Abstract
Background
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Polymorphisms in MALAT1 have been demonstrated to play critical roles in cancer. However, the roles of MALAT1 polymorphisms in the etiology of endometrial cancer have not been well documented.
Methods
We genotyped three MALAT1 polymorphisms in 249 endometrial cancer cases and 446 cancer‐free female controls using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. To estimate the association between MALAT1 polymorphisms (rs591291 C>T, rs664589 C>G, and rs4102217 G>C) and the risk of endometrial cancer, an unconditional logistic regression model was conducted to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusting for surgery history, menopause, number of deliveries, BMI, and FIGO stage.
Results
We found that the MALAT1 rs664589 C>G polymorphism was significantly associated with endometrial cancer risk (heterogeneous: adjusted OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34‐0.93, P = .026; homogenous: adjusted OR = 3.74, 95% CI = 1.12‐12.45, P = .032; and recessive: adjusted OR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.22‐13.48, P = .022). Stratified analysis further demonstrated that the MALAT1 rs664589 C>G polymorphism significantly increased the risk of endometrial cancer susceptibility in patients with no history of surgery, more deliveries, BMI between 25 and 29.9, and FIGO stages II‐III. Compared with the wild‐type GCG haplotype carriers, individuals with CGG haplotypes had a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer.
Conclusion
The MALAT1 rs664589 C>G polymorphism was associated with a significant increase in endometrial cancer risk.
Keywords: endometrial cancer, MALAT1, risk, single nucleotide polymorphisms
1. INTRODUCTION
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common cancer among females worldwide.1 The incidence of EC has seen a significant increase in China.2 Unopposed estrogen, early menarche, endometriosis, obesity, diabetes, late menopause, hypertension, and nulliparity are now well established as causative agents responsible for endometrial cancer.3 Although these risk factors are strongly associated with the risk of endometrial cancer, only a small number of women eventually develop endometrial cancer, suggesting that host genetic variations play critical roles in endometrial cancer development.
Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of ncRNAs that are more than 200 nucleotides and are involved in several biological processes.4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Increasing evidence suggests that lncRNAs are associated with tumor genesis, progress, and treatment response.9, 10
Metastasis associated with lung adenocarcinoma transcript‐1 (MALAT1) is a long intergenic non‐coding RNA (lincRNA), consisting of more than 8000 nts and located on chromosome 11q13.11, 12 Recent studies have shown that abnormal MALAT1 expression influenced cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis in various tumors, such as breast cancer,13 lung cancer,14 and gastric cancer.15 Therefore, MALAT1 has been classified as an oncogene.
However, few studies have focused on the association between the genetic variants of MALAT1 and the risks of EC. In this study, we sought to identify common genetic polymorphisms of MALAT1 associated with the risk of EC susceptibility in Southern Chinese women.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Patients and controls
In the present case‐control study, 249 endometrial cancer patients were enrolled at The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (WMU) from February 2007 to February 2017. The diagnosis of endometrial cancer was confirmed in all cases by histological examination of tissues from biopsy or resected specimens. Cancer‐free controls (n = 446) were also recruited at the same hospital during routine physical examinations, and we excluded participants who had been diagnosed with malignant neoplasms or had a family history of cancers. This study was approved by The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of WMU, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
2.2. Polymorphism selection and genotyping
Three potentially functional polymorphisms (rs591291 C>T, rs664589 C>G, and rs4102217 G>C) were selected through the SNPinfo (http://snpinfo.niehs.nih.gov/) and dbSNP database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (Supplemental Table 1). As shown in Supplemental Figure 1, there is no significant linkage disequilibrium (R2<0.8) among these three included SNPs for Chinese Han subjects.The TIAN quick FFPE DNA Kit (Qiagen Inc) was applied to extract genomic DNA from all patients from paraffin‐embedded tissues, while genomic DNA from the controls was extracted from peripheral blood specimens using the TIANamp Blood DNA Kit (TianGen Biotech Co. Ltd.) as described previously.16, 17The AUV absorption spectrophotometer was used to detect DNA purity and concentration (NanoDrop Technologies Inc).
Genotyping analysis was performed by real‐time PCR with TaqMan PCR master mix and ABI Prism 7900HT genetic detection system. The details of the analysis procedures have been previously described.18 In addition, approximately 5% of the samples were randomly selected as positive controls and negative controls for assessing the accuracy of the genotyping results.
2.3. Statistical analysis
The goodness‐of‐fit chi‐square test was adopted to evaluate departure from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for the selected polymorphisms in control subjects. The heterogeneity of the genotypes and ages between patients and controls was evaluated by using a two‐sided chi‐square test. The association between MALAT1 polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk was assessed by an unconditional logistic regression model, calculated as crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Additionally, stratified analyses were performed by surgery history, menopause, number of deliveries, BMI, and FIGO stage. All statistical tests were carried out by SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute), with a two‐sided P‐value < .05 considered statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Characteristics of the study participants
In the present study, we enrolled 249 endometrial cancer patients with an average age of 54.60 ± 9.09 months and 446 cancer‐free controls with an average age of 53.03 ± 10.84 months. The frequency distributions of selected demographic characteristics of the cases and controls are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference between cases and controls in age (P = .053), surgery history (P = .949), menopause (P = .075), number of deliveries (P = .110), and BMI (P = .063).
Table 1.
Frequency distribution of selected variables for endometrial cancer cases and cancer‐free controls
| Characteristic | Case (N = 249) | Control (N = 446) | P a |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
| Age | .053 | ||
| Age range, y | 26‐85 | 22‐75 | |
| Mean ± SD | 54.60 ± 9.09 | 53.03 ± 10.84 | |
| Surgery history | .949 | ||
| Yes | 53 (21.29%) | 94 (21.08%) | |
| No | 196 (78.71%) | 352 (78.92%) | |
| Menopause | .075 | ||
| Yes | 165 (66.27%) | 265 (59.42%) | |
| No | 84 (33.73%) | 181 (40.58%) | |
| Delivery | .110 | ||
| =0 | 6 (2.41%) | 4 (0.90%) | |
| =1 | 62 (24.90%） | 98 (21.97%) | |
| ≥2 | 181 (72.69%) | 344 (77.13%) | |
| BMI | .063 | ||
| <18.5 | 21 (8.57%) | 27 (6.18%) | |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.9 | 113 (46.12%) | 248 (56.75%) | |
| 25.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 29.9 | 89 (36.33%) | 143 (32.72%) | |
| 30.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 40 | 22 (8.98%) | 19 (4.35%) | |
| FIGO stage | |||
| I | 219 (87.95%) | ||
| II | 9 (3.61%) | ||
| III | 21 (8.43%) |
Two‐sided chi‐square test for distributions between endometrial cancer cases and cancer‐free control.
In terms of the FIGO stage, 219 (88.0%), 9 (3.6%), and 21 (8.4%) cases were distributed into stages I, II, and III, respectively.
3.2. Association between selected MALAT1 polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk
We investigated the association with endometrial cancer of each of the three selected MALAT1 polymorphisms. First, the HWE test was used to identify genotyping errors in cancer‐free controls. As shown in Table 2, all the genotype distributions were in accordance with HWE (P = .255 for rs591291, P = .853 for rs664589, P = .720 for rs4102217). Next, single‐locus analysis indicated that MALAT1 rs664589 C>G was significantly associated with endometrial cancer risk (heterogeneous: adjusted OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34‐0.93, P = .026; homogenous: adjusted OR = 3.74, 95% CI = 1.12‐12.45, P = .032; and recessive: adjusted OR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.22‐13.48, P = .022). However, other genetic associations with endometrial cancer risk were not discovered in the present study. When the three SNPs were combined, we found that carriers of 2‐3 genotypes did not have a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer at an OR of 1.25 (95% CI = 0.85‐1.84, P = .263).
Table 2.
Association between selected polymorphisms and endometrial cancer by logistic regression analyses
| Genotype |
Cases (N = 183) |
Controls (N = 603) |
P a |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
P |
Adjusted OR (95% CI)b |
P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MALAT1 rs591291 C>T, HWE = 0.255 | |||||||
| CC | 90 (36.1%) | 153 (34.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| CT | 123 (49.4%) | 225 (50.7%) | 0.93 (0.66‐1.31) | .673 | 0.90 (0.63‐1.28) | .550 | |
| TT | 36 (14.5%) | 66 (14.9%) | 0.93 (0.57‐1.50) | .759 | 0.95 (0.58‐1.54) | .822 | |
| Additive | .696 | 0.96 (0.76‐1.02) | .696 | 0.96 (0.76‐1.21) | .704 | ||
| Dominant | 159 (63.9%) | 291 (65.6%) | .656 | 0.93 (0.67‐1.29) | .656 | 0.91 (0.65‐1.27) | .575 |
| Recessive | 213 (85.2%) | 378 (85.2%) | .885 | 0.97 (0.62‐1.50) | .885 | 1.01 (0.65‐1.57) | .977 |
| MALAT1 rs664589 C>G, HWE = 0.853 | |||||||
| CC | 214 (85.9%) | 369 (82.7%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| CG | 26 (5.2%) | 73 (16.4%) | 0.61 (0.38‐0.99) | .046 | 0.57 (0.34‐0.93) | .026 | |
| GG | 9 (9.2%) | 4 (0.9%) | 3.88 (1.18‐12.74) | .026 | 3.74 (1.12‐12.45) | .032 | |
| Additive | .884 | 0.97 (0.68‐1.40) | .886 | 0.94 (0.64‐1.36) | .722 | ||
| Dominant | 35 (14.4%) | 77 (17.3%) | .270 | 0.78 (0.51‐1.21) | .271 | 0.74 (0.47‐1.15) | .179 |
| Recessive | 240 (91.1%) | 442 (99.1%) | .011 | 4.14 (1.26‐13.59) | .019 | 4.06 (1.22‐13.48) | .022 |
| MALAT1 rs4102217 G>C, HWE = 0.720 | |||||||
| GG | 176 (70.7%) | 327 (73.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| CG | 68 (27.3%) | 110 (24.7%) | 1.15 (0.81‐1.64) | .443 | 1.11 (0.77‐1.59) | .583 | |
| CC | 5 (2.0%) | 8 (1.8%) | 1.16 (0.37‐3.60) | .796 | 1.24 (0.40‐3.90) | .708 | |
| Additive | .443 | 1.13 (0.83‐1.54) | .442 | 1.11 (0.81‐1.52) | .523 | ||
| Dominant | 73 (29.3%) | 118 (26.5%) | .429 | 1.15 (0.81‐1.62) | .428 | 1.12 (0.79‐1.58) | .543 |
| Recessive | 244 (98.0%) | 437 (98.2%) | .845 | 1.12 (0.36‐3.46) | .845 | 1.21 (0.39‐3.78) | .743 |
| Combined effect of risk genotypesc | |||||||
| 0‐1 | 192 (77.11%) | 362 (81.72%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 2‐3 | 57 (22.89%) | 81 (18.28%) | 1.33 (0.91‐1.94) | .146 | 1.25 (0.85‐1.84) | .263 | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HWE, Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium; OR, odds ratio.
Chi‐square test for genotype distributions between endometrial cancer patients and controls.
Adjusted for surgery history, menopause, delivery, and BMI.
Risk genotype was with rs591291 CC, rs664589 GG, and rs4102217 CG/CC.
The results were in bold, if the 95% CI excluded 1 or P < .05.
3.3. Stratified analysis
We further explored the association of MALAT1 rs664589 C>G polymorphisms with endometrial cancer susceptibility by stratified analysis. The rs664589 CG/CC genotypes significantly increased endometrial cancer susceptibility in the women with no surgery history, more deliveries, BMI between 25.0 and 29.9, and FIGO stages II‐III (Table 3).
Table 3.
Stratification analysis of risk genotypes with endometrial cancer susceptibility
| Variables |
rs591291 (cases/controls) |
AOR (95% CI)a | P a |
rs664589 (cases/controls) |
AOR (95% CI)a | P a |
rs4102217 (cases/controls) |
AOR (95% CI) a | P a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA | AG/GG | CG/CC | GG | AA/AC | CC | |||||||
| Surgery history | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 45/77 | 8/17 | 0.81 (0.32‐2.02) | .644 | 50/92 | 3/2 | 2.76 (0.45‐17.06) | .275 | 52/92 | 1/2 | 0.89 (0.08‐9.99) | .921 |
| No | 168/301 | 28/49 | 1.02 (0.62‐1.69) | .927 | 190/350 | 6/2 | 5.53 (1.11‐27.64) | .037 | 192/345 | 4/6 | 1.20 (0.33‐4.30) | .782 |
| Menopause | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 141/228 | 24/37 | 1.05 (0.60‐1.83) | .866 | 158/2657 | 7/0 | – | – | 164/258 | 1/6 | 0.26 (0.03‐2.20) | .217 |
| No | 72/150 | 12/29 | 0.86 (0.42‐1.79) | .690 | 82/177 | 2/4 | 1.08 (0.19‐6.02) | .929 | 80/179 | 4/2 | 4.48 (0.80‐24.93) | .087 |
| Delivery | ||||||||||||
| =0 | 5/4 | 1/0 | – | – | 6/4 | 0/0 | – | – | 6/4 | 0/0 | – | – |
| =1 | 57/5 | 85/13 | 0.57 (0.19‐1.70) | .315 | 60/97 | 2/1 | 3.23 (0.29‐36.43) | .342 | 62/97 | 0/1 | – | – |
| ≥2 | 151/289 | 30/53 | 1.08 (0.66‐1.77) | .748 | 174/341 | 7/3 | 4.57 (1.17‐17.90) | .029 | 176/336 | 5/7 | 1.36 (0.43‐4.36) | .601 |
| BMI | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 18/26 | 3/1 | 4.33 (40.42‐45.06) | .220 | 21/27 | 0/0 | – | – | 21/27 | 0/0 | – | – |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.9 | 96/204 | 17/43 | 0.84 (0.46‐1.55) | .677 | 111/246 | 2/2 | 2.22 (0.31‐15.93) | .429 | 112/241 | 1/6 | 0.36 (0.04‐3.01) | .345 |
| 25.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 29.9 | 76/123 | 13/19 | 1.11 (0.52‐2.37) | .793 | 83/141 | 6/2 | 5.10 (1.01‐25.83) | .049 | 86/141 | 3/2 | 2.46 (0.40‐15.01) | .330 |
| 30.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 40 | 19/16 | 3/3 | 0.84 (0.15‐4.76) | .846 | 21/19 | 1/0 | 21/19 | 1/0 | – | – | ||
| FIGO stage | ||||||||||||
| I | 190/378 | 23/378 | 0.90 (0.56‐1.45) | .675 | 211/422 | 8/4 | 4.00 (1.18‐13.61) | .027 | 214/437 | 5/8 | 1.40 (0.45‐4.35) | .566 |
| II | 29/66 | 7/66 | 1.82 (0.72‐4.57) | .203 | 29/422 | 1/4 | 15.4 (1.06‐224.76) | .046 | 30/437 | 0/8 | – | – |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Adjusted for surgery history, menopause, delivery, and BMI.
The results were in bold, if the 95% CI excluded 1 or P < .05.
3.4. MALAT1 haplotypes and endometrial cancer risk
As shown in Table 4, MALAT1 haplotypes were available for analysis. When compared to the reference haplotype CCG, CGG was associated with significantly increased endometrial cancer risk (adjusted OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.00‐7.86, P = .050).
Table 4.
The frequency of inferred haplotypes of MALAT1 based on observed genotypes and their association with the risk of endometrial cancer
| rs591291 | rs664589 | rs4102217 | Cases (N = 555) | Controls (N = 535) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | C | G | 244 (49.0%) | 442 (49.9%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T | C | G | 132 (26.5%) | 240 (27.1%) | 1.00 (0.77‐1.30) | .978 | 0.99 (0.76‐1.30) | .948 |
| C | G | G | 10 (2.0%) | 6 (0.7%) | 3.02 (1.08‐8.41) | .035 | 2.80 (1.00‐7.86) | .050 |
| C | G | C | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – | – |
| T | G | G | 34 (6.8%) | 74 (8.4%) | 0.83 (0.54‐1.29) | .408 | 0.79 (0.50‐1.24) | .300 |
| T | G | C | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | – | – | – | – |
| C | C | C | 49 (9.8%) | 81 (9.1%) | 1.10 (0.74‐1.62) | .644 | 1.03 (0.70‐1.53) | .874 |
| T | C | C | 29 (5.8%) | 42 (2.7%) | 1.25 (0.76‐2.06) | .379 | 1.28 (0.78‐2.13) | .332 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
Adjusted for surgery history, menopause, delivery, and BMI.
The results were in bold, if the 95% CI excluded 1 or P < .05.
4. DISCUSSION
In recent years, increasing evidence has indicated that lncRNAs play a crucial role in regulating gene expression in normal cells. MiRNAs have been identified in relation to various biological processes and in the development and progression of diseases.19 MALAT1 is one of the most abundant and well‐conserved lncRNAs, and it has been shown to play an important role in many cancers.
Zhao et al20 analyzed MALAT1 expression in endometrial cancer in 2014. They examined the MALAT1 expression in 32 EEC samples and 9 normal tissues by In situ hybridization (ISH) on the paraffin sections using a MALAT1‐specific probe. As expected, the MALAT1 signal was highly expressed in EC samples. The authors found that miR‐200c and MALAT1 expressions were inversely associated in EC cells. In many malignancies, the miR‐200 family is downregulated, which increases the invasive and migratory capacity of tumor cells.6 High expression of MALAT1 affects the progression of cancer. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the expression of MALAT1 was negatively correlated with that of miR‐200c in ectopic endometrial specimens. Further studies showed that the level of miR‐200c in primary endometrial stromal cells was increased by knocking down MALAT1.21
Rs591291 is a variant of C/T in the exon region of the MALAT1 gene. Che et al22 found no significant relationship between rs591291 and recurrent miscarriage risk. In our data, we found that there was no relationship in the main effect analysis. Wu et al showed23 that MALAT1 rs664589 C>G was associated with a significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer. The authors demonstrated that MALAT1 with the rs664589 G allele had altered binding to miR‐194‐5p in the nucleus, leading to increased MALAT1 expression and enhanced colorectal cancer development. Other studies noted that rs664589 polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma24 or coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.25 We found that the MALAT1 rs664589 C>G polymorphism was significantly associated with increased endometrial cancer risk. This polymorphism could be used as a genetic locus to predict cancer. Hu et al26 demonstrated that the GC genotype and the recessive model of rs4102217 potentially increased coronary atherosclerotic heart disease risk in some specific groups. MALAT1 4102217 C>G association with endometrial cancer risk was not discovered in our study.
Although the current case‐control study provided evidence that the common MALAT1 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of endometrial cancer susceptibility in Southern Chinese women, several limitations should be addressed. First, only three common MALAT1 polymorphisms were genotyped in the current study; hence, additional common MALAT1 polymorphisms should be investigated to fully illuminate the contribution of polymorphisms in MALAT1 to endometrial cancer susceptibility. Second, the sample size in the current study was still relatively small. Additionally, selecting samples from one hospital in the current hospital‐based case‐control study may result in selection bias and even decreased or increased risk assessment. Third, other than polymorphisms, many confounders could also influence the susceptibility to endometrial cancer, such as gene‐gene interactions, gene‐environment interactions, and specific tumor pathologic classification, and were not taken into consideration due to lack of individual patient information. Fourth, although our findings suggested that MALAT1 rs664589 C>G significantly increased the risk of endometrial cancer, more studies are needed to confirm this result and determine potential mechanisms and functions in the future.
5. CONCLUSION
The present study provides evidence that MALAT1 rs664589 C>G significantly increased the risk of endometrial cancer. These findings need to be verified or linked with functional studies.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
PD designed the study; MYZ, ZWL, SLC, FC, JWZ, and MMZ collected the samples and information; GGC and JH performed the experiments and analyzed the data; GGC and JH wrote and edited the article.
Supporting information
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by grants from Lin He's New Medicine and Clinical Translation Academician Workstation Research Fund (17331204), Zhejiang Medical Association Clinical Research Fund Project (2017ZYC‐A26), and Wenzhou Basic Research Project (Y20180015) and Wenzhou Innovation Team (Gynecological Oncology) (C20170004).
Chen G, Zhang M, Liang Z, et al. Association of polymorphisms in MALAT1 with the risk of endometrial cancer in Southern Chinese women. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34:e23146 10.1002/jcla.23146
Contributor Information
Wenfeng Hua, Email: huawf@gd2h.org.cn.
Ping Duan, Email: dppddpp@wmu.edu.cn, Email: huawf@gd2h.org.cn.
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