Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006 Apr 28;94(1):137–169. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1986.tb01168.x

Organ‐Specific Autoimmunity: A 1986 Overview

Gian Franco Bottazzo 1, Ian Todd 1, Rita Mirakian 1, Antonio Belfiore 1, Ricardo Pujol‐Borrell 1
PMCID: PMC7165626  PMID: 3026954

The content is available as a PDF (2.0 MB).

REFERENCES

  1. Acres, R. B. , Lamb, J. R. & Feldmann, M. (1985) Effects of platelet‐derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on antigen induced proliferation of human T‐cell lines. Immunology 54, 9–16. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adams, D. D. , (1956) The clinical status of patients whose sera have given the abnormal response when assayed for thyrotropin. Proc. Univ. Otago. Med. Sch. 34, 29–35. [Google Scholar]
  3. Adams, D. D. (1958) The presence of an abnormal thyroid‐stimulating hormone in the serum of some thyrotoxic patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 18, 699–712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aichinger, G. , Fill, H. & Wick, G. (1985) In situ immune complexes, lymphocytes subpopulations and HLA‐DR positive epithelial cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Lab. Invest. 52, 132–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alviggi, L. , Johnston, C. , Hoskins, P. J. , Tee, D. E. H. , Pyke, D. A. , Leslie, R. G. D. & Vergani, D. (1984) Pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes: A role for activated T‐ lymphocytes. Lancet ii, 4–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baekkeskov, S. , Nielsen, J. H. Marner, B. , Bilde, T. , Ludvigsson, J. & Lernmark, A. (1982) Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet cell proteins. Nature 298, 167–169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ballardini, G. , Bianchi, F. B. , Mirakian, R. , Pisi, E. & Bottazzo, G. F. HLA‐A, B, C and HLA‐D/DR on liver biopsies from patients with chronic liver disease, (submitted for publication).
  8. Ballardini, G. , Mirakian, R. , Bianchi, F. B. , Pisi, E. , Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1984) Aberrant expression of HLA‐DR antigens on bile duct epithelium in primary biliary cirrhosis: relevance to pathogenesis. Lancet ii, 1009–1013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Banga, J. P. , Pryce, G. , Hammond, L. & Roitt, I. M. (1985) Structural features of the autoantigens involved in thyroid autoimmune disease: the thyroid microsomal/microvillar antigen. Mol. Immunol. 22, 629–642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Beall, G. N. , Rapoport, B. , Chopra, I. J. & Kruger, S. R. (1986) Further studies of the production by rabbits of thyroid‐stimulating anti‐idiotypic antibodies to TSH In: Proceedings of the 9th International Thyroid Congress, Sao Paulo, September 1985. Plenum Press, New York (in press). [Google Scholar]
  11. Belfiore, A. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Mauerhoff, T. , Mirakian, R. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986) Effect of SV‐40 transformation on HLA expression by thyroid follicular cells: a rise of a population of DR positive thyrocytes. Annales d'endocrinol. 47, 17.(abstract). [Google Scholar]
  12. Betterle, C. , Caretto, A. , Zeviani, M. , Pedini, B. & Salviati, C. (1984) Demonstration and characterization of anti‐human mitochondria autoantibodies in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and in other conditions. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 62, 353–360. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Betterle, C. , Mirakian, R. , Doniach, D. , Bottazzo, G. P. , Riley, W. & MacLaren, N. K. (1984) Antibodies to melanocytes in vitiligo. Lancet. i, 159.(letter). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bicker, U. , Pahlke, W. , Romer, K. G. , Teuber, J. & Usadel, K. H. (1986) In: Proceedings of Symposium on Immunology of Diabetes, Edmonton, Canada, June 1986. Elsevier Science Publishers; (in press). [Google Scholar]
  15. Blizzard, R. M. , Chee, D. & Davis, W. (1966) The incidence of parathyroid and other antibodies in the sera of patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1, 119–128. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bodansky, H. J. , Grant, P. J. , Grant, J. T. D , Dean, B. M. , McNally, J. M. , Bottazzo, G. F. , Hambling, P. H. & Wales, J. K. Islet cell and insulin autoantibodies in association with common viral infections. Diabetic Med. (in press). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bottazzo, G. F. (1984) Beta cell damage in diabetic insulitis: are we approaching the solution Diabetologia. 26, 241–249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bottazzo, G. F. (1986) Death of a Beta Cell: Homicide or Suicide Diabetic Medicine. 3, 119–130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bottazzo, G. R. , Dean, B. M. , Gorsuch, A. N. , Cudworth, A. G. & Doniach, D. (1980) Complement‐fixing islet cell antibodies in Type I diabetes: Possible monitors of active beta‐cell damage. Lancet i, 668–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bottazzo, G. F. , Dean, B. M. , McNally, J. M. , MacKay, E. H. , Swift, P. G. F. & Gamble, D. R. (1985) In situ characterization of autoimmune phenomena and expression of HLA molecules in the pancreas in diabetic insulitis. N. Eng. J. Med. 313, 353–360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bottazzo, G. F. & Doniach, D. (1985) Polyendocrine Autoimmunity: An extended concept In: Autoimmunity and Endocrine disease, ed. Volpe R., pp. 375–403. [Google Scholar]
  22. Bottazzo, G. F. & Doniach, D. (1986) Autoimmune thyroid disease. Ann. Rev. Med. 37, 353–359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bottazzo, G. R. , Florin‐Christensen, A. & Doniach, D. (1974) Islet cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiences. Lancet ii, 1279–1283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bottazzo, G. F. & Lendrum, R. (1976) Separate autoantibodies to human pancreatic glucagon and somatostatin cells. Lancet ii, 873–876. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bottazzo, G. F. , Pouplard, A. , Florin‐Christensen, A. & Doniach, D. (1975) Autoantibodies to prolactin‐secreting cells of human pituitary. Lancet ii, 97–101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Bottazzo, G. F. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. & Gale, E. (1986) Autoimmunity and diabetes: progress, consolidation and controversy. The Diabetes Annual 2, 13–29. [Google Scholar]
  27. Bottazzo, G. F. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Hanafusa, T. & Feldmann, M. (1983) Role of aberrant HLA‐DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet ii, 1115–1119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Bottazzo, G. F. , Todd, I. & Pujol‐Borrell, R. (1984) Hypothesis for the genetic contribution to the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. Immunol. Today 5, 230–231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Broberger, O. & Perlmann, P. (1961) Demonstration of an epithelial antigen in colon by means of fluorescent antibodies from children with ulcerative colitis. J. Exp. Med. 115, 13–25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Burden, A. C. , & Rosenthal, F. D. (1983) Methimazole and insulin autoimmune syndrome. Lancet ii, 1311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Charreire, J. & Michel‐Bechet, M. (1982) Syngeneic sensitization of mouse lymphocytes on monolayers of thyroid epithelial cells IIL Induction of thyroiditis by thyroid‐sensitized T lymphoblasts. Eur. J. Immunol. 12, 421–425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Chiovato, L. , Hammond, L. J. , Hanafusa, T. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1983) Detection of thyroid growth immunoglobulins (TGI) by [H] thymidine incorporation in cultured rat thyroid follicles. Clin. Endocrinol. 19, 581–590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Colman, R. G. , Campbell, I. L. & Harrison, L. C. (1985) Characterization of the 64,000 MW autoantigen in insulin‐dependent diabetes. Diabetes 34 69A. 4018422 [Google Scholar]
  34. Colman, P. G. , Campbell, I. L. & Harrison, L. C. Antibodies in insulin‐dependent diabetics to pancreatic islet cells: reactivity with a 64,000 molecular weight surface protein with the properties of bovine albumin, (submitted for publication).
  35. Compston, A. & Vincent, A. (1985) Multiple Sclerosis and Myasthenia Gravis. Clin. Immunol. Allergy 5, 569–584. [Google Scholar]
  36. Czamocka, B. , Ruf, J. , Ferrand, M. , Carayon, P. & Lissitzky, S. (1985) Purification of the human thyroid peroxidase and its identification as the microsomal antigen involved in autoimmune thyroid diseases. EEBS Lett. 190, 147–152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Dawkins, R. L. & Garlepp, M. J. (1985) Autoimmune diseases of muscle: myasthemia gravis and myositis In: The Autoimmune Disease, eds. Rose N. R. & MacKay I. R., pp. 591–615. Academic Press, New York . [Google Scholar]
  38. De Aizpurua, H. J. , Toh, B. H. & Ungar, B. (1983a) Parietal cell surface reactive autoanti‐ body in pernicious anaemia demonstrated by indirect membrane immunofiuorescence. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 52, 341–349. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. De Aizpurua, H. J. , Ungar, B. & Toh, B. H. (1983b) Flow microfluodmetric analysis of autoantibody reactions with parietal cell surface membranes in pernicious anaemia. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 54, 405–410. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Dean, B. M. , Becker, R. , McNally, J. M. , Tarn, A. C. , Schwartz, G. , Gale, E. A. M. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1986) Insulin autoantibodies in the pre‐diabetic period: Correlation with islet cell antibodies and development of diabetes. Diabetologia 29, 339–342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. De Bruin, T. W. A. , Van De Heide, D. , Queddo, A. & Krol, M. C. (1984) Direct and quantitative measurement by immunoprecipitation assay of anti‐thyrotropin receptor antibodies in sera of patients with Graves' disease. Clin. Endocrinol. 20, 143–151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. De Lazzari, F. , Mirakian, R. , Hammond, L. , Venturi, C. , Naccarato, R. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1985) Are some duodenal ulcer cases due to autoimmunity? Studies on gastric parietal cell c‐AMP stimulating autoantibodies. (Submitted for publication). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  43. Del Prete, G. F. , Maggi, E. , Mariotti, S. , Tiri, A. , Vercelli, D. , Parronchi, P. , Macchia, D. , Pinchera, A. , Ricci, M. & Romagnani, S. (1986) Cytolytic T lymphocytes with natural killer activity in thyroid infiltrate of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: analysis at clonal level. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62, 1–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Dobi, S. & Lenkey, B. (1982) Role of secretagogue immunoglobulin in gastric acid secretion. Ada Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 69, 9–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Doniach, D. (1976) Clinical observations and hypotheses related to TSH receptors In: Biochemical basis of thyroid stimulation and thyroid hormone action, eds. Muhlen A. V. & Schleusener H., pp. 24–36. [Google Scholar]
  46. Thieme Georg, Stuttgart. Doniach, D. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Drexhage, H. A. (1981) The autoimmune endocrinopathies In: Clinical Aspects of Immunology, 4th Ed., eds. Peters K. & Lachman P. J., pp. 903–937. Blackwell, Oxford . [Google Scholar]
  47. Drexhage, H. A. , Bottazzo, G. F. , Bitensky, L. , Chayen, J. & Doniach, D. (1981) Thyroid growth‐blocking antibodies in primary myxedema. Nature 289, 594–596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Drexhage, H. A. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Doniach, D. (1983) Thyroid growth stimulating and blocking antibodies In: Cytochemical Bioassay Techniques and Applications, eds. Chayen J. & Bitensky L, pp. 153–172. Marcel Dekker, New York . [Google Scholar]
  49. Drexhage, H. A. , Bottazzo, G. F. , Doniach, D. , Bitensky, L. & Chayen, J. (1980) Evidence for thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins in some goitrous thyroid diseases. Lancet ii, 287–292. [Google Scholar]
  50. Ealey, P. A. , Emmerson, J. M. , Bidey, S. P. & Marshall, N. J. (1985) Thyrotrophin stimulation of the rat thyroid cell strain FRTL‐5: a metaphase index assay for the detection of thyroid growth stimulators. J. Endocrinol. 106, 203–210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Endo, K. , Kasagi, K. , Konishi, J. , Ikekubo, K. , Okuno, T. , Takeda, Y. , Mori, T. & Torizuka, K. (1978) Detection and properties of TSH‐binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46, 734–739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Escobar, M. E. , Cigorraga, S. B. , Chiauzzi, V. A. , Charrau, Eh. & Rivarola, M. A. (1982) Development of the gonadotropic resistant ovary syndrome in myasthemia gravis: suggestion of similar autoimmune mechanism. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 99, 431–436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Feldmann, M. , Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986) The heterogeneity of autoimmune response In: Immunology of Rheumatic Disease, eds. Gupta S. & Talal N., pp. 271–300 Plenum Pub. Corp. New York . [Google Scholar]
  54. Fenzi, G. F. , Bartalena, L. , Chiovato, L. , Marcocci, C. , Rotella, C. M. , Zonefrati, R. , Toccafondi, R. & Pinchera, A. (1982) Studies on thyroid cell surface antigens using cultured human thyroid cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 47, 336–344. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Feutren, G. , Assau, R. , Karrenty, G. , DuRostu, H. , Sizumai, J. , Papoz, L. , Vialettes, B. , Vexian, P. , Rodier, M. , Lallemand, A. & Bach, J. F. (1986) Cyclosporin increases the rate and length of remissions in insulin‐dependent diabetes of recent onset ‐ results of a multicentre double‐blind trail. Lancet i, 119–124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Flier, J. S. , Kahn, C. R. , Jarrett, D. B. & Roth, J. (1976) Characterization of antibodies to the insulin receptor: a cause of insulin‐resistant diabetes in man. J. Clin. Invest. 58, 1442–1449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Foulis, A. K. & Farquharson, M. A. (1986) Aberrant expression of HLA‐DR antigens by insulin containing beta cells in recent onset Type I (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetes (in press). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Fraser, C. M. , Veuter, J. C. & Kaliner, M. (1981) Autonomic abnormalities and autoantibodies to Beta‐adrenergic receptor. N. Engl. J. Med. 305, 1165–1170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Freedmann, Z. R. , Feed, C. M. , Irvine, W. J. , Lernmark, A. , Rubenstein, A. H. , Steiner, D. F. & Huen, A. (1979) Islet cell cytoplasmic and cell surface antibodies in diabetes mellitus. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 96, 64–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Gafni, M. , Ben David, H. , Gordon, A. & Gross, J. (1986) The induction of immunoglobulins that stimulate thyroid growth, iodide concentration and cause TSH binding in the mouse In: Proceedings of the 9th International Thyroid Congress, Sao Paulo, September 1985. Plenum Press, New York (in press). [Google Scholar]
  61. Gallatin, W. M. , Weissman, I. L. & Butcher, E. C. (1983) A cell‐surface molecule involved in organ‐specific homing of lymphocytes. Nature 304, 30–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Gepts, W. & DeMey, J. (1978) Islet cell survival determined by morphology: an immunohistochemical study of the islets of Langerhans in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 11, 251–61 (Suppl, 1). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Goudi, R. B. & Pinkerton, P. H. (1962) Anterior hypophysitis and Hashimoto's disease in young women. J. Pathol. Bacieriol. 83, 584–585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Hamada, N. , Grimm, C. , Mori, H. & DeGroot, L. (1985) Identification of a thyroid microsomal antigen by Western blot and immunoprecipitation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61, 120–128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Hanafusa, T. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Chiovato, L. , Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1984) In vitro and in vivo reversal of thyroid epithelial polarity: its relevance for autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 51, 639–646. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Hanafusa, T. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Chiovato, L. , Russell, R. C. G. , Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1983) Aberrant expression of HLA‐DR antigen on thyrocytes in Graves' disease: relevance for autoimmunity. Lancet. ii, 111–1–1115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Hirata, Y. (1983) Methimazole and insulin autoimmune syndrome with hypoglycaemia. Lancet ii, 1037–1038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Hohlfeld, R. , Toyka, K. V. , Heininger, K. , Gross‐Wilde, H. & Kalies, T. (1984) Autoimmune human T lymphocytes specific for acetylcholine receptor. Nature 310, 244–246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Janossy, G. , Panayi, G. , Duke, O. , Bofill, M. , Poulter, L. W. & Goldstein, G. (1981) Rheumatoid arthritis: a disease of T‐lymphocyte/macrophage immunoregulation. Lancet ii, 839–842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Jansson, R. , Karlsson, A. & Forsum, LI. (1985) Intrathyroid HLA‐DR expression and T lymphocyte phenotypes in Graves' thyrotoxicosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and nodular colloid goitre. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 58, 264–272. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Jones, H. W. , Lendrum, R. , Marks, J. M. , Mirakian, R. , Bottazzo, G. R. , Sarson, D. L. & Bloom, S. R. (1983) Autoantibodies to gut secretin cells as markers of peptide deficiency. Gut 24, 427–432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Juppner, H. , Bialasiewice, A. A. & Hesch, D. (1978) Autoantibodies to parathyroid hormone receptor. Lancet ii, 1222–1224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kagnoff, M. R. , Austin, R. K. , Hubert, J. J. , Bernardin, J. E. & Kasarda, D. D. (1984) Possible role of a human adenovirus in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. J. Exp. Med. 160, 1544–1557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kahn, C. R. , Kasuga, M. , King, G. L. & Grunfeld, C. (1982) Autoantibodies to insulin receptors in man: Immunological determinants and mechanism of action In: Receptors, Antibodies and Disease ed. Evered D, pp. 91–105. CIBA Symposium 90. Pitman, London . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kaplan, D. , Colca, J. & McDanial, M. (1983) Insulin as a surface marker on isolated cells from rat pancreatic islets. J. Cell. Biol. 97, 433–437. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Karsenty, G. , Michel‐Bechet, M. & Charreire, J. (1985) Monoclonal human thyroid cell line GEJ expressing human thyrotropin receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 2120–2124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kennedy, R. G. E. , Narayan, O. , Ghotbi, Z. , Hopkins, J. , Gendelman, H. E. & Clements, J. E. (1985) Persistent expression of la antigen and viral genome in Visna‐Maedi virus‐induced inflammatory cells. Possible role of lentivirus‐induced interferon. J. Exp. Med. 162, 1970–1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Khoury, E. L. , Bottazzo, G. R. & Roitt, I. M. (1984) The thyroid ‘microsomal’ antibody revisited: Its paradoxical binding in vivo to the apical surface of the follicular epithehum. J. Exp. Med. 159, 577–591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Khoury, E. L. , Hammond, L. , Bottazzo, G. R. & Doniach, D. (1981a) Surface reactive antibodies to adrenal cells in Addison's disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 45, 48–58. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Khoury, E. L. , Hammond, L. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Doniach, D. (1981b) Presence of organ‐specific ‘microsomal’ autoantigen on the surface of human thyroid cells in culture: its involvement in complement‐mediated cytotoxicity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 45, 316–328. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Klareskog, L. , Forsum, U. , Scheynius, A. , Kabehtz, D. & Wigzell, H. (1982) Evidence in support of a self‐perpetuating HLA‐DR‐dependent delayed‐type cell reaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 3632–3636. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Knight, A. , Knight, J. , Laing, P. & Adams, P. (1984) Coexisting thyroid and gastric autoimmune disease are not due to cross‐reactive autoantibodies. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 14, 141–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kohn, L. D. , Valente, W. A. , Alvarez, R. Y. , Rotella, C. M. , Marcocci, C. , Toccafondi, R. S. & Grouman, E. R. (1985) New procedures for detecting Graves' immunoglobulins In: Autoimmunity and the Thyroid, eds. Walfish G., Wall J. R. & Volpe R., pp. 217–247. Academic Press, New York . [Google Scholar]
  84. Konishi, J. , Iida, Y. , Kasagi, K. , Endo, K. , Misaki, T. & Torizuka, K. (1984) Thyrotropin‐receptor blocking antibodies In:Endocrinology, eds. Labrie R. & Proulx L., pp. 559–562. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam . [Google Scholar]
  85. Lamb, J. R. & Reldmann, M. (1983) Essential requirement for major histocompatibility complex recognition in T cell tolerance induction. Nature 308, 12–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Lendrum, R. , Walker, S. G. & Gamble, D. R. (1975) Islet cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus of recent onset. Lancet i, 880–882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Lernmark, A. , Freedman, Z. R. , Hofman, C. , Rubenstein, A. , Steiner, D. F. , Jackson, R. L. , Winter, R. J. & Traisman, H. S. (1978) Islet cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 299, 375–380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Lindhal, G. , Hedfors, E. , Klareskog, L. & Forsum, U. (1985) Epithelial HLA‐DR expression and T lymphocyte subsets in salivary glands in Sjorgren syndrome. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 61, 475–482. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Lindstrom, J. , Seybold, M. E. , Lennon, V. A. , Whittingham, S. & Duane, D. D. (1976) Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in Myasthenia Gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates and diagnostic value. Neurology (Minneap.) 26, 1054–1059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lloyd, R. V. , Johnson, T. L. , Blaivas, M. , Sisson, J. C. & Wilson, B. S. (1985) Detection of HLA‐DR antigen in paraffin‐embedded thyroid epithelial cells with a monoclonal antibody. Am. J. Pathol. 120, 106–111. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Londei, M. , Bottazzo, G. R. & Reldmann, M. (1985) Human T cell clones from autoimmune thyroid glands: specific recognition of autologous thyroid cells. Science 228, 85–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Londei, M. , Bottazzo, G. R. & Feldmann, M. (1986) Analysis of intrathyroid T cells from a Hashimoto's thyroiditis gland In: Proceedings of the 9th International Thyroid Congress, Sao Paulo, Sept, 1985. Plenum Press, New York (in press). [Google Scholar]
  93. Londei, M. , Lamb, J. R. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Feldmann, M. (1984) Epithelial cells expressing aberrant MHC Class II determinants can present antigen to cloned human T cells. Nature 312, 639–641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Loveridge, N. , Bitensky, L. , Chayen, J. , Hausamer, T. U. , Fischer, J. M. , Taylor, K. B. , Gardner, J. D. , Bottazzo, G. R. & Doniach, D. (1980) Inhibition of parietal cell function by human gamma‐globulin containing gastric parietal cell antibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 41, 264–70. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Lucas‐Martin, A. , Foz, M. , Todd, I. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Pujol‐Borrell, R. Inappropriate HLA Class II expression in a wide variety of thyroid diseases, (submitted for publication). [DOI] [PubMed]
  96. Maron, R. , Elias, D. , de Jongh, B. M. , Bruining, G. J. , Van Rood, J. J. , Schechter, Y. & Cohen, I. R. (1983) Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor in juvenile onset insuhn dependent diabetes. Nature 303, 817–818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Masala, C. , Smurra, G. , Di Prima, M. A. , Amendolea, M. A. , Celestino, D. & Salsano, F. (1980) Gastric parietal cell antibodies: Demonstration by immunofluorescence of their reactivity with the surface of the gastric parietal cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 41, 271–280. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Massa, P. T. Dorries, R. & ter Meulen, V. (1986) Viral particles induce la antigen expression on astrocytes Nature. 320, 543–546. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Matsuura, N. , Yamada, Y. , Nohara, Y. , Konishi, J. , Kasagi, K. , Endo, K. , Kojima, H. & Wataya, K. (1980) Familial neonatal transient hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH‐ binding inhibitor immunoglobulins. TV. Engl. J. Med. 303, 738–741. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Messenger, A. G. , Bleehen, S. S. , Slater, D. N. & Rooney, N. (1984) Expression of HLA‐ DR in hair follicles in alopecia areata. Lancet ii, 287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Mirakian, R. , Richardson, A. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Doniach, D. (1981) Humoral autoimmunity to gut‐related endocrine cells. Clin. Immunol. Newslett. 2, 161–167. [Google Scholar]
  102. Mirakian, R. , Richardson, A. , Milla, P. J. , Unsworth, J. , Walker‐Smith, J. , Savage, M. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986) Idiopathic protracted diarrhoea of infancy: an autoimmune variant. Br. Med. J. (in press). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Naparstek, Y. , Cohen, I. R. , Fuks, Z. & Vlodavsky, I. (1984) Activated T lymphocytes produce a matrix‐degrading heparan sulphate endoglycosidase. Nature 310, 241–244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Naughton, G. K. , Fisenger, M. & Bustry, N. J. C. (1983) Antibodies to normal human melanocytes in vitiligo. J. Exp. Med. 158, 246–251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Nayak, R. C. , Omar, M. A. K. , Rabizadeh, A. , Srikanta, S. & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1985) ‘Cytoplasmic’ islet cell antibodies: evidence that the target antigen is a sialoglycoprotein. Diabetes 34, 617–619. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Neufeld, M. & Blizzard, R. M. (1980) Polyglandular autoimmune disease In: Autoimmune aspects of endocrine disorders, eds. Pinchera A., Doniach D., Fenzi G. F. & Baschieri L., pp. 357–365. Academic Press, New York . [Google Scholar]
  107. Nitsch, L. & Wollman, S. H. (1980) Ultrastructure of intermediate stages in polarity reversal of thyroid epithelium in follicles in suspension culture. J. Cell. Biol. 86, 875–882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Okabe, N. , Inoue, K. & Mori, R. (1983) Effects of antithyroid drugs on lymphocyte proliferative responses to lectins: relationship between insulin autoimmune syndrome and methimazole. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 11, 167–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Palmer, J. P. , Asplin, C. M. , Demons, P. , Lyen, K. , Tatpati, O. , Raghu, P. K. & Paquette, T. L. (1983) Insulin antibodies in insulin‐dependent diabetics before insulin treatment. Science 222, 1337–1339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Pinchera, A. , Fenzi, G. F. , Mariotti, S. , Vitti, P. , Macchia, E. , Chiovato, L. , Marcocci, C. & Bartalena, L. (1984) Membrane antigens in thyroid autoimmune diseases In: Endocrinology, eds. Labrie F. & Proulx L., pp. 469–472 Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam . [Google Scholar]
  111. Plotz, P. H. (1983) Autoantibodies are anti‐idiotype antibodies to antiviral antibodies. Lancet ii, 824–826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Portmann, L. , Hamada, N. , Heinrich, G. & Degroot, L. J. (1985) Antithyroid peroxidase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: possible identity with anti‐ microsomal antibody. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61, 1001–1003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Posillico, J. T. , Wortsman, J. , Srikanta, S. , Eisenbarth, G. S. & Brown, E. M. (1986) Parathyroid cell surface autoantibodies inhibit parathyroid hormone secretion from human parathyroid cells. Proceedings of the American Society for Clinica. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Pozzilli, P. & Di Mario, U. (1984) Lymphocyte subpopulations and circulating immune complexes: their relationship in the pathogenesis of Type I (insulin‐dependent) diabetes In: Immunology in Diabetes, eds. Andreani D., Di Mario U., Federlin K. F. & Heding L. G., pp. 133–142. Kimpton Medical Publications, London . [Google Scholar]
  115. Prabhakar, B. S. , Saegusa, S. , Onedera, T. & Notkins, A. L. (1984) Lymphocytes capable of making monoclonal antibodies that react with multiple organs are a common feature of normal B cell repertoire. J. Immunol. 133, 2815–2821. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Hanafusa, T. , Chiovato, L. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1983) Lectin‐induced expression of DR antigen on human cultured follicular thyroid cells. Nature 303, 71–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Khoury, H. L. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1982) Islet cell surface antibodies in Type I (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus: use of human fetal pancreas cultures as substrate. Diabetologia 22, 89–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Todd, I. , Adolf, G. R. , Feldmann, M. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986a) In vivo and in vitro demonstration of HLA Class II products on human islet beta cells In: Proceedings of Symposium on Immunology of Diabetes, Edmonton, Canada , June 1986, eds. Molnan G. D. & Jaworski M. A. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (in press). [Google Scholar]
  119. Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Todd, I. , Becker, F. , Foulis, A. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986b) Surface antigens of the human beta cells: detection of insulin and study of MHC modulation In: Diabetes 1985, eds. Serrano‐Rios M. & Lefebvre P. J., pp. 505–508. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam . [Google Scholar]
  120. Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Todd, I. , Doshi, M. , Gray, D. , Feldmann, M. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986c) Differential expression and regulation of MHC products in the endocrine and exocrine cells of the human pancreas. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 65, 128–139. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Raines, K. R. , Baker Jr., J. R. , Lukes, Y. G. , Wartofsky, L. & Burman, K. D. (1985) Antithyrotropin Antibodies in the Sera of Graves' Disease Patients. J. Clin. Endoerinol. Metab. 61, 217–222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Roitt, I. M. (1984) Prevailing theories in autoimmune disorders. Triangle 23, 67–76. [Google Scholar]
  123. Roitt, I. M. , Doniach, D. , Campbell, R. N. & Hudson, R. V. (1956) Autoantibodies in Hashimoto's disease (lymphoadenoid goitre). Lancet ii, 820–822. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Roitt, I. M. , Ling, N. R. , Doniach, D. & Couchman, K. G. (1964) The cytoplasmic autoantigen of the human thyroid. I. Immunological and biochemical characteristics. Immunology 7, 375–393. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Roitt, I. M. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Hanafusa, T. , Delves, P. J. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Kohn, L. D. (1984) Asialoagalactothyroglobulin binds to the surface of human thyroid cells at a site distinct from the ‘microsomal’ autoantigen. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 56, 129–134. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Salamero, J. & Charreire, J. (1985) Syngeneic sensitization of mouse lymphocytes on monolayers of thyroid epithelial cells (TEC) VII. Generation of thyroid specific cytotoxic effector cells. Cell. Immunol. 91, 111–118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Satoh, J. , Essani, K. , McChntock, P. R. & Notkins, A. L. (1984) Human multiple organ‐reactive monoclonal autoantibody recognises growth hormone and a 35,000–molecular weight protein. J. Clin. Invest. 74, 1526–1531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Satoh, J. , Prabhakar, B. S. , Haspel, M. Y. , Ginsberg‐Fellner, F. & Notkins, A. (1983) Human monoclonal autoantibodies that react with multiple endocrine organs. N. Engl. J. Med. 300, 217–220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Schatz H. & Doniach D., (eds) (1983) Autoimmunity in Thyroid Disorders. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart . [Google Scholar]
  130. Scherbaum, W. A. , Blaschek, M. , Berg, P. , Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986a) Spectrum 168 BOTTAZZO ET AL. and profiles of non‐organ‐specific autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases In: Immunocytochemistry. Modern methods and applications, 2nd Ed, eds. Polak S. M. & Van Norden S. pp. 477–491. J. Wright, Bristol . [Google Scholar]
  131. Scherbaum, W. A. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1983) Autoantibodies to vasopressin cells in idiopathic diabetes insipidus: evidence for an autoimmune variant. Lancet i, 889–901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Scherbaum, W. A. , Mirakian, R. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Dean, B. M. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1986b) Immunocytochemistry in the study and diagnosis of organ‐specific autoimmune diseases In: Immunocytochemistry. Modern methods and applications 2nd Ed, eds. Polak J. M. & Van Noorden S. pp. 456–76. J. Wright, Bristol . [Google Scholar]
  133. Selby, W. S. , Janossy, G. , Mason, D. Y. & Jewell, D. P. (1983) Expression of HLA‐DR antigens by colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 53, 614–618. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Shechter, Y. , Elias, D. , Maron, R. & Cohen, I. R. (1984) Mouse antibodies to the insulin receptor developing spontaneously as anti‐idiotypes. I. Characterization of the antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6411–6415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Shechter, Y. , Maron, R. , Elias, D. & Cohen, I. R. (1982) Autoantibodies to insulin receptor spontaneously develop as anti‐idiotypes in mice immunized with insulin. Science 216, 542–544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Shoelson, S. E. , Marshall, S. , Horikoshi, H. , Kolterman, O. G. , Rubenstein, A. H. & Olefsky, J. M. (1986) Antiinsulin receptor antibodies in an insulin‐dependent diabetic may arise as autoantiidiotypes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63, 56–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Sibley, D. K. , Sutherland, D. R. R. , Goetz, R. C. & Michael, A. R. (1985) Recurrent diabetes mellitus in the pancreas iso and allograft: a light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical analysis. Lab. Invest. 53, 132–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Smyth, R. P. A. , McMullan, N. M. , Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B. & O'Donovan, D. (1986) Thyroid growth‐stimulating immunoglobulins in goitrous disease. Acta Endocrinol. (in press). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Srikanta, S. , Ricker, A. T. , McCulloch, D. K. , Soeldner, J. S. , Eisenbarth, G. S. , & Palmer, J. P. (1986) Autoimmunity to insulin, beta cell dysfunction and development of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 35, 139–147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Stiller, C. R. , Dupre, J. , Gent, M. , Venmer, M. R. , Keown, P. A. , Laupacis, A. , Martell, R. , Rodger, N. W. , Groffenied, B. V. & Wolfe, B. J. J. (1984) Effect of cyclosporine immunosuppression in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus of recent onset. Science 223, 1363–1367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Sutherland, D. E. R. (1986) Clinical and experimental islet and pancreas transplantation: overview of selected topic In: Proceedings of Symposium on Immunology of Diabetes, Edmonton, Canada, June 1986, eds. Molnan G. D. & Jaworski M. A. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam (in press). [Google Scholar]
  142. Sutherland, D. E. R. , Sibley, R. & Chinn, P. (1984) Twin to twin pancreas transplantations: Reversal and re‐enactment of the pathogenesis of type I diabetes. Clin Res. 32, 561. A. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Swana, G. T. , Swana, M. R. , Bottazzo, G. R. & Doniach, D. (1977) A human mitochondrial antibody (AHMA). Its importance in the identification of organ‐specific reactions. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 28, 517–525. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Taylor, I. L. , Calam, J. , Rotter, J. L. , Vaillant, C. , Samloff, I. M. , Cook, A. , Simkin, E. & Dockray, G. J. (1981) Ramily studies of hypergastrinemic, hyperpepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer. Ann. Intern. Med. 95, 421–425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Teding Van Berkhout, R. , Croughs, R. J. M. , Kater, L. Schuurman, H. J. , Gmelig Meyling, F. J. H. , Kooyman, C. D. Van Der Gaag, R. D. , Jolink, D. & Drexhage, H. (1986) Ramilial Cushing's syndrome due to nodular adrenocortical displasia, a putative receptor‐antibody disease Clin. Endocrinol. 24, 299–310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Todd, I. , Abdul‐Karim, B. A. S. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Feldmann, M. & Bottazzo, G. R. (1986a) Dissection and characterization of the spontaneous and induced expression of HLA‐ D/DR by thyroid epithelium In: Proceedings of 9th International Thyroid Congress, Sao Paulo, Sept, 1985. Plenum Press, New York (in press). [Google Scholar]
  147. Todd, I. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1985a) Laboratory investigation of autoimmune endocrine diseases. Clin. Immunol. Allergy 5, 613–638. [Google Scholar]
  148. Todd, I. , Lucas Martin, A. , Abdul‐Karim, B. A. S. , Hammond, L. J. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1986b) HLA‐D subregion expression by thyrocytes is associated with the occurrence of circulating thyroid autoantibodies. Ann. d'Endocrinol. 47, 20.(Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  149. Todd, I. , McNally, J. M. , Hammond, L. J. & Pujol‐Borrell, R. (1986c) TSH enhances expression by thyrocytes of interferon‐gamma induced HLA‐D/DR In: Proceedings of the 9th International Thyroid Congress, Sao Paulo, Sept, 1985. Plenum Press, New York (in press). [Google Scholar]
  150. Todd, I. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Bottazzo, G. F. , Londei, M. & Feldmann, M. (1986d) Autoantigen presentation by target cells: its possible role in determining autoantibody specificity. Ann. Inst. Pasteur) Immunol. 137D, 168–173. [Google Scholar]
  151. Todd, I. , Pujol‐Borrell, R. , Hammond, L. J. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Feldmann, M. (1985b) Interferon‐gamma induces HLA‐DR expression by thyroid epithelium. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 61, 265–273. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Topliss, D. , How, T. , Lewis, M. , Row, V. & Volpe, R. (1983) Evidence for cell‐mediated immunity and specific suppressor T‐lymphocyte dysfunction in Graves' disease and diabetes mellitus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57, 700–705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Unanue, E. R. , Belter, D. I. , Lu, C. Y. & Allen, P. M. (1984) Antigen presentation: comments on its regulation and mechanism. J. Immunol. 132, 1–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Valenta, L. J. , Bull, R. W. , Hackel, E. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1982) Correlation of the HLA‐ Al B8 haplotypes with circulating autoantibodies in a family with increased incidence of autoimmune disease. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 100, 143–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Vandelli, C. , Bottazzo, G. F. , Doniach, D. & Franceschi, G. (1979) Autoantibodies to gastrin‐producing cells in antral (Type B) chronic gastritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 300, 1406–1410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Van der Gaag, R. D. , Drexhage, H. A. & Dussault, J. H. (1985a) Role of maternal immunoglobulin blocking TSH‐induced thyroid growth in sporadic forms of congenital hypothyroidism. Lancet i, 246–250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Van der Gaag, H. A. , Drexhage, H. A. , Wiersinga, W. M. , Brown, R. S. , Docter, R. , Bottazzo, G. F. & Doniach, D. (1985b) Further studies on thyroid growth‐stimulating immunoglobulins in euthyroid nonendemic goiter. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 60, 972–979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Vento, S. , Hegarty, J. E. , Bottazzo, G. F. , Macchia, E. , Williams, R. & Eddleston, A. L. W. F. (1984) Antigen specific suppressor cell function in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Lancet i, 1200–1204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Walker, E. B. , Maino, Y. , Sanchez‐Lanier, M. , Warner, N. & Stewart, C. (1984) Murine gamma interferon activates the release of a macrophage‐derived la‐inducing factor that transfers Ia inductive capacity. J. Exp. Med. 159, 1532–1547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Westermark, K. , Karlsson, F. A. & Westermark, B. (1983) Epidermal growth factor modulates thyroid growth and function in culture. Endocrinol. 112, 1680–1686. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Wilkin, T. , Armitage, M. , Casey, C. , Pyke, D. A. , Hoskins, P. J. , Rodier, M. , Diaz, J. L. & Leslie, R. D. G. (1985) Value of insulin autoantibodies as serum markers for insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet i, 480–482. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Wilkin, T. J. & Nicholson, S. (1984) Antibodies against human insulin. Br. Med. J. 288, 349–352. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Wulffraat, N. M. & Drexhage, H. A. (1986) Immunoglobulins stimulating and blocking adrenal growth In: Proceedings of First International Conference on Hormones and Immunity, Toronto , July 1986 (Abstract). [Google Scholar]

Articles from Immunological Reviews are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES