, 1980. Contamination of meat ‐ effects of slaughter practices on the bacteriology of the red meat carcass. Royal Society of Health Journal, 100(1), 3–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Rodriguez I, Jahn S, Schroeter A, Malorny B, Helmuth R and Guerra B, 2012. Extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases in German isolates belonging to the emerging monophasic Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium 4, 5, 12:i:‐ European clone. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 67(2), 505–508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Rotariu O, Dallas JF, Ogden ID, MacRae M, Sheppard SK, Maiden MCJ, Gormley FJ, Forbes KJ and Strachan NJC, 2009. Spatiotemporal Homogeneity of Campylobacter Subtypes from Cattle and Sheep across Northeastern and Southwestern Scotland. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(19), 6275–6281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Sabirovic M 2002. Salmonella Brandenburg in sheep meat in New Zealand ‐ Preliminary studies to support a risk assessment approach. Thesis. The degree of Masters of Veterinary Sciences in Veterinary Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. [Google Scholar]
  285. Saif NA and Brazier JS, 1996. The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 45(2), 133–137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Samadpour M, Ongerth JE, Liston J, Tran N, Nguyen D, Whittam TS, Wilson RA and Tarr PI, 1994. Occurrence of Shiga‐like toxin‐producing Escherichia coli in retail fresh seafood, beef, lamb, pork, and poultry from grocery stores in Seattle, Washington. Appl Environ Microbiol, 60(3), 1038–1040. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Sanchez S, Beristain X, Martinez R, Garcia A, Martin C, Vidal D, Diaz‐Sanchez S, Rey J, Alonso JM and Herrera‐Leon S, 2012. Subtilase cytotoxin encoding genes are present in human, sheep and deer intimin‐negative, Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O128:H2. Vet Microbiol, 159, 531–535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Savalia CV, Mahendra P and Pal M, 2008. Studies on the reservoir status of leptospirosis in Gujarat. Indian Journal of Field Veterinarians, 4(1), 7–9. [Google Scholar]
  289. Scala A and Varcasia A, 2006. Updates on morphobiology, epidemiology and molecular characterization of coenurosis in sheep. Parassitologia, 48(1–2), 61–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Scharf W, Schauer S, Freyburger F, Petrovec M, Schaarschmidt‐Kiener D, Liebisch G, Runge M, Ganter M, Kehl A, Dumler JS, Garcia‐Perez AL, Jensen J, Fingerle V, Meli ML, Ensser A, Stuen S and von Loewenich FD, 2011. Distinct Host Species Correlate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA Gene Clusters. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49, 790–796. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Scharko P, Johnson J, Mobini S and Pugh DG 2012. Sheep and Goat Medicine (Second Edition) Chapter 19 ‐ Flock and Herd Health Pages 539–556.
  292. Schilling A‐K, Hotzel H, Methner U, Sprague LD, Schmoock G, El‐Adawy H, Ehricht R, Woehr A‐C, Erhard M and Geue L, 2012. Zoonotic Agents in Small Ruminants Kept on City Farms in Southern Germany. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(11), 3785–3793. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Schimmer B, Nygard K, Eriksen HM, Lindstedt BA, Brandal LT, Kapperud G and Aavitsland P, 2008. Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Norway caused by stx2‐positive Escherichia coli O103:H25 traced to cured mutton sausages. Bmc Infectious Diseases, 8(41). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Schroder B and Ring C, 1998. Minimising the bacterial count on lamb carcases by means of slaughtering methods. Fleischwirtschaft, 78(6), 641‐+. [Google Scholar]
  295. SCVMPH (Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health) 2003. Opinion on revision of meat inspection in veal calves. European Commission, Health and Consumer protection directorate‐general. Directorate C‐Scientific Opininos. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/out65_en.pdf. Accessed 14/06/2013.
  296. Seixas Melo LdS, de Castro MB, Leite RC, Moreira EC and de Melo CB, 2010. Main aspects of Leptospira sp infection in sheep. Ciencia Rural, 40(5), 1235–1241. [Google Scholar]
  297. Sekse C, O'Sullivan K, Granum PE, Rorvik LM, Wasteson Y and Jorgensen HJ, 2009. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O103:H25‐Bacteriological investigations and genotyping of isolates from food. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 133(3), 259–264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Sekse C, Sunde M, Lindstedt BA, Hopp P, Bruheim T, Cudjoe KS, Kvitle B and Urdahl AM, 2011. Potentially Human‐Pathogenic Escherichia coli O26 in Norwegian Sheep Flocks. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(14), 4949–4958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Shanahan A, Good M, Duignan A, Curtin T and More SJ, 2011. Tuberculosis in goats on a farm in Ireland: epidemiological investigation and control. Veterinary Record, 168(18), 485–U448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Sharma CS, Bedi SK, Gill JPS, Aulakh RS and Sharma JK, 2003. Study on prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in meat and meat products and its enterotoxigenicity. Journal of Veterinary Public Health, 1(2), 125–128. [Google Scholar]
  301. Shukla CL and Negi SK, 1984. A study of the sero‐prevalence of influenze‐A viruses in sheep and goats. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 5(1), 35–36. [Google Scholar]
  302. Skjerve E, Waldeland H, Nesbakken T and Kapperud G, 1998. Risk factors for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Norwegian slaughter lambs. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 35(3), 219–227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Slee KJ and Button C, 1990. Enteritis in sheep and goats due to Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Australian Veterinary Journal, 67(11), 396–398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Slee KJ and Skilbeck NW, 1992. Epidemiology of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica infections in sheep in Australia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30(3), 712–715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Snow LC, Wearing H, Stephenson B, Teale CJ and Coldham NG, 2011. Investigation of the presence of ESBL‐producing Escherichia coli in the North Wales and West Midlands areas of the UK in 2007 to 2008 using scanning surveillance. Veterinary Record, 169(25), 656–U639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Soderqvist K, Boqvist S, Wauters G, Vagsholm I and Thisted‐Lambertz S, 2012. Yersinia enterocolitica in sheep ‐ a high frequency of biotype 1A. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 54. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Sofos JN and Smith GC, 1998. Nonacid meat decontamination technologies: Model studies and commercial applications. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 44(3), 171–188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Spickler AR 2007. Anthrax. March 2007 (Last Updated). At http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/factsheets.php. Accessed 14/06/2013.
  309. Sproston EL, Ogden ID, MacRae M, Dallas JF, Sheppard SK, Cody AJ, Colles FM, Wilson MJ, Forbes KJ and Strachan NJC, 2011. Temporal Variation and Host Association in the Campylobacter Population in a Longitudinal Ruminant Farm Study. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(18), 6579–6586. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Sreter T, Kalman D, Sreterne Lancz Z, Szell Z and Egyed L, 2005. [Babesia microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: two emerging zoonotic pathogens in Europe and Hungary]. Orvosi hetilap, 146(13), 595–600. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Stanley KN, Wallace JS, Currie JE, Diggle PJ and Jones K, 1998. Seasonal variation of thermophilic Campylobacters in lambs at slaughter. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84(6), 1111–1116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Strachan NJ, Gormley FJ, Rotariu O, Ogden ID, Miller G, Dunn GM, Sheppard SK, Dallas JF, Reid TM, Howie H, Maiden MC and Forbes KJ, 2009. Attribution of Campylobacter infections in northeast Scotland to specific sources by use of multilocus sequence typing. J Infect Dis, 199(8), 1205–1208. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Sumner J, Petrenas E, Dean P, Dowsett P, West G, Wiering R and Raven G, 2003. Microbial contamination on beef and sheep carcases in South Australia. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 81(3), 255–260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Swartz MN, 2001. Current concepts ‐ Recognition and management of anthrax ‐ An update. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(22), 1621–1626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Synnott M, Morse DL, Maguire H, Majid F, Plummer M, Leicester M, Threlfall EJ and Cowden J, 1993. An outbreak of Salmonella mikawasima associated with doner kebabs. Epidemiol Infect, 111(3), 473–481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Tappe D and Buettner DW, 2009. Diagnosis of Human Visceral Pentastomiasis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3(2). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Tappe D, Winzer R, Buttner DW, Strobel P, Stich A, Klinker H and Frosch M, 2006. Linguatuliasis in Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(6), 1034–1036. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Tennant SM, Grant TH and Robins‐Browne RM, 2003. Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 38(2), 127–137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR and Weiss LM, 2000. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. International Journal for Parasitology, 30(12–13), 1217–1258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Tergney A and Bolton DJ, 2006. Validation studies on an online monitoring system for reducing faecal and microbial contamination on beef carcasses. Food Control, 17(5), 378–382. [Google Scholar]
  321. Theves G, 2002. Meat inspection in the second half of the 19th Century, sign of progress in applied sciences. Bulletin de la Societe des sciences medicales du Grand‐Duche de Luxembourg, (1), 35–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Thompson KG, 2008. Skeletal diseases of sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 76(1–2), 112–119. [Google Scholar]
  323. Thurnbull PCB 1998. Guidelines for the Surveillance and Control of Anthrax in Humans and Animals, third edition, 106 pp. Geneva: World Health Organisation. [Google Scholar]
  324. Tzora A, Leontides LS, Amiridis GS, Manos G and Fthenakis GC, 2002. Bacteriological and epidemiological findings during examination of the uterine content of ewes with retention of fetal membranes. Theriogenology, 57(7), 1809–1817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. Uzel M, Sasmaz S, Bakaris S, Cetinus E, Bilgic E, Karaoguz A, Ozkul A and Arican O, 2005. A viral infection of the hand commonly seen after the feast of sacrifice: human orf (orf of the hand). Epidemiology and Infection, 133(4), 653–657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Vanderlinde PB, Shay B and Murray J, 1999. Microbiological status of Australian sheep meat. Journal of Food Protection, 62(4), 380–385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. von Ostertag R, 1892. Handbuch der Fleischbeschau für Tierärzte, Ärzte und Richter. F. Enke, Stuttgart, Germany.
  328. Waddell LA, Rajic A, Sargeant J, Harris J, Amezcua R, Downey L, Read S and McEwen SA, 2008. The zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis ‐ A systematic review. Canadian Journal of Public Health‐Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 99(2), 145–155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Wagner J, Sim WH, Lee KJ and Kirkwood CD, 2013. Current knowledge and systematic review of viruses associated with Crohn's disease. Review in Medical Virology, online publication 2012 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI] [PubMed]
  330. Walker HL, Chowdhury KA, Thaler AM, Petersen KE, Ragland RD and James WO, 2000. Relevance of carcass palpation in lambs to protecting public health. Journal of Food Protection, 63(9), 1287–1290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Wall EC, Bhatnagar N, Watson J and Doherty T, 2012. An Unusual Case of Hypereosinophilia and Abdominal Pain: An Outbreak of Trichostrongylus Imported From New Zealand. Journal of Travel Medicine, 18(1), 59–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Wall R, 2012. Ovine cutaneous myiasis: Effects on production and control. Veterinary Parasitology, 189(1), 44–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Wang Q, Chang BJ and Riley TV, 2010. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Veterinary Microbiology, 140(3–4), 405–417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  334. Wang ZQ and Cui J, 2001. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 1964–1999. Parasite‐Journal De La Societe Francaise De Parasitologie, 8(2), S63–S66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  335. Wang ZQ, Cui J and Shen LJ, 2007. The epidemiology of animal trichinellosis in China. Veterinary Journal, 173(2), 391–398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Watkins GH 2007. Chapter 41: Arthritis In: Aitken I.D. (ed) Diseases of Sheep, Fourth Edition Blackwell Publishing; Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  337. Watkins GH and Jones JET 2007. Chapter 15: Mastitis and contagious agalactia In: Aitken I.D. (ed) Diseases of Sheep, Fourth Edition Blackwell Publishing; Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  338. Weiss SH, Blaser MJ, Paleologo FP, Black RE, McWhorter AC, Asbury MA, Carter GP, Feldman RA and Brenner DJ 1986. Occurrence and distrubution of serotypes of the Arizona subgroup of Salmonella strains in the United States from 1967 to 1976. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23: 1056–64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Weissenbock H, Suchy A, Caplazi P, Herzog S and Nowotny N, 1998. Borna disease in Austrian horses. Veterinary Record, 143(1), 21–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Werber D, Behnke SC, Fruth A, Merle R, Menzler S, Glaser S, Kreienbrock L, Prager R, Tschaepe H, Roggentin P, Bockemuehl J and Ammon A, 2007. Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli infection in Germany ‐ Different risk factors for different age groups. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(4), 425–434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  341. West DM, Bruère AN and Ridler AL 2002. The Sheep. Health, Disease & Production. Massey University, Palmerston North. New Zealand. [Google Scholar]
  342. Winter A and Clarkson M, 2012. Lameness. Eds Winter A, Clarkson M.
  343. Winter AC, 2009. Footrot control and eradication (elimination) strategies. Small Ruminant Research, 86(1–3), 90–93. [Google Scholar]
  344. Wojciech, Staroniewicz Z, Jakubczak A and Ugorski M, 2004. Typing of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates by ITS profiling, REP‐ and ERIC‐PCR. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 51(5), 238–244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Wong TL, Hollis L, Cornelius A, Nicol C, Cook R and Hudson JA, 2007. Prevalence, numbers, and subtypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in uncooked retail meat samples. Journal of Food Protection, 70(3), 566–573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  346. Zdragas A, Tsakos P, Kotzamanidis C, Anatoliotis K and Tsaknakis I, 2005. Outbreak of mastitis in ewes caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Deltion tes Ellenikes Kteniatrikes Etaireias = Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 56(2), 114–121. [Google Scholar]
  347. Zheng D, Chen J and Tang Z, 2008. A case of Trichinella spiralis infection caused by eating air‐dry raw mutton. Zhongguo Bingyuan Shengwuxue Zazhi / Journal of Pathogen Biology, 3(4), 280–275, 280. [Google Scholar]
  348. Zupancic Z, Drazenovic V, Biuk‐Rudan N, Milas Z and Susic V, 1992. Antibodies for type A and B influenza virus of human origin in sheep and goat sera from the territory of Croatia. Veterinarski Arhiv, 62(3), 139–146. [Google Scholar]
  349. Zweifel C and Stephan R, 2003. Microbiological monitoring of sheep carcass contamination in three Swiss abattoirs. Journal of Food Protection, 66(6), 946–952. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Zweifel C, Zychowska MA and Stephan R, 2004. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in slaughter sheep. Archiv Fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 55(2), 35–38. [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Baker PK, Dalrymple RH, Ingle DL and Ricks CA, 1984. Use of a β‐adrenergic agonist to alter muscle and fat deposition in lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 59, 1256–1261. [Google Scholar]
  2. Barbosa J, Cruz C, Martins J, Silvia JM, Neves C, Alves C, Ramos F and Noronha da Silveira MR, 2005. Food poisoning by clenbuterol in Portugal. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22, 563–566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bendall JG, 2009. Semicarbazide is non‐specific as a marker metabolite to reveal itrofurazone abuse as it can form under Hofmann conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants. Part A, 26, 47–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Casey N, 2005. Special issue plenary papers of the 8th international conference on goats. Small Ruminants Research, Elsevier BV, 60, 1–220. [Google Scholar]
  5. Courtheyn D, Le Bizec B, Brambilla G, de Brabander HF, Cobbaert E, Van de Wiele M, Vercammen J and de Wasch K, 2002. Recent developments in the use and abuse of growth promoters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 473, 71–82. [Google Scholar]
  6. CVMP (Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use) , 2012. CVMP assessment report under Article 30(3) of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 for dapsone as an impurity in veterinary medicinal products containing sulphamethoxazole or other sulphonamides, 12 July 2012. EMA/CVMP/392271/2012. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2013/02/WC500138474.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  7. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2004a. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to Zearalenone as undesirable substance in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 89, 1–35. [Google Scholar]
  8. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2004b. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to Aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 39, 1–27. [Google Scholar]
  9. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2004c. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to Deoxynivalenol (DON) as undesirable substance in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 73, 1–42. [Google Scholar]
  10. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2005a. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to the presence of non dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food. The EFSA Journal, 284, 1–137. [Google Scholar]
  11. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2005b. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to fumonisins as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 235, 1–32. [Google Scholar]
  12. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2005c. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request related to a 9th list of substances for food contact materials. The EFSA Journal, 248, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
  13. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2007a. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to Pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substaces in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 447, 1–51. [Google Scholar]
  14. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2007b. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission related to cyanogenic compounds as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 434, 1–67. [Google Scholar]
  15. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008a. Mercury as undesirable substance in animals feed‐Scientific opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain. The EFSA Journal, 654, 1–76. [Google Scholar]
  16. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008b. Glucosinolates as undesirable substances in animal feed‐Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain. The EFSA Journal, 590, 1–76. [Google Scholar]
  17. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008c. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission on Tropane alkaloids (from Datura spp.) as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 691, 1–55. [Google Scholar]
  18. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008d. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission on Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 725, 1–66. [Google Scholar]
  19. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008e. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission on Gossypol as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 908, 1–55. [Google Scholar]
  20. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008f. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission on Ricin (from Ricinus communis) as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 726, 1–38. [Google Scholar]
  21. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2008g. OPINION of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts. The EFSA Journal, 653, 1–131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2009a. Cadmium in food –Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel). The EFSA Journal, 980, 1–139. [Google Scholar]
  23. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2009b. Scientific Opinion of the Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on request from the European Commission on Saponins in Madhuca longifolia L. as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 979, 1–36. [Google Scholar]
  24. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2010. Results of the monitoring of dioxin levels in food and feed. EFSA Journal, 8(3):1385. [Google Scholar]
  25. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2012. Update of the monitoring of dioxins and PCBs levels in food and feed. EFSA Journal, 10(7):2832. [Google Scholar]
  26. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2010. Scientific Opinion on lead in food. EFSA Journal, 8(4):1570. [Google Scholar]
  27. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2011a. Statement on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium. EFSA Journal, 9(2):1975. [Google Scholar]
  28. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2011b. Scientific Opinion on the risk to public health related to the presence of high levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in liver from sheep and deer. EFSA Journal, 9(7):2297. [Google Scholar]
  29. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2011c. Scientific Opinion on the risk for animal and public health related to the presence of T‐2 and HT‐2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA Journal, 9(12):2481. [Google Scholar]
  30. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2011d. Scientific Opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA Journal, 9(11):2406. [Google Scholar]
  31. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2011e. Scientific Opinion on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA Journal, 9(5):2156. [Google Scholar]
  32. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2011f. Scientific Opinion on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA Journal, 9(7):2296. [Google Scholar]
  33. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2012a. Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA Journal, 10(12):2985. [Google Scholar]
  34. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) , 2012b. Scientific Opinion on Ergot alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA Journal, 10(7):2798. [Google Scholar]
  35. EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) , 1996. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. Chlorpromazine. Summary report, 3 pp.
  36. EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) , 1997a. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. Furazolidone. Summary report. 3 pp.
  37. EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) , 1997b. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. Metronidazole. Summary report, 5 pp.
  38. EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) , 1999. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. Dapsone (1). Summary report, 2 pp. [Google Scholar]
  39. EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) , 2009. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. Chloramphenicol. Summary report. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500012060.pdf.
  40. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization) , 1988. Expert committee on food additives. Chloramphenicol –toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food, WHO Food Additives Series 23, WHO, Geneva, 1–71. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v23je02.htm.
  41. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives) , 2004. Evaluaion of certain veterinary drug residues in food. Sixty‐second meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), Rome, Italy, 4–12 February 2004. WHO Technical Report Series 925, WHO, Geneva. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_925.pdf. [PubMed]
  42. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives) , 2011. Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food; WHO Food Additives Series, 63. WHO/JECFA monographs 8, WHO, Geneva, 1–799. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241660631_eng.pdf.
  43. Hamscher G, Priess B, Nau H and Panariti E, 2005. Determination of colchicine residues in sheep serum and milk using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 77, 2421–2425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hoogenboom LAP, Berghmans MCJ, Polman THG, Parker R and Shaw IC, 1992. Depletion of protein‐bound furazolidone metabolites containing the 3‐amino‐2‐oxazolidinone side‐chain from liver, kidney and muscle tissues from pigs. Food Additives and Contaminants, 9, 623–630. Hoenicke K, Gatermann R, Hartig L, Mandix M and Otte S, 2004. Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) in food by hypochlorite treatment: is SEM a specific marker for nitrofurazone abuse? Food Additives and Contaminants, 21, 526‐537.1302201 [Google Scholar]
  45. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) , 1979. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Sex hormones (II). Volume 21 Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol21/volume21.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  46. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) , 1990. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Pharmaceutical drugs. Volume 50 Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol50/mono50.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  47. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) , 2001. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Some Thyrotropic Agents. Volume 79 Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol79/mono79.pdf. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. IARC (International agency for research on cancer) , 2012. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 100 A Pharmaceuticals. A review of human carcinogens. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100A/mono100A.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  49. Kowalczyk J, Ehlers S, Fürst P, Schafft H, and Lahrssen‐Wiederholt M, 2012. Transfer of perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) from contaminated feed into milk and meat of sheep: pilot study. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 288–298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Le Bizec B, Bichon E, Deceuninck Y, Prèvost S, Monteau F, Antignac J‐P and Dervilly‐Pinel G, 2011. Towards a criterion for suspect thiouracil administration in animal husbandry. Food Additives and Contaminants, 28, 840–847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Loizzo A, Gatti GL, Macri A, Moretti G, Ortolani E and Palazzesi S, 1984. Italian babyfood containing diethylstilbestrol –3 years later. Lancet, 1, 1014–1015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Löllgen RM, Calza A‐M, Schwitzgebel VM and Pfister RE, 2011. Aplasia cutis congenita in surviving co‐twin after propylthiouracil exposure in utero. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 24, 215–218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Pinel G, Mathieu S, Cesbron N, Maume D, de Brabander HF, Andre F and Le Bizec B, 2006. Evidence that urinary excretion of thiouracil in adult bovine submitted to a cruciferous diet can give erroneous indications of the possible illegal use of thyreostats in meat production. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23, 974–980. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW and Constable PD, 2007. Diseases associated with inorganic and farm chemicals. In: Radostits OM, Gay CG, Hinchcliff KW. and Constable PD. (Eds), Veterinary Medicine 10th edition Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Publications, 1823–1824. [Google Scholar]
  55. Rodriguez‐Garcia C, Gonzalez‐Hernandez S, Hernandez‐Martin A, Pérez‐Robayna N, Sánchez R and Torrelo A, 2011. Aplasia cutis congenita and other anomalies associated with methimazole exposure during pregnancy. Pediatric Dermatology, 28, 743–745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Russo J, Hasan Lareef M, Balogh G, Guo S and Russo IH, 2003. Estrogen and its metabolites are carcinogenic agents in human breast epithelial cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 87, 1–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Sarnsonova JV, Douglas AJ, Cooper KM, Kennedy DG and Elliott CT, 2008. The identification of potential alternative biomarkers of nitrofurazone abuse in animal derived food products. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 1548–1554. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) , 2001. Opinion on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxins‐like PCBs in food. CS/CNTM/DIOXIN/20 final. Opinion adopted on the 22nd of November 2000, Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
  59. SCVPH (Scientific Committee on Veterinary measures relating to Public Health) , 1999. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health on Assessment of potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products, adopted on 30 April 1999. Available from: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scv/outcome_en.html.
  60. SCVPH (Scientific Committee on Veterinary measures relating to Public Health) , 2000. Review of Specific Documents relating to the SCVPH Opinion on 30 April 99 on the potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/out33_en.pdf.
  61. SCVPH (Scientific Committee on Veterinary measures relating to Public Health) , 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on veterinary measures relating to public health on review of previous SCVPH opinions of 30 April 1999 and 3 May 2000 on the potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/out50_en.pdf.
  62. Underwood EJ and Suttle NF, 1999. The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd edition Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Google Scholar]
  63. Vanden Bussche J, Noppe H, Verheyden K, Wille K, Pinel G, Le Bizec B and de Brabander HF, 2009. Analysis of thyreostats: a history of 35 years. Analytica Chimica Acta, 637, 2–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Van den Berg, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, de Vito M, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, Rose M, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tohyama C, Tritscher A, Tuomisto J, Tysklind M, Walker N and Peterson RE, 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin‐like compounds. Toxicological Sciences, 93, 223–241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Vos JG, Stephany RW, Caspers JW, Van Loon J Th G, Metzlar J W H and Overhaus H B M, 1982. Weight increase of the thyroid gland as a tentative screening parameter to detect the illegal use of thyreostatic compounds in slaughter cattle, Veterinary Quarterly, 4, 1–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Waltner‐Toews D and McEwen SA, 1994, Residues of hormonal substances in foods of animal origin: a risk assessment. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 20, 235–247. [Google Scholar]
  67. Watson DH, 2004. Pesticide, veterinary and other residues in food. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd., 686 pp. [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Alvarez J, de Juan L, Bezos J, Romero B, Sáez JL, Reviriego Gordejo FJ, Briones V, Moreno MA, Mateos A, Domínguez L and Aranaz A, 2008. Interference of paratuberculosis with the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a goat flock with a natural mixed infection. Veterinary Microbiology, 128, 72–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aranaz A, Cousins D, Mateos A and Domínguez L, 2003. Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. 1999 to species rank as Mycobacterium caprae comb. nov., sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1785–1789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Armour J, 1991. Liver fluke. In: Martin WB. and Aitken ID. (Eds), Diseases of sheep. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 115–121. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bernabé A, Gomez MA, Navarro JA, Gomez S, Sidrach J, Menchen V, Vera A and Sierra MA, 1991. Morphopathology of caprine tuberculosis. I. Pulmonary tuberculosis. Anales de Veterinaria de Murcia, 6/7, 9–20. [Google Scholar]
  5. Bisdorff B, Milnes A and Wall R, 2006. Prevalence and regional distribution of scab, lice and blowfly strike in Great Britain. Veterinary Record, 158, 749–752. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bisdorff B and Wall R, 2008. Control and management of sheep mange and pediculosis in Great Britain. Veterinary Parasitology, 155, 120–126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Charleston WA, Kissling RC, Petrey LA, Marshall BL and Royal WA, 1990. Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in slaughtered sheep and cattle in New Zealand, 1984–85. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 38, 69–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Christodoulopoulos G, 2009. Foot lameness in dairy goats. Research in Veterinary Science, 86, 281–284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. COMISURV Report‐Hardstaff J, Nigsch A, Dadios N, Stärk K, Alonso S and Lindberg A , 2012. Contribution of meat inspection to animal health surveillance in sheep and goats. Supporting Publications EN‐320, 43 pp. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/320e.pdf.
  10. Conington J, Nicoll L, Mitchell S and Buenger L, 2010b. Characterisation of white line degeneration in sheep and evidence for genetic influences on its occurrence. Veterinary Research Communications, 34, 481–489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Conington J, Speijers MHM, Carson AF, Johnston S and Hanrahan S, 2010a. Foot health in sheep – prevalence of hoof lesions in UK and Irish sheep. In: Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science Annual Conference, Belfast, p. 340.
  12. Crawshaw T, Daniel R, Clifton‐Hadley R, Clark J, Evans H, Rolfe S and de la Rua‐Domenech R, 2008. TB in goats caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Veterinary Record, 163, 127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Daniel R and Mitchell S, 2002. Fasciolosis in cattle and sheep. Veterinary Record, 151, 219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Daniel R, Evans H, Rolfe S, de la Rua‐Domenech R, Crawshaw T, Higgins RJ, Schock A and Clifton‐Hadley R, 2009. Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in golden Guernsey goats in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 165, 335–342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Edwards DS, Christiansen KH, Johnston AM and Mead GC, 1999. Determination of farm‐level risk factors for abnormalities observed during post‐mortem meat inspection of lambs: a feasibility study. Epidemiology and Infection, 123, 109–119.EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2003. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) on a request from the Commission on Tuberculosis and control in Bovine Animals: Risks for human health strategies. The EFSA Journal, 13, 1‐52. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. EFSA Panels on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), and on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) , 2011. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (swine). EFSA Journal, 9(10):2351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. EFSA Panels on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), and on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) , 2012. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (poultry). EFSA Journal, 10(6):2741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fairweather I, 2011. Reducing the future threat from (liver) fluke: realistic prospect or quixotic fantasy? Veterinary Parasitology, 180, 133–143.FAWC (Farm Animal Welfare Council), 2011. Opinion on lameness in sheep. London, UK: FAWC, 16 pp. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ferre I, Ortega‐Mora LM and Rojo‐Vazquez FA, 1995. Seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep in Northwestern Spain. Parasitology Research, 81, 137–142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. FSA (Food Standards Agency) , 2013a. A qualitative risk and benefit assessment for visual‐only postmortem inspection of cattle, sheep, goats and farmed/wild deer. London, UK: FSA, 94 pp. [Google Scholar]
  21. FSA (Food Standards Agency) , 2013b. An evaluation of food chain information (FCI) and collection and communication of inspection results (CCIR) for all species. London, UK: FSA, 144 pp. [Google Scholar]
  22. Garcia AB, 2012. The use of data mining techniques to discover knowledge from animal and food data: examples related to the cattle industry. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 29, 151–157. [Google Scholar]
  23. Glosser JW, 1988. Back to the future: the animal health monitoring system – a political necessity being addressed in the United States. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 84(Suppl.), 42–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gutiérrez M, Samper S, Gavigan JA, García Marín JF and Martín C, 1995. Differentiation by molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis strains causing tuberculosis in cattle and goats. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 2953–2956. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hill NP, Murphy PE, Nelson AJ, Mouttotou N, Green LE and Morgan KL, 1997. Lameness and foot lesions in adult British dairy goats. Veterinary Record, 141, 412–416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hodgkinson O, 2010. The importance of feet examination in sheep health management. Small Ruminant Research, 92, 67–71. [Google Scholar]
  27. Kaler J and Green LE, 2008. Naming and recognition of six foot lesions of sheep using written and pictorial information: a study of 809 English sheep farmers. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 83, 52–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kissling RC and Petrey LA, 1989. Comparison of New Zealand and European community ovine liver inspection procedures. Surveillance, 16, 12–13. [Google Scholar]
  29. Knowles TG, 1998. A review of the road transport of slaughter sheep. Veterinary Record, 143, 212–219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Knowles TG, Warriss PD, Brown SN and Edwards JE, 1998. Effects of stocking density on lambs being transported by road. Veterinary Record, 142, 503–509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Liébana E, Aranaz A, Urquía JJ, Mateos A and Domínguez L, 1998. Evaluation of the gamma‐interferon assay for eradicaiton of tuberculosis in a goat herd. Australian Veterinary Journal, 76, 50–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. McKenzie A, 1987. Cost‐effective meat inspection: the scientific basis. Surveillance, 14, 8–9. [Google Scholar]
  33. Manga Y, González‐Lanza C, Del Pozo P and Hidalgo R, 1990. Kinetics of Fasciola hepatica egg passage in the faeces of sheep in the Porma basin, Spain. Acta Parasitology Polonia, 35, 149–157. [Google Scholar]
  34. Marianelli C, Cifani N, Capucchio M, Fiasconaro M, Russo M, La Mancusa F, Pasquali P and Di Marco V, 2010. A case of generalized bovine tuberculosis in a sheep. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 445–448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Mendoza MM, de Juan L, Menéndez S, Ocampo A, Mourelo J, Sáez JL, Domínguez L, Gortázar C, Juan F and Balseiro A, 2012. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in sheep. The Veterinary Journal, 191, 267–269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) , 2006. Animal production food safety working group. Guide to good farming practices for animal production food safety. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 25, 823–836. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ollerenshaw CB, 1959. The ecology of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). Veterinary Record, 71, 957–963. [Google Scholar]
  38. Quintas H, Reis J, Pires I and Alegria N, 2010. Tuberculosis in goats. Veterinary Record, 166, 437–438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Rodriguez‐Campos S, González S, de Juan L, Romero B, Bezos J, Casal C, Álvarez J, Fernández‐de‐Mera IG, Castellanos E, Mateos A, Sáez‐Llorente JL, Domínguez L, Aranaz A and Spanish Network on Surveillance Monitoring of Animal Tuberculosis, 2012. A database for animal tuberculosis (mycoDB.es) within the context of the Spanish national programme for eradication of bovine tuberculosis. Infection Genetics Evolution, 12, 877–882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rojo‐Vázquez FA, Meana A, Valcárcel F and Martínez‐Valladares M, 2012. Update on trematode infections in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology, 189, 115–138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Shanahan A, Good M, Duignan A, Curtin T, More SJ, 2011. Tuberculosis in goats on a farm in Ireland: epidemiological investigation and control. Veterinary Record, 168, 485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Sharpe AE, Brady CP, Johnson A, Byrne W, Kenny K and Costello E, 2010. Concurrent outbreak of tuberculosis and caseous lymphadenitis in a goat herd. Veterinary Record, 166, 591–592. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Taylor MA, 2012. Emerging parasitic diseases in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology, 189, 2–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Urquhart GM, Duncan J, Armour L, Dunn J. and Jennings AM. (Eds), 1996. Fasciolidae. In: Veterinary Parasitology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, pp. 103–113. [Google Scholar]
  45. Van der Burgt G, 2010. Mycobacterium bovis causing clinical disease in adult sheep. Veterinary Record, 166, 306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from EFSA Journal are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES