Skip to main content
PMC home page
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006 Dec 17;540(1):228–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27065.x

Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System

PETER C DOHERTY 1
PMCID: PMC7168035  PMID: 3061336

The content is available as a PDF (749.3 KB).

References

  • 1. Wong, G. H. W. , Bartlett P. F., Clark‐Lewis I., McKimm‐Breschkin J. L. & Schrader J. W.. 1985. Interferon‐γ induces the expression of H‐2 and Ia antigens on brain cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 7: 255–278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Waksman, B. H. 1985. Mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature 318: 104–105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Melnik, J. L. , Seidel E., Wang S.‐S., Muchink G., Rashti E. J., Jacobs L. D., Freeman A. I. & 'Malley J. O.. 1985. Persistence of Inoue‐Melnick virus and antibody in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22: 651–653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Koprowski, H. , De Freitas E. C., Harper M. E., Sandberg‐Wollheim M., Sheremata W. A., Robert‐Guroff M., Saxinger C. W., Feinberg M. B., Wong‐Staal F. & Gallo R. C.. Multiple sclerosis and human T cell lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature 318: 154–160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Ho, D. D. , Pomerantz R. J. & Kaplan J. C.. 1987. Pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 317: 278–286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Zinkernagel, R. M. & Doherty P. C.. 1979. MHC‐restricted T cells: Studies on the biological role of polymorphic major transplantation antigens determining T cell restriction specificity and responsiveness. Adv. Immunol. 27: 51–177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Schwartz, R. H. 1986. Immune response (Ir) genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex. Adv. Immunol. 38: 31–201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Zinkernagel, R. M. & Doherty P. C.. 1974. Immunological surveillance against altered self components by sensitized T lymphocytes in lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Nature 251: 547–548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Reinherz, E. L. , Meuer S. C. & Schlossman S. F.. 1983. The human T cell receptor: Analysis with cytotoxic T cell clones. Immunol. Rev. 74: 83–112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Swain, S. L. 1983. T cell subsets and recognition of MHC cells. Immunol. Rev. 74: 129–142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Dembic, Z. , Haas W., Zamoyska R., Parnes J., Steinmetz M. & Von Boehmer H.. 1987. Transfection of the CD8 gene enhances T cell recognition. Nature 326: 510–511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Sleckman, B. P. , Peterson A., Jones W. K., Foran J. A., Greenstein J. L., Seed B. & Burakoff S. J.. 1987. Expression and function of CD4 in a murine T cell hybridoma. Nature 328: 351–353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Gay, D. , Maddon P., Sekaly R., Talle M. A., Godfrey M., Long E., Goldstein G., Chess L., Axel R., Kappler J. & Marrack P.. 1987. Functional interaction between human T cell protein CD4 and the major histocompatibility complex HLA‐DR antigen. Nature 328: 626–629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Kupfer, A. , Singer S. J., C. A. Janeway, Jr. & Swain S. L.. 1987. Coclustering of CD4 (L3T4) molecule with the T cell receptor is induced by specific direct interaction of helper T cells and antigen‐presenting cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 5888–5892. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Zinkernagel, R. M. 1978. Thymus and lymphohemopoietic stem cells: Their role in T cell maturation, in selection of T cells H‐2 restriction specificity and in H‐2 linked Ir gene control. Immunol. Rev. 42: 224–270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Snodgrass, H. R. , Dembic Z., Steinmetz M. & Von Boehmer H.. 1985. Expression of T cell antigen receptor during fetal development in the thymus. Nature 315: 232–233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Jenkinson, E. J. , Jhittay P., Kingston R. & Owen J. J. T.. 1985. Studies of the role of the thymic environment in the induction of tolerance to MHC antigens. Transplantation 39: 331–333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Lo, D. & Sprent J.. 1986. Identity of cells that imprint H‐2‐restricted T‐cell specificity in the thymus. Nature 319: 672–675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Blackman, M. , Yague J., Kubo R., Gay D., Coleclough C., Palmer E., Kappler J. & Marrack P.. 1986. The T cell receptor may be biased in favor of MHC recognition. Cell 47: 349–357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Sorger, S. B. , Hedrick S. M., Fink P. J., Bookman M. A. & Matis L. A.. 1987. Generation of diversity in T cell receptor repertoire specific for pigeon cytochrome C. J. Exp. Med. 165: 279–301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Iwamoto, A. , Ohashi P. S., Pricher H., Walker C. L., Micualopoulus E. E., Rupp F., Hengartner H. & Mak T. W.. 1987. T cell receptor variable gene usage in a specific cytotoxic T cell response. Primary structure of the antigen‐MHC receptor of four hapten‐specific cytotoxic T cell clones. J. Exp. Med. 165: 591–600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Morel, P. A. , Livingstone A. M. & Fathman C. G.. 1987. Correlation of T cell receptor Vβ gene family with MHC restriction. J. Exp. Med. 166: 583–588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Rock, K. L. & Benacerraf B.. 1984. Thymic T cells are driven to expand upon interaction with self class II major histocompatibility gene products on accessory cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 1221–1224. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Kappler, J. W. , Wade T., White J., Kushnir E., Blackman M., Bill J., Roehm N., & Marrack P.. 1987. A T cell receptor Vβ segment that imparts reactivity to a class II major histocompatibility complex product. Cell 49: 263–271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Davis, M. M. 1985. Molecular genetics of the T cell receptor β chain. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 3: 537–560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Goverman, J. , Hunkapiller T. & Hood L.. 1986. A speculative view of the multicomponent nature of T cell antigen recognition. Cell 45: 475–484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Jerne, N. K. 1971. The somatic generation of immune recognition. Eur. J. Immunol. 1: 1–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Sette, A. , Buus S., Colon S., Smith J. A., Miles C. & Grey H. M.. 1987. Structural characteristics of an antigen required for its interaction with Ia and recognition by T cells. Nature 328: 395–399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Townsend, A. R. M. , Rothbard J., Gotch F. M., Bahadur G., Wraith D. & McMichael A. J.. 1986. The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides. Cell 44: 959–968. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Gotch, F. , Rothbard J., Holland K., Townsend A., & McMichael A.. 1987. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize a fragment of influenza virus matrix protein in association with HLA‐A2. Nature 326: 881–882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Townsend, A. R. M. , McMichael A. J., Carter N. P., Huddleston J. A. & Brownlee G. C.. 1984. Cytotoxic T cell recognition of the influenza nucleoprotein expressed in transfected mouse L cells. Cell 39: 13–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Yewdell, J. W. , Bennink J. R., Smith G. L. & Moss B.. 1985. Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross‐reactive anti‐influenza A virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1785–1789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Pernis, B. 1985. Internalization of lymphocyte membrane components. Immunol. Today 6: 45–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Machy, P. , Truneh A., Gennaro D. & Hoffstein S.. 1987. Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules internalized via coated pits in T lymphocytes. Nature 328: 724–726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Doherty, P. C. , Knowles B. B. & Wettstein P. J.. 1984. Immunological surveillance of tumors in the context of major histocompatibility complex restriction of T cell function. Adv. Cancer Res. 42: 1–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Doherty, P. C. & Zinkernagel R. M.. 1975. A biological role for the major histocompatibility antigens. Lancet I: 1406–1409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Hokfelt, T. , Johansson O., Ljungdahl A., Lundberg J. M. & Schultzberg M.. 1980. Peptidergic neurons. Nature 284: 515–521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Wong, G. H. W. , Bartlett P. F., Clark‐Lewis I., Battye F. & Schrader J. W.. 1984. Inducible expression of H‐2 and Ia‐antigens on brain cells. Nature 310: 688–691. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Kim, S. U. , Moretto G. & Shin D. H.. 1985. Expression of la antigens on the surface of human oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in culture. J. Neuroimmunol. 10: 141–149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Fontana, A. , Erb P., Pircher H., Zinkernagel R., Weber E. & Fierz W.. 1986. Astrocytes as antigen‐presenting cells. Part II. Unlike H‐2K‐dependent cytotoxic T cells, H‐2 Ia‐restricted T cells are only stimulated in the presence of interferon γ. J. Neuroimmunol. 12: 15–28. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. Suzumura, A. , Silderberg D. H. & Lisak R. P.. 1986. The expression of MHC antigens on oligodendrocytes. Induction of polymorphic H‐2 expressions by lymphokines. J. Neuroimmunol. 11: 179–190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Massa, P. T. & Ter Meulen V.. 1987. Analysis of la induction on Lewis rat astrocytes in vitro by virus particles and bacterial adjuvants. J. Neuroimmunol. 13: 259–271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Frank, E. & De Tribolet N.. 1986. Expression of class II major histocompatibility antigens on reactive astrocytes and endothelial cells within the gliosis surrounding metastases and abscesses. J. Neuroimmunol. 12: 26–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. Morris, A. G. , Lin Y. L. & Askonas B. A.. 1982. Immune interferon release when a clones cytotoxic T cell line meets its correct influenza‐infected target cell. Nature 295: 150–152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Doherty, P. C. , Allan J. E., Dixon J. E., Tabi Z. & Ceredig R.. 1987. Characteristics of the CSF inflammatory exudate in murine lymphocytic chorimeningitis In Proceedings of Workshop on Cellular and Humoral Components of CSF in Multiple Sclerosis. Lowenthal A. & Raus J., Eds. Plenum Press. In press. [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Fontana, A. , Kristensen F., Dubs R., Gemsa D. & Weber E.. 1982. Production of prostaglandin E and an interleukin‐1 like factor by cultured astrocytes and C‐6 glioma cells. J. Immunol. 129: 2413–2419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Fontana, A. , Fierz W. & Wekerle H.. 1984. Astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T cell lines. Nature 307: 273–276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Massa, P. T. , Brinkmann R. & Ter Meulen V.. 1987. Inducibility of la antigens on astrocytes by murine coronavirus JHM is rat strain dependent. J. Exp. Med. 166: 259–264. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Botazzo, G. F. , Pujol‐Borrell R., Hanafusa T. & Feldman M.. 1983. Role of aberrant HLA‐DR expression and antigen presentation in the induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet 2: 1115–1119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Allan, J. E. & Doherty P. C.. 1985. Consequences of a single Ir gene defect for the pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Immunogenetics 21: 581–590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Clatch, R. J. , Melvold R. W., Miller S. D. & Lipton H. L.. 1985. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMVE)‐induced demyelinating disease in mice is influenced by the H‐2D region: Correlation and TMEV‐specific delayed type hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 135: 1408–1414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52. Rodriguez, M. & David C. S.. 1985. Demyelination by Theiler's virus: Influence of the H‐2 haplotype. J. Immunol. 135: 2145–2148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. Rodriguez, M. , Leibowitz J. & David C. S.. 1986. Susceptibility to Theiler's virusinduced demyelination. Mapping of the gene within the H‐2D region. J. Exp. Med. 163: 620–631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Clatch, R. J. , Melvold R. W., Dal Canto M. C., Miller S. D. & Lipton H. L.. 1987. The Theiler's murine encephalomyocarditis virus (TMEV) model for multiple sclerosis shows a strong influence of the murine equivalants of HLA‐A, B and C. J. Neuroimmunol. 15: 121–135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. Clatch, R. D. , Lipton H. L. & Miller S. D.. 1986. Characterization of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)‐specific delayed type hypersensitivity in TMEV‐induced demyelinating disease: Correlation with clinical signs. J. Immunol. 136: 920–927. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56. Welsh, C. J. R. , Tonks P., Nash A. A. & Blakemore W. F.. 1987. The effect of L3T4 + T cell depletion on the pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection in CBA mice. J. Gen. Virol. 68: 1659–1667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57. Burnside, S. , Hunt P., Ozato K. & Sears D. W.. 1984. A molecular hybrid of the H‐2Dd and H‐2Ld genes expressed in the dm1 mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5204–5208. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. Murre, C. , Choi E., Weis J., Seidman J. G., Ozato K., Liu L., Burakoff S. & Reiss C. S.. 1984. Dissection of serological and cytolytic T lymphocyte epitopes on murine major histocompatibility antigens by a recombinant H‐2 gene separating the first two external domains. J. Exp. Med. 160: 167–178. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. Allen, H. , Wraith D., Pala P., Askonas B. & Flavell R. A.. 1984. Domain interactions of H‐2 class I antigens alter cytotoxic T cell recognition sites. Nature 309: 279–281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60. Mullbacher, A. , Marshall I. D. & Blanden R. V.. 1979. Cross‐reactive cytotoxic T cells to alphavirus infection. Scand. J. Immunol. 10: 291–296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61. Fazakerley, J. K. & Webb H. E.. 1987. Semliki Forest virus‐induced, immune‐mediated demyelination: adoptive transfer studies and viral persistence in nude mice. J. Gen. Virol. 68: 377–385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62. Baenziger, J. , Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. M. & Cole G. A.. 1986. Induction or prevention of immunopathological disease by cloned cytotoxic T cell lines specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Eur. J. Immunol. 16: 387–393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63. Allan, J. E. , Dixon J. E. & Doherty P. C.. 1987. Nature of the inflammatory process in the central nervous system of mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 134: 131–143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64. Dixon, J. E. , Allan J. E. & Doherty P. C.. 1987. The acute inflammatory process in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis is dependent on Lyt2+ immune T cells. Cell. Immunol. 197: 8–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65. Leist, T. P. , Cobbold S. P., Waldmann H., Aguet M. & Zinkernagel R. M.. 1987. Functional analysis of T lymphocytes in antiviral host defense. J. Immunol. 138: 2278–2281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66. Orn, A. , Goodenow R. S., Hood L., Brayton P. R., Woodward J. G., Harman R. C. & Frelinger J. A.. 1982. Product of a transferred H‐2Ld gene acts as a restriction element for LCMV‐specific killer T cells. Nature 297: 415–417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67. Hansen, T. H. , Cullen S. E., Melvold R. W. & Kohn A. I.. 1977. Mutation in a new H‐2‐associated histocompatibility gene closely linked to H‐2D. J. Exp. Med. 145: 1550–1558. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68. Doherty, P. C. 1986. Virus‐immune T cells and the major histocompatibility complex: Evolution of some basic concepts over the past two years. Experientia 42: 972–977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69. Doherty, P. C. , Blanden R. V. & Zinkernagel R. M.. 1976. Specificity of virusimmune effector T cells for H‐2K or H‐2D compatible interactions; Implications for H‐antigen diversity. Transplant. Rev. 29: 89–124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70. Doherty, P. C. & Allan J. E.. 1986. Role of the major histocompatibility complex in targeting effector T cells into a site of virus infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 16: 1237–1242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71. Doherty, P. C. & Allan J. E.. 1986. Differential effect of hybrid resistance on the targeting of virus‐immune effector T cells to spleen and brain. Immunogenetics 24: 409–415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72. Wekerle, H. , Linington C., Lassman H. & Meyermann R.. 1986. Cell immune reactivity within the CNS. Trends in Neurosci. 9: 271–277. [Google Scholar]
  • 73. Zinkernagel, R. M. , Kreeb G. & Althage A.. 1980. Lymphohemopoietic origin of the immunogenic, virus‐antigen‐present cells triggering anti‐viral T‐cell responses. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 15: 565–576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74. Doherty, P. C. , Korngold R., Schwartz D. H. & Bennink J. R.. 1981. The development and loss of thymic‐competence in bone marrow radiation chimeras and normal mice. Immunol. Rev. 58: 38–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75. Ting, J. P.‐Y. , Nixon D. F., Weiner L. P. & Frelinger J. A.. 1983. Brain Ia‐antigens have a bone marrow origin. Immunogenetics 17: 295–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76. Marker, O. , Thomsen A. R., Volkert M., Hansen B. L. & Clemmensen I. H.. 1985. High dose survival in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection is accompanied by suppressed DTH but unaffected T cell cytotoxicity. Scand. J. Immunol. 21: 81–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77. Doherty, P. C. & Korngold R.. 1983. Characteristics of poxvirus induced meningitis: Virus‐specific and nonspecific cytotoxic effectors in the inflammatory exudate. Scand. J. Immunol. 18: 1–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78. Griffin, D. E. & Hess J. L.. 1986. Cells with natural killer activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal mice and athymic nude mice with acute Sindbis virus encephalitis. J. Immunol. 136: 1841–1845. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79. Allan, J. E. & Doherty P. C.. 1986. Natural killer cells contribute to inflammation but do not appear to be essential for the induction of clinical lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Scand. J. Immunol. 24: 153–162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80. Moench, T. R. & Griffin D. E.. 1984. Immunocytochemical identification and quantitation of the cerebrospinal fluid, meninges and brain during acute viral meningoencephalitis. J. Exp. Med. 159: 77–88. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81. Ceredig, R. , Allan J. E., Tabi Z., Lynch F. & Doherty P. C.. 1987. Phenotypic analysis of the inflammatory exudate in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J. Exp. Med. 169: 1539–1551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82. Doherty, P. C. 1984. “Clearance of experimental viral infections of the central nervous system” In Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuroimmunology. Behan P. O. and Spreafico F., Eds.: 301–310. Plenum Press, New York . [Google Scholar]
  • 83. Johnson, R. T. , Intralawan P. & Puapanwatton S.. 1986. Japanese encephalitis: Identification of inflammatory cells in cerebrospinal fluid. Ann. Neurol. 20: 691–695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84. Lynch, F. , Chaudhri G., Allan J. E., Doherty P. C. & Ceredig R.. 1987. Expression of Pgp‐1 (or Ly24) on sub‐populations of mouse thymocytes and activated peripheral T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 17: 137–140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85. Zinkernagel, R. M. , Pfau C. J., Hengartner H., & Althage A.. 1985. Susceptibility to murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis maps to class I MHC genes—a model for MHC disease associations. Nature 316: 814–817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86. Zinkernagel, R. M. , Leist T., Hengartner H. & Althage A.. 1985. Susceptibility to lymphocytic choriomeningitis isolates correlates directly with early and high cytotoxic T cell activity, as well as with footpad swelling reaction, and all three are regulated by H‐2D. J. Exp. Med. 162: 2125–2141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87. Bryne, J. A. & Oldstone M. B. A.. 1984. Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Clearance of virus in vivo. J. Virol. 51: 682–686. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88. Moskophidis, D. , Cobold S. P., Waldmann H. & Lehmann‐Grube F.. 1987. Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection. Treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected mice with monoclonal antibodies reveals that Lyt2+ T lymphocytes mediate clearance of virus and regulate the antiviral antibody response. J. Virol. 61: 1867–1874. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89. Allan, J. E. & Doherty P. C.. 1985. Immune T cells can protect or induce fatal neurological disease in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Cell. Immunol. 90: 401–407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90. Ahmed, R. , King C.‐C. & Oldstone M. B. A.. 1987. Virus‐lymphocyte interaction: T cells of the helper subset are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis during persistent infection in vivo. J. Virol. 61: 1571–1576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91. Doherty, P. C. 1985. T cells and viral infections. Br. Med. Bull. 41: 7–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92. Morris, A. , Tomkins P. T., Maudsley D. J. & Blackman M.. 1987. Infection of cultured murine brain cells by Semliki Forest virus: Effects of interferon αβ on viral replication, viral antigen display, major histocompatibility complex antigen display and lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol. 68: 99–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93. Fleischer, B. & Kreth H.. 1983. Clonal expansion and functional analysis of virusspecific T lymphocytes from cerebrospinal fluid in measles encephalitis. Human Immunol. 7: 239–248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94. Rotteveel, F. T. M. , Kokkelink I., Van Walbeek H. H., Polman C. H., Van Dongen J. J. M. & Lucas C. J.. 1987. Analysis of T cell receptor gene rearrangement in T cells from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 15: 243–249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES