WU and KI Polyomavirus Prevalence in Invasive Respiratory Samples From Transplant Recipients in Cantabria, Spain

Abstract

Background

WU and KI polyomaviruses were discovered in 2007 in samples of respiratory secretions of children with acute respiratory symptoms. Seroepidemiologic studies have shown that these viruses are widely distributed throughout the world, but their incidence in Spain has not been determined. In transplant patients, early detection and treatment of viral infections may influence prognosis and survival, because they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, including graft failure.

Methods

We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of WU and KI polyomaviruses among patients undergoing hematologic or solid organ transplant in the Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander, Spain). An in-house polymerase chain reaction with the use of specific primers was carried out in invasive lower respiratory samples from hospitalized patients with suspected respiratory infection and/or graft dysfunction and compared with asymptomatic transplant patients.

Results

Overall, we obtained 5.5% KI-positive samples and 1.4% WU-positive samples, with a higher prevalence of WU and KI polyomaviruses in the symptomatic population compared with the control group. Although the data suggest that their detection in respiratory samples is sporadic and often associated with other microorganisms, we should pay special attention to their association with cases of graft failure. Studies are needed with a larger number of samples to explore the potential clinical impact of these emerging polyomaviruses in transplant recipients.

In 2007, 2 new human polyomaviruses, WU and KI (KIPyV and WUPyV), were identified in respiratory samples from patients with respiratory illness [1], [2]. KIPyV and WUPyV belong to the same genera of the Polyomaviridae family, along with other recently uncovered human polyomaviruses, such as HPyV6 and HPyV7. They are small nonenveloped DNA viruses with an icosahedral capsid containing a circular double-stranded DNA genome of ∼5 kbp in length. These 2 viruses differ substantially from each other, as shown by percentage of amino acid identity and phylogenetic analysis. WUPyV shares a 65% identity with KIPyV and a lower similarity with JCPyV (27%), BKPyV (28%), and SV40 (28%). No cross-reactivity has been reported among the viral capsid proteins VP1 of KIPyV and WUPyV, as determined by competition assays [3], [4].

Seroepidemiologic surveys have determined that primary infection with KIPyV and WUPyV occurs in childhood, as shown in some studies [3], probably through the respiratory or oral-fecal routes. Then they remain latent and get reactivated in the presence of immunosuppression. Nguyen et al reported a seropositivity of ∼80% for WUPyV and 70% for KIPyV in the age group of 50–64 years with the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recombinant VP1 capsid proteins [4].

KIPyV and WUPyV have been frequently detected in children coinfected with other respiratory viruses [5], [6], [7], [8]. However, different studies suggest that these viruses might not cause respiratory illness in immunocompetent patients [9], [10], [11]. In 2009, Sharp et al described a significant correlation between AIDS-related immunosuppression and reactivation of KIPyV and WUPyV from lymphoid tissue, although clinical consequences were not examined [12]. Mourez et al [13] found a higher prevalence of KIPyV infection among hematopoietic stem cell transplanted patients, suggesting that a profound T-cell deficiency could be a factor in facilitating KIPyV replication.

In Spain, no data are available that comprehensively describe the incidence associated with detection of KIPyV and WUPyV in respiratory specimens from transplant recipients. The purpose of the present study was to develop a prospective study to determine the prevalence of KIPyV and WUPyV in invasive lower respiratory tract samples obtained from patients who had undergone hematologic or solid organ transplant, in the Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander, Spain).

Methods

The study was approved by the Cantabria Ethics Committee for Clinical Investigation.

Selection and Description of Participants

From July 1, 2013, to January 31, 2014, 72 samples from the lower respiratory tract (tracheal aspiration, 9; bronchoalveolar lavage, 15; bronchoaspirate, 32; pleural fluid, 4; lung biopsy, 12) were obtained consecutively from 48 patients admitted in the hospital with suspected respiratory infection and/or graft dysfunction after transplantation, distributed as follows: lung, 56; stem cells, 9; heart, 5; liver, 1; pancreas-kidney, 1. The mean age was 56.8 years (range, 28–78), with male predominance (69%). The diagnoses were: respiratory infection-pneumonia, 34; graft rejection, 8; respiratory dysfunction, 4; and post-transplantation control subjects, 26.

Technical Information

All of the samples were investigated for routine bacteria and respiratory viruses (including human adenovirus, influenza A and B viruses, human parainfluenza viruses 1/2/3/4, human rhinovirus A/B/C, human respiratory syncytial viruses A and B, human bocaviruses 1/2/3/4, human coronaviruses 229E, NL63, and OC43, human metapneumovirus, human enterovirus, and human cytomegalovirus) and a separate aliquot was stored at −80°C until use.

The viral nucleic acids were extracted with the use of the Maxwell Automated Nucleic Acid Extractor (Maxwell 16 Viral Total Nucleic Acid Purification Kit) from Promega (Madison, Wisconsin). The samples were then screened for KIPyV and WUPyV by carrying out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction with the use of specific primers targeting VP2 and VP1 genes respectively. The primers were designed from sequences deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) with the use of the program Primer3 Output.

For KIPyV, forward primer 5-CGTCATACTTGCCCGAGTTG and reverse primer 5-CATCTTTGGGCAGGCTTGAA produced a 378-bp amplicon that corresponded to nt 509–886 of the VP2 gene. For WUPyV, forward primer 5-GCCGTACCACTGTCAGAAGA and reverse primer 5-TCTGCAGTTATCATTGCGGC produced a 546-bp amplicon that corresponded to nt 121–666 of the VP1 gene. The reaction was performed at 95°C for 5 minutes; then 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 94°C, 51/55°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 1 minute; and finally 72°C for 7 minutes. All positive results were confirmed by sequencing and alignment (BLASTn) with sequences available in the GenBank database.

Results

Table 1 lists the characteristics of the patients who were infected with KIPyV and WUPyV. All of the positive patients had no other sample with a different result. Overall, we obtained 4/72 (5.5%) KIPyV-positive samples and 1/72 (1.4%) WUPyV-positive sample. By groups, the 1 case of WUPyV was detected only in the symptomatic population (1/46 [2.2%]), whereas KIPyV was detected in 3/46 (6.5%) versus 1/26 (3.8%) in the symptomatic and control populations, respectively. The mean age of patients infected with KIPyV and WUPyV was 55.2 years (range, 37–63 years), which did not differ significantly from that of patients infected with other microorganism, and 80% of these patients were male. A higher prevalence was observed in recipients of hematopoietic stem cells and lung transplant patients, who were a mean of 269 days after transplantation (range, 2–551 days).

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Patients Positive for KI (KIPyV) or WU (WUPyV) Polyomavirus

ID	Age	Gender	Organ	Days From Transplantation	Sample	PyV	Diagnosis	Coinfections
HUMV01	58	M	Lung	551	BAS	KIPyV	Asymptomatic control	H. influenzae
HUMV02	37	M	SCT	388	BAL	KIPyV	Respiratory infection	A. fumigatus
HUMV04	59	F	Lung	2	TA	KIPyV	Respiratory infection	P. aeruginosa
HUMV47	63	M	SCT	172	BAL	KIPyV	Lung GVHD	No
HUMV59	59	M	SCT	232	BAL	WUPyV	Pneumonia	No

Abbreviations: BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BAS, bronchoaspirate; GVHD, graft-versus-host disease; SCT, stem cell transplantation; TA, tracheal aspirate.

KIPyV or WUPyV was the sole microorganism isolated in 2 (40%) of 5 episodes, whereas in 3 cases, they were detected along with another microorganism (Haemophilus influenzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In 1 patient with lung dysfunction due to graft-versus-host disease, KIPyV was the sole pathogen detected in respiratory samples.

Discussion

We conducted a prospective study for WUPyV or KIPyV detection in invasive respiratory samples from patients after transplantation. The frequency was similar to that described by other authors [13]. A higher prevalence of symptomatic WUPyV or KIPyV infections was found in the symptomatic population than in the control group. Although the data suggest that their detection in respiratory samples is sporadic and often associated with other microorganisms, we should pay special attention to their association with cases of graft failure. Patients infected with WUPyV and KIPyV had varying degrees of immunosuppression, because they appeared in different stages of the post-transplantation period, which suggests that severe immune compromise is not necessarily a risk factor for the infection or reactivation.

Although the pathogenic role of WUPyV and KIPyV in immunocompromised patients is unclear, sometimes they are the sole viruses detected, which suggests that they could be a respiratory pathogen. They might also be taken into account in some cases of acute rejection episodes, as described elsewhere [14]. Studies are needed with a larger number of samples to explore the potential clinical impact of these emerging polyomaviruses in transplant recipients.