Positive association of breastfeeding on respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized infants: a multicenter retrospective study

Abstract

Background

Breastfeeding reportedly reduces the overall frequency of infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common respiratory pathogen in infants, involves recurrent wheezing and has a pathogenic mechanism related to airway structural damage.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate whether breastfeeding has a beneficial effect against RSV-induced respiratory infection compared to formula feeding among infants in Korea.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants under 1 year of age who were admitted with RSV infection between January 2016 and February 2018 at the department of pediatrics of 4 hospitals. We investigated the differences in clinical parameters such as cyanosis, chest retraction, combined infection, fever duration, oxygen use, oxygen therapy duration, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and corticosteroid treatment of exclusive breast milk feeding (BMF), artificial milk formula fed (AMF), and mixed feeding (MF) groups.

Results

Among the 411 infants included in our study, 94, 161, and 156 were included in the BMF, MF, and AMF groups, respectively. The rates of oxygen therapy were significantly different among the BMF (4.3%), MF (8.1%), and AMF (13.5 %) groups (P=0.042). The odds ratios (ORs) for oxygen therapy was significantly higher in the AMF group than in the BMF group (adjusted OR, 3.807; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–11.90; P=0.021). The ICU admission rate of the BMF group (1.1%) was lower than that of the MF (3.5%) and AMF (4.5%) groups; however, the dissimilarity was not statistically significant (P=0.338).

Conclusion

The severity of RSV infection requiring oxygen therapy was lower in the BMF than the AMF group. This protective role of human milk on RSV infection might decrease the need for oxygen therapy suggesting less airway damage.

Graphical Abstract. Infants with artificial milk formula feeding (AMF) required more oxygen therapy during respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory infection than infants with breast milk feeding (BMF) (adjusted odds ratios, 3.807; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–11.90; P=0.021). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate was less among in BMF (1.1%) than AMF (4.5%) group but could not get statistical significance.

Introduction

The policy statement about breastfeeding from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) introduced numerous health benefits of human milk for babies [1]. Human milk has stronger antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties compared with formula milk [2]. Ip et al. [3]. reported the risk of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections during the first year of life is reduced to 72% if infants are exclusively breastfed for more than 4 months.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is nearly universal among children by their second birthday and asymptomatic RSV infection is unusual in young infants. So the hospitalization rate is about 0.5%–4% under the common diagnosis of bronchiolitis and pneumonia although two is often indistinguishable and frequently coexists [4]. It is known that the severity of RSV bronchiolitis may be related to chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, immunodeficiency, low birth weight and prematurity [5]. Other factors associated with RSV infection include winter births, poverty, malnutrition, tobacco smoke exposure, lack of breast feeding and multiple gestations [6]. Furthermore, there were many studies on the increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma in the later life of a patient who has suffered from RSV-induced bronchiolitis [7,8]. Long-term pulmonary maturity might be threatened if young infants contracts severe RSV bronchiolitis [9]. Specific treatment or vaccine against RSV is not yet available; supportive care including hydration and respiratory support can be provided in the hospitals [10]. Palivizumab, which can be used under specific indications due to high cost, has some evidence for prevention and reducing recurrent wheezing among nonatopic children to support the pathogenesis of RSV that damages airway [11]. Thus, effective intervention for severity is urgently needed for high risk infants, especially those aged less than 6 months, to reduce mortality, recurrent wheezing and subsequent asthma [12].

There have been many efforts to find out which could protect infants from the sequelae or mortality by RSV. Human milk feeding was proved to be one of the effective protectors. Nishimura et al. [13]. reported that breastfeeding could reduce the severity of RSV infection among the young infants via multicenter study.

Many women in Korea might know the benefits of breast milk; however, they do not seriously consider the long-term benefits and easily give up breastfeeding. Thus, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Korea is low [14]. Additionally, in the realworld setting, there are no clinical studies on the positive effect of human milk among infants in Korea. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether breastfeeding compared to formula feeding has a beneficial effect against RSV bronchiolitis in young infants.

Methods

1. Study design

The presence of RSV bronchiolitis was confirmed either by real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (probe hybridization using Anyplex II RV16 Detection v1.1, Seegene, Inc., Seoul, Korea) or rapid antigen detection test (Alere BinaxNOW RSV, Seegene, Inc.) using a nasopharyngeal swab. Infants aged less than 12 months were included in the study; neonates and preterm babies and infants with underlying diseases were excluded. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants who were admitted due to RSV-induced respiratory illness between January 2016 and February 2018 in the department of pediatrics of 4 hospitals, namely, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, and Dankook University Cheil General Hospital. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nowon Eulji Medical Center (IRB No. 2017-03-013). Informed consent was waived by the IRB.

We divided the infants into 3 groups based on their feeding patterns: breast milk feeding (BMF), mixed feeding (MF), and artificial milk formula (AMF) groups. We investigated whether sex, birth weight, presence of older sibling, weight at admission, age at admission, and past medical histories influenced the association of feeding patterns on infection contraction. We reviewed medical records of all patients who were included. Additionally, we studied the impact of the different feeding patterns on cyanosis, chest retraction, combined infection, duration of fever, oxygen use, duration of oxygen therapy, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and duration of stay, and corticosteroid treatment. As several patients did not have the information, family history of allergy and asthma could not be included. Pulse oxygen saturation was monitoring if respiratory failure symptoms such as chest retraction, nasal flaring, and cyanosis were seen. Applying oxygen started when pulse oxygen saturation was less than 90% according to bronchiolitis guideline from AAP [15].

2. Statistical analysis

Numerical quantitative data are presented as median (interquartile range) or median (range) and were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test or Jonckheere trend test. Categorical data are presented as frequency (%) and were analyzed using the chisquare test, chi-square trend test, or Fisher exact test.

Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by analyzing the logistic regression models. The crude OR and the adjusted OR were estimated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). P< 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

There were some differences among BMF, MF, and AMF groups in terms of body weight and the age at the admission. The infants in the MF group (7.50 kg; 4 months old) weighed less and were younger than those in the BMF (7.90 kg; 5 months) and AMF groups (8.25 kg; 6 months). However, there were no differences between the groups in terms of sex, birth weight, gestational period, sibling, and past medical history (Table 1). Past diseases of 30 infants were very diverse, including neonatal jaundice, gastroenteritis, and asymptomatic congenital heart disease.

Table 1.

Patients’ baseline characteristics

Variable	Total population (n=411)	BMF (n=94, 22.9%)	MF (n=161, 39.2%)	AMF (n=156, 37.0%)	P value
Sex					0.088
Male	240 (58.4)	51 (54.3)	92 (57.1)	97 (62.2)
Female	171 (41.6)	43 (45.7)	69 (42.9)	59 (37.8)
Birth weight (kg)	3.22 (2.95–3.50)	3.23 (2.90–3.46)	3.20 (2.90–3.52)	3.23 (3.00–3.52)	0.787
Gestational age (wk)	39 (38–40)	39 (38–40)	39 (38–40)	38 (38–40)	0.108
Siblings					0.089
Yes	238 (59.2)	60 (65.2)	82 (52.6)	96 (62.3)
No	164 (40.8)	32 (34.8)	74 (47.4)	58 (37.3)
Weight at admission (kg)	7.90 (6.10–9.20)	8.15 (6.13–9.51)	7.50 (5.80–8.73)	8.25 (6.25–9.50)	0.031
Age at admission (mo)	5 (2–9)	6 (2–9)	4 (2–7)	6 (3–9)	0.011
Past disease history					0.094
Yes	30 (7.3)	5 (5.3)	8 (5.0)	17 (10.9)
No	381 (92.7)	89 (94.7)	153 (95.0)	139 (89.1)

Values are presented as number (%)^a) or median (interquartile range)^b).

BMF, breast milk fed group; MF, mixed (breast milk and formula) fed group; AMF, artificial milk formula fed group.

^a)Chi-square test.

^b)Kruskal-Wallis test.

The rate of infants underwent oxygen therapy was significantly different among BMF (4.3%), MF (8.1%), and AMF (13.5%) groups (P=0.042). There also existed a significant increasing trend of the rate of oxygen therapy by changing groups from BMF to MF and from MF to AMF (P value for trend=0.012). The ORs for oxygen therapy are significantly higher in AMF groups than BMF group (adjusted OR, 3.807; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–11.90; P=0.021). The ICU admission rate in the BMF group (1.1%) was observed to be lower than that in the MF group (3.5%) and AMF group (4.5%); however, the dissimilarity was not statistically significant (P=0.338). There were no significant differences among the groups in admission period, cyanosis, chest retraction, viral coinfection, febrile status, ICU duration, and corticosteroid treatment (Table 2).

Table 2.

Patients’ clinical outcomes

Variable	Total population (n=411)	BMF (n=94)	MF (n=161)	AMF (n=156)	P value
					Difference	Trend
Hospitalization period (day)	4 (1–23)	4 (2–15)	4 (1–16)	4 (1–23)	0.189	0.111
Cyanosis					0.488	0.331
Yes	7 (1.7)	2 (2.1)	4 (2.5)	1 (0.6)
No	404 (98.3)	92 (97.9)	157 (97.5)	155 (99.4)
Chest retraction					0.76	0.634
Yes	62 (15.1)	12 (12.8)	26 (16.1)	24 (15.4)
No	349 (84.9)	82 (87.2)	135 (83.9)	132 (84.6)
Coinfection (n=368)					0.417	0.263
Yes	97 (26.4)	16 (20.5)	41 (27.7)	40 (28.2)
No	271 (73.6)	62 (79.5)	107 (72.3)	102 (71.8)
Fever					0.039	0.755
Yes	236 (57.4)	59 (62.8)	80(49.7)	97 (62.2)
No	175 (42.6)	35 (37.2)	81 (50.3)	59 (37.8)
Duration	1 (0–10)	2 (0–7)	0 (0–9)	2 (0–10)	0.054	0.631
Oxygen therapy					0.042	0.012
Yes	38 (9.2)	4 (4.3)	13 (8.1)	21 (13.5)
No	373 (90.8)	90 (95.7)	148 (91.9)	135 (86.5)
Duration	0(0–15)	0(0–7)	0(0–10)	0(0–15)	0.041	0.012
ICU admission					0.338	0.168
Yes	14 (3.4)	1 (1.1)	6 (3.7)	7 (4.5)
No	397 (96.6)	93 (98.9)	155 (96.3)	149 (95.5)
Duration (day)	0 (0–15)	0 (0–6)	0 (0–6)	0 (0–15)	0.359	0.192
Corticosteroid treatment					0.52	0.299
Yes	83 (20.2)	17 (18.1)	30 (18.6)	36 (23.1)
No	328 (79.8)	77 (81.9)	131 (81.4)	120 (76.9)

Values are presented as number (%)^a) or median (range)^b).

BMF, breast milk fed group; MF, mixed (breast milk and formula) fed group; AMF, artificial milk formula fed group; ICU, intensive care unit.

^a)Chi-square, chi-square trend, or Fisher exact test.

^b)Kruskal-Wallis test or Jonckheere trend test.

Boldface indicates a statistically significant difference with P<0.05.

Using univariate and multivariate models, we identified the potential risk factors including past medical history, siblings, and body weight at admission that influenced on the need for oxygen administration in infants. After adjusting for the identified risk factors, the association of the different types of feeding on oxygen administration was significant (P=0.039) in multivariable logistic regression (Table 3).

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate analyses (outcome=need for O2 therapy)

Variable	Univariate logistic model			Multivariate logistic modela)
	Crude OR	95% CI	P value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P value
Sex (ref. female)
Male	1.102	0.557–2.181	0.78
Birth weight	1.204	0.529–2.737	0.658
Gestational age	0.898	0.666–1.21	0.478
Siblings (ref. no)
Siblings (yes)	3.235	1.385–7.556	0.007	2.898	1.207–6.957	0.017
Weight at admission	0.719	0.602–0.858	<0.001	0.695	0.506–0.954	0.025
Age at admission	0.872	0.784–0.97	0.012	1.011	0.841–1.215	0.910
Past history (ref. no)
Clinical history (yes)	2.727	1.039–7.157	0.042	2.994	1.008–8.893	0.048
Feeding type (BMF)			0.052			0.039
MF	1.976	0.625–6.247	0.246	1.905	0.577–6.29	0.290
AMF	3.500	1.163–10.536	0.026	3.807	1.218–11.898	0.021

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMF, breast milk feeding group; MF, mixed breast milk and formula feeding group; AMF, artificial milk formula feeding.

^a)In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted ORs for the need for oxygen between breast milk feeding groups are assessed after the adjustment for variables such as siblings, weight at admission, age at admission, and past history, which were significant in the univariate logistic regression analysis.

Discussion

In this study, we found that AMF group needed more oxygen than BMF group, and that breastfeeding was significant in reducing the rate of oxygen application even after adjusting the identified confounding factors. Infants admitted ICU was less than BMF group, but the statistical significance was not found due to the small numbers under ICU care.

Human milk possesses diverse trophic factors which regulate the immune responses. The concentration of lactoferrin in human milk is 1,000-fold of that in plasma [16]. It decreases the production of chemokines in epithelial cells [17], and reduces chemokine responses by recruiting neutrophils [18]. Oligosaccharides and procathepsin D in human milk alter the neutrophil adhesion molecule CD11b and L-selectin expression, resulting in decreased neutrophil infiltration and activation of airway epithelial cells in viral illness [19].

Breast milk makes to increase numbers of Corynebacterium and Dolosigranulum colonies, which are the newly recognized family members of lactic acid bacterium. This is considered to be a healthy microbiota20) to enhance the immunologic response during viral illness. So, human milk has stronger antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties compared with formula milk [2]. AAP reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant [1].

The nationwide trend of breastfeeding rate (BR) in Korea was surveyed among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries in 2013, and the exclusive BR at the 3rd, the 4th, and the 6th months of life in Korea was 50%, 40.5%, and 11.4% respectively [14]. Moreover, the government report in 2016 showed that the rate of exclusive BR was 52.6% at 1 month old, 47.2% at 3 months old, and rapidly dropped to 9.4% at 6 months old [21].

To reflect the benefits of breast milk best, RSV infection was chosen because it is a common and apparent disease among young infants with high morbidity and mortality rate, but there is no specific treatment despite of frequent wheezing sequale after recovery. According to this study, breastfeeding can reduce applying oxygen for infants with respiratory distress (chest retraction, nasal flaring, and desaturation under 90%) than artificial formula feeding. When RSV bronchiolitis is exacerbated, airway narrowing is caused by virus-induced necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium, hypersecretion of mucus, and edema of the surrounding submucosa. Those factors lead to systemic hypoxia [4]. In other words, a condition requiring oxygen supplementation in bronchiolitis indicates a higher severity, suggesting that breastfeeding can reduce progression of RSV infection.

Breastfeeding confers protection against both incidence and severity of RSV disease, particularly in those born prematurely, as well as the subsequent development of recurrent wheezing illness [22]. The improvement in disease severity correlates with the decrease in concentration of immune-modulator such as airway chemokine, presence of activation markers, and inflammatory cellular infiltrate in exclusively breastfed infants but not in those who were partially breastfed [23]. Serum interferon (IFN)-α level is markedly higher in breastfed RSV-infected infants than nonbreastfed infants during the course of the disease, as well as 2–4 weeks postinfection. Although previous study showed no difference in IFN-α production between the infants who had been breastfeeding-weaned and bottle-fed infants since birth, that suggested only a short and limited benefit from human milk which disappears with the cessation of breastfeeding [22]. However, the subsequent study was improved that length of breastfeeding is related with decreased clinical duration of bronchiolitis with decreased airway concentration of the neutrophil chemokine interleukin-8 [24].

Limitation of our retrospective study, we could not obtain the exact proportion and precise duration of BMF in the MF group, and evaluate the family history of allergy and asthma. Weight and age determine the severity of RSV infection; however, we could not explain the reason why infants in the MF group had lower weight and were younger than the infants in the BMF and AMF groups. In our study, the proportion of infants in the MF and AMF (39%, 37.2%) groups were larger than the BMF group (22.9%). This may be reflected in the lower admission rate of the BMF group after RSV infection [4].

So far, parents and caregivers did not recognize deeply why baby must be fed with breast milk in Korea [21]. Our finding for the positive association of human milk on the oxygen need during RSV infection in infant might have a very important message on the attitude of selecting the feeding type as a real-life data in Korea. When there are no effective treatment regimens yet for RSV infection. Breastfeeding lowers oxygen need, possible ICU care, risk of respiratory distress, and may improve the clinical outcome of RSV infection. Severe early RSV bronchiolitis is associated with an increased prevalence of subsequent recurrent wheezing persisting into early adulthood, reduced spirometer after RSV infection may reflect airway remodeling [9]. Breastfeeding could decrease subsequent wheezing similar to the preventive effect of Palivizumab on recurrent wheezing.11)

In conclusion, despite of many limitations of retrospective study, oxygen application rate was significantly lower in the BMF group in this study. It is inferred that exclusive breast feeding may lower the severity of RSV infection. With our clinical study and referring to other studies that have investigated the immunological benefits of breast milk, breastfeeding should be encouraged to reduce the severity and subsequent complications of RSV infection. Further research should be conducted to compare prospectively the incidence of infections or other diseases in breastfed infants in our country to confirm the excellence of breastfeeding and to increase BRs, especially for infants with proven risk factors such as young age, prematurity, family history of allergy, underlying diseases and older sibling.

Key message

Question: Human milk has stronger antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties compared with formula milk. How dose breastfeeding affect respiratory syncytial virus infection in Korea?

Finding: Breastfed infants required less oxygen therapy and possible intensive care unit admission than artificial formulafed infants during respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Meaning: This protective role of breast milk on RSV severity can be a supporting evidence for promoting breastfeeding in Korea.