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. 2009 Sep 28;76(5):448–455. doi: 10.1002/msj.20140

The Significant but Understudied Impact of Pathogen Transmission from Humans to Animals

Jonathan H Epstein 1,✉, Joan T Price 2
PMCID: PMC7168516  PMID: 19787650

Abstract

Zooanthroponotic pathogens, which are transmitted from humans to nonhuman animals, are an understudied aspect of global health, despite their potential to cause significant disease burden in wild and domestic animal populations and affect global economies. Some key human‐borne pathogens that have been shown to infect animals and cause morbidity and mortality include measles virus (paramyxoviruses), influenza A virus (orthomyxoviruses), herpes simplex 1 virus (herpesviruses), protozoal and helminthic parasites, and bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, zooanthroponotic pathogens are most commonly reported in captive animals or domestic livestock with close human contact; there, the potential for economic loss and human reinfection is most apparent. There is also the potential for infection in wild animal populations, which may threaten endangered species and decrease biodiversity. The emergence and reemergence of human‐borne pathogens in wildlife may also have negative consequences for human health if these pathogens cycle back into humans. Many of the anthropogenic drivers of zoonotic disease emergence also facilitate zooanthroponotic transmission. Increasing research to better understand the occurrence of and the potential for bidirectional pathogen transmission between humans and animals is essential for improving global health. Mt Sinai J Med 76:448–455, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Keywords: conservation; conservation medicine; H1N1 influenza A; herpesvirus; methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus; paramyxovirus; primates; tuberculosis; zooanthroponoses, zoonoses

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