Skip to main content
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2008 Apr 10;27(2):108–116. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb02130.x

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)–the present state of knowledge

HANS LUTZ 1, BEAT HAUSER 1, MARIAN C HORZINCK 1
PMCID: PMC7166396

ABSTRACT

This paper gives a summary of our present knowledge of the aetiology, clinics, diagnosis, pathology and pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. Special emphasis is given to the participation of the immune system in the development of the condition. A therapy protocol is proposed and an extensive list of original literature for further study is presented.

REFERENCES AND BOOK LIST

  • 1. Holzworth, J. (1963) Some important disorders of cats. Cornell Vet. 53, 157–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Feldmann, B.M. & Jortner, B.S. (1964) Clinico pathologic conference. Feline systemic proliferative and exudative vasculitis. J.A.V.M.A. 144, 1409–1420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Wolfe, L.G. & Griesemer, R.A. (1966) Feline infectious peritonitis. Path. Vet. 3, 255–270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Ward, J.M. (1970) Morphogenesis of a virus in cats with experimental feline infectious peritonitis. Virology, 41, 191–194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Ishmael, J. & Howell, J.M.C. (1968) Observations on the pathology of the cat. J. small Anim. Pract. 9, 7–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Pedersen, N.C. (1983) Feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteric coronavirus infections. Feline Pract. 13 (5), 5–20. [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Tuch, K. , Witte, K.H. & Wuller, H. (1974) Feststellung der felinen infektiosen Peritonitis (FIP) bei Hauskatzen und Leoparden in Deutschland. Zbl. Vet. med. B 21, 426–441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Fransen, D.R. (1974) Feline infectious peritonitis in an infant jaguar. Proceedings, Ann. Meeting, Am. Assoc. Zoo Veterinarians, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 261–264.
  • 9. Poelma, F.G. , Peters, J.C. , Mieog, W.H.W. & Zwart, P. (1971) Infektiose Peritonitis beim Karakal (Felis caracal) und Nordluchs (Felis lynx lynx). Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 13th Int. 1, pp. 249–253. [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Theobald, J. (1978) Felidae. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (ed. Fowler M. E.), p. 658, W. B. Saunders Co. [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Horzinek, M.C. & Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (1979) Feline infectious peritonitis: A worldwide serosurvey. Am. J. Vet. Res. 40, 1487–1492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Reynolds, D.J. , Garwes, D.J. & Gaskell, C.J. (1977) Detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus neutralizing antibody in cats. Arch. Virol. 55, 77–83. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Pedersen, N.C. , Ward, J. & Mengeling, W.L. (1978) Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronavirus of other species. Arch. Virol. 58, 45–53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Witte, K.H. , Tuch, K. , Dubenkropp, H. & Walther, C. (1977) Untersuchungen über die Antigenverwandtschaft der Viren der felinen infektiösen Peritonitis und der transmissiblen Gastroenteritis des Schweines. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 90, 396–401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Horzinek, M.C. , Lutz, H. & Pedersen, N.C. (1982) Antigenic relationships among homologous structural polypeptides of porcine, feline and canine coronaviruses. Infect. Immun. 37, 1148–1155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Pedersen, N.C. , Boyle, J.F. , Floyd, K. , Fudge, A. & Barker, J. (1981) An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42, 368–377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Pedersen, N.C. (1976) Morphologic and physical characteristics for feline infectious peritonitis virus and its growth in autochthonous peritoneal cell cultures. Am. J. Vet. Res. 37, 1449–1453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. O'Reilly, K.J. , Fishmann, L.M. & Hitchcock, L.M. (1979) Feline infectious peritonitis; isolation of a coronavirus. Vet. Rec. 104, 348. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Hoshino, Y. & Scott, F.W. (1980) Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies of feline small intestine organ cultures infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41, 686–690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Black, J.W. (1980) Recovery and in vitro cultivation of a coronavirus from laboratory‐induced cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). VM SAC 75, 811–814. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Pedersen, N.C. , Boyle, J.F. & Floyd, K. (1981) Infection studies in kittens, using feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated in cell culture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42, 363–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Evermann, J.F. , Baumgartner, L. , Ott, R.L. , Davis, E.V. & McKeirnan A.J. (1981) Characteristics of a feline infectious peritonitis virus isolate. Vet. Path. 18, 256–265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Horzinek, M.C. , Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. , Wirahadiredja, R.M.S. & de Kreek, P. (1978) Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus. III. Studies on the multiplication of FIP virus in the suckling mouse. Zbl. Vet. Med. B. 25, 806–815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. , Horzinek, M.C. , Wirahadiredja, R.M.S. & Kroon, A. (1978) Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus. IV. Propagation in suckling rat and hamster brain. Zbl. Vet. Med. B. 25, 816–825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Pedersen, N.C. (1984) pers. communication.
  • 26. Siddell, S. , Wege, H. & TerMeulen, V. (1983). The biology of coronaviruses. J. gen. Virol. 64, 761–776. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Horzinek, M.C. (1982) Unpublished observation.
  • 28. Holmberg, C.A. & Gribble, D.H. (1973) Feline infectious peritonitis. Diagnostic gross and microscopic lesions. Feline Pract. 3, 11–14. [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Montali, R.J. & Strandberg, J.D. (1972) Extraperitoneal lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet. Path. 9, 109–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Legendre, A.M. & Whitenack, D.L. (1975) Feline infectious peritonitis with spinal cord involvement in two cats. JA.V.M.A. 167, 931–932. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Slausen, D.O. & Finn, J.P. (1972) Meningoencephalitis and panophthalmitis in feline infectious peritonitis. J.A. V.M.A. 160, 729–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Fankhauser, R. & Fatzer, R. (1977) Meningitis und Chorioependymitis granulomatosa der Katze: Mögliche Beziehungen zur felinen infektiösen Peritonitis (FIP). Kleintierpraxis, 22, 19–22. [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Doherty, M.J. (1971) Ocular manifestations of feline infectious peritonitis. J.A.V.M.A. 159, 417–424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Krebiel, J.D. , Sanger, V.L. & Ravi, A. (1974) Ophthalmic lesions in feline infectious peritonitis: gross, microscopic and ultrastructural changes. Vet. Path. 11, 443–444. [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Campbell, L.H. & Reed, C. (1975) Ocular signs associated with feline infectious peritonitis in two cats. FelinePract. 5 (3), 32–35. [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Pedersen, N.C. (1976) Feline infectious peritonitis. Something old, something new. Feline Pract. 6 (3), 42–51 (1976). [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Weiss, R.C. , Dodds, W.J. & Scott, F.W. (1980) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41, 663–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Kwaan, H.C. (1972) Disorders of Fibrinolysis. The Medical Clinics of North America 56, 163–175. Rossi E. C. (ed.). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Robinson, R.L. , Holzworth, J. & Gilmore, C.E. (1971) Naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis: Signs and clinical diagnosis. J.A.V.M.A. 158, 981–986. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Pedersen, N.C. & Boyle, J.F. (1980) Immunologic phenomena in the effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41, 868–876. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. , Horzinek, M.C. & Reynolds, D.J. (1977). Seroepidemiology of feline peritonitis virus infections using transmissible gastroenteritis virus as antigen. Zbl. Vet. Med. B 24, 835–841. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Lutz, H. , Hauser, B. & Horzinek, M.C. (1984) Die Diagnostik der felinen infektiosen Peritonitis mittels der Serologic Prakt . Tierarzt. 65, 406–408. [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Stünzi, H. & Grevel, V. (1973) Die ansteckende fibrinose Peritonitis der Katze. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 115, 579–586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. Weiss, R.C. & Scott, F.W. (1981) Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. Nature and development of viremia. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42, 382–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Jacobse‐Geels, H.E.L. , Daha, M.R. & Horzinek, M.C. (1980) Isolation and characterization of feline C3 and evidence for the immune complex pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. J. Immunol. 125, 1606–1610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Jacobse‐Geels, H.E.L. , Daha, M.R. & Horzinek, M.C. (1982) Antibody, immune complexes and complement activity fluctuations in kittens with experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43, 666–670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Hayashi, T. , Watabe, Y. , Nakayama, H. & Fujiwara, K. (1982) Enteritis due to feline infectious peritonitis virus. Jpn. J. Vet. Set. 44, 97–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Pedersen, N.C. , Boyle, J.F. , Floyd, K. & Fudge, A. (1981) An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42, 368–377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Colten, H.R. (1976). Biosynthesis of complement. Adv. Immunol. 22, 67–118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Bendtzen, K. (1983) Biological properties of interleukins. Allergy 38, 219–226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Horzinek, M.C. & Pedersen, N.C. (1980) Unpublished results.
  • 52. Pedersen, N.C. , Black, J.W. (1983) Attempted immunization of cats against feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44, 229–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. Barlough, J.E. & Weiss, R.C. (1983) Feline infectious peritonitis. Current Veterinary Therapy VIII (ed. Kirk R. W.), pp. 1186–1193. W. B. Saunders Co. [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Woods, R.D. & Pedersen, N.C. (1979) Cross‐protection studies between feline infectious peritonitis and porcine transmissible gasteroenteritis viruses. Vet. Micro 4, 11–16. [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Small Animal Practice are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES