Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 1998 Aug 27;35(2):65–82. doi: 10.1016/S0166-3542(97)00020-X

Summary of the II international consensus symposium on combined antiviral therapy and implications for future therapies

Menno D de Jong a,∗, Charles AB Boucher b, David A Cooper c, George J Galasso d, Brian Gazzard e, Joep MA Lange f,j, Julio S Montaner g, Douglas D Richman h,k, Howard C Thomas i
PMCID: PMC7173273  PMID: 9217244

The content is available as a PDF (1.7 MB).

References

  1. Ambroziak J.A., Blackbourn D.J., Herndier B.G., Glugau R.G., Gullett J.H., McDonald A.R., Lennette E.T., Levy J.A. Herpesvirus-like sequences in HIV-infected and uninfected Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Science. 1995;268:582–583. doi: 10.1126/science.7725108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Update: Hantavirus Disease-United StatesMMWR. 1993;42:612–614. Anon. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aschan J., Ringden O., Ljungman P., Lonnqvist B., Ohlman S. Foscarnet for treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1992;24:143–150. doi: 10.3109/00365549209052604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bacon T.H., Boyd M.R. Activity of penciclovir against Epstein-Barr virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:1599–1602. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.7.1599. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baldantini F., Underwood M.R., Stanat S.C. Single amino acid changes in the DNA polymerase confer foscarnet resistance and slow-growth phenotype, while mutations in the UL97-encoded phosphotransferase confer gaciclovir resistance in three double-resistant human cytomegalovirus strains recovered from patients with AIDS. J. Virol. 1996;170:1390–1395. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1390-1395.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bartholomew M.M., Jansen R.W., Jeffers L.J. Hepatitis-B-virus resistance to lamivudine given for recurrent infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Lancet. 1997;349:20–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02266-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Benhamou Y., Dohin E., Lunel-Fabiani F., Poynard T., Huraux J.M., Katlama C., Opolon P., Gentilini M. Efficacy of lamivudine on replication of hepatitis B virus in HIV-infected patients. Lancet. 1995;345:396–397. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90388-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Beutner K.R., Friedman D.J., Forszpaniak C., Andersen P.L., Wood M.J. Valaciclovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:1546–1553. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.7.1546. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bigoni B., Dolcetti R., De Lellis L., Carbone A., Boiocchi M., Cassai E., Di Luca D. Human herpesvirus 8 is present in the lymphoid system of healthy persons and can reactivate in the course of AIDS. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;173:542–549. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.3.542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Biron F., Lucht F., Peyramond D., Fresard A., Vollet T., Nugier F., Grange J., Malley S., Hamedi-Sangsoni F., Vila J. Anti-HIV activity of the combination of didanosine and hydroxyurea in HIV-1-infected individuals. J. AIDS Hum. Retrovirol. 1995;10:36–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Boivin G., Chou S., Quirk M.R., Erice A., Jordan M.C. Detection of ganciclovir resistance mutations and quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in leucocytes of patients with fatal disseminated CMV disease. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;173:523–528. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.3.523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bosch O., Moraleda G., Castillo I., Careno V. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with recombinant interferon alpha versus recombinant interferon alpha plus levamisole. J. Hepatol. 1993;19:437–441. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80555-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Boshoff C., Schulz T.F., Kennedy M.M. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects endothelial and spindle cells. Nature Medicine. 1995;1:1274–1278. doi: 10.1038/nm1295-1274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Boshoff C., Whitby D., Hatziioannou T., Fisher C., van der Walt J., Hatzakis A., Weiss R., Schulz T. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in HIV-negative Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 1995;345:1043–1044. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90780-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Braconier J.H., Paulsen O., Engman K., Widell A. Combined alpha-interferon and ribavirin treatment in chronic hepatitis C: a pilot study. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1995;27:325–329. doi: 10.3109/00365549509032725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brillanti S., Garson J., Foli M., Whitby K., Denville R., Masci C., Miglioli M., Barbara L. A pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin plus interferon alfa for interferon alfa-resistant chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:812–817. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90131-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brillanti S., Miglioli M., Barbara I. Combination antiviral therapy with ribavirin and interferon alfa in interferon alfa relapsers and non-responders: Italian experience. J. Hepatol. 1995;23(Suppl. 2):13–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Brook M.G., Karayiannis P., Thomas H.C. Which patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection will respond to alfa-interferon therapy? A statistical analysis of predictive factorsHepatology. 1989;10:761–763. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840100502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bruhn F.W., Yeager A.S. Respiratory syncytial virus in early infancy: circulating antibody and the severity of infection. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1977;131:145–148. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1977.02120150027004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cesarman E., Chang Y., Moore P.S., Said J.W., Knowles D.M. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;332:1186–1191. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199505043321802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chang Y., Cesarman E., Pessin M.S., Lei F., Culpepper J., Knowles D.M., Moore P.S. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science. 1994;266:1865–1869. doi: 10.1126/science.7997879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chemello L., Cavaletto L., Bernardinello E., Guido M., Pontisso P., Alberti A. The effect of interferon alfa and ribavirin combination therapy in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. 1995;23(Suppl. 2):8–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cobian L., Houston S., Greene J., Sinnot J.T. Parainfluenza virus respiratory infection after heart transplantation: successful treatment with ribavirin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995;21:1040–1041. doi: 10.1093/clinids/21.4.1040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Coffin J.M. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science. 1995;267:483–489. doi: 10.1126/science.7824947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cohard M., Poynard T., Mathurin P., Zarski J.P. Prednisone-interferon combination in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: direct and indirect metanalysis. Hepatology. 1994;20:1390–1398. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840200603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Crump C.E., Arruda E., Hayden F.G. Comparative antirhinoviral activities of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and chimeric ICAM-1/immunoglobulin A molecule. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1994;38:1425–1427. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.6.1425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Davis C.L., Harrison K.L., McVicar J.P., Forg P.J., Bronner M.P., Marsh C.L. Antiviral prophylaxis and the Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin. Transplant. 1995;9:53–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. De Jong M.D., Boucher C.A.B., Galasso G.J., Hirsch M.S., Kern E.R., Lange J.M.A., Richman D.D. Consensus symposium on combined antiviral therapy. Vol. 29. 1996. pp. 5–29. (Antiviral Res.). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. De Lellis L., Fabris M., Cassai E., Corallini A., Giraldo G., Feo C., Monini P. Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in non-AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Infect. Dis. 1995;172:1605–1607. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.6.1605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Decker L.L., Shankar P., Khan G., Freeman R.B., Dezube B.J., Lieberman J., Thorley-Lawson D.A. The Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is present as an intact latent genome in KS tissue but replicates in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of KS patients. J. Exp. Med. 1996;184:283–288. doi: 10.1084/jem.184.1.283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dienstag J.L., Perrillo R.P., Schiff E.R., Bartholomew M., Vicary C., Rubin M. A preliminary trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;333:1657–1661. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199512213332501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Emanuel D., Cunningham I., Jules-Elysee K., Brochstein J.A., Kernan N.A., Laver J., Stover D., White D.A., Fels A., Polsky B., Castro-Malaspina H., Peppard J.R., Bantis P., Hammarling V., O'Reilly R.J. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immune globulin. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988;109:777–782. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-109-10-777. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Englund J.A., Sullivan C.J., Jordan C.M., Deliner L.P., Vercellotti G.M., Balfour H.H., Jr. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in immunocompromised adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988;109:203–208. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-109-3-203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Enting R., De Gans J., Reiss P., Jansen C., Portegies P. Ganciclovir/foscarnet for cytomegalovirus meningoencephalitis in AIDS. Lancet. 1992;340:559–560. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91764-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Epstein J.B., Ransier A., Sherlock C.H., Spinelli J.J., Reece D. Acyclovir prophylaxis of oral herpes virus during bone marrow transplantation. Eur. J. Cancer. 1996;32B:158–162. doi: 10.1016/0964-1955(95)00091-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Farci P., Mandas A., Coiana A., Lai M.E., Desmet V., van Eyleen P., Gibo Y., Caruso L., Scaccabarozzi S., Criscuolo D., Ryff J.C., Balestrieri A. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994;330:88–94. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199401133300202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fattovich G., Giustina G., Brollo L., Guido M., Pontisso P., Noventa F., Alberti A. Therapy for chronic hepatitis B with lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha and levamisole. Hepatology. 1992;16:1115–1119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fulginiti V.A., Eller J.J., Sieber O.F., Joyner J.W., Minamitani M., Meiklejohn G. Respiratory virus immunization. I. A field trial of two inactivated respiratory virus vaccines: an aqueous trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine and an alum-precipitated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1969;89:435–448. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120956. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Gao S.J., Kingsley L., Li M., Cheng W., Parravicini C., Ziegler J., Newton R., Rinaldo C.R., Saah A., Phair J., Detels R., Chang Y., Moore P.S. KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature Med. 1996;2:925–928. doi: 10.1038/nm0896-925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gelfand E. Ribavirin treatment of viral pneumonia in severe combined immunodeficiency. Lancet. 1983;1:732–733. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92265-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gilbert B.E., Wyde P.R., Ambrose M.W., Wilson S.Z., Knight V. Further studies with short duration ribavirin aerosol for the treatment of influenza virus infection in mice and respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. Antiviral Res. 1992;17:33–42. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90088-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Glesby M.J., Hoover D.R., Weng S., Graham N.M., Phair J.P., Datels R., Hu M., Saah A.J. Use of antiherpes drugs and the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma: data from the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;173:1477–1480. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.6.1477. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Glezen W.P., Parades A., Allison J.A. Risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants from low income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group and maternal antibody level. J. Pediatr. 1981;98:708–715. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80829-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Harrington R.D., Hooton R.D., Hackman R.C. An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a bone marrow transplant center. J. Infect. Dis. 1992;165:987–993. doi: 10.1093/infdis/165.6.987. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hayden F.G. Combinations of antiviral agents for treatment of influenzavirus infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1986;18(Suppl. B):77–83. doi: 10.1093/jac/18.supplement_b.177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hayden F.G., Hay A.J. Emergence and transmission of influenza A viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992;176:119–130. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-77011-1_8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hayden F.G., Treanor J.J., Betts R.F., Lobo M., Esinhart J.D., Hussey E.K. Safety and efficacy of the neuraminidase inhibitor GG167 in experimental human influenza. JAMA. 1996;275:295–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Heijtink R.A., De Wilde G.A., Kruining J. Inhibitory effect of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-adenine (PMEA) on human and duck hepatitis B virus infection. Antiviral Res. 1993;21:141–153. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90050-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hemming V.G., Prince G.A., Groothuis J.R., Siber G.R. Hyperimmune globulins in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1995;8:22–33. doi: 10.1128/cmr.8.1.22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hemming V.G., Rodriguez W., Kim H.W. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants and young children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1987;31:1882–1886. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.12.1882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hertz M.I., Englund J.A., Snover D. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute lung injury in adult patients with bone marrow transplants: a clinical approach and review of the literature. Medicine. 1989;68:269–281. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198909000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Ho D.D., Neumann A.U., Perelson A.S., Chen W., Leonard J.M., Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:123–126. doi: 10.1038/373123a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hosoya M., Shigeta S., Ishii T., Suzuki H., De Clercq E. Comparative inhibitory effects of various nucleoside nd nonucleoside analogues on replication of influenza virus types A and B in vitro and in ovo. J. Infect. Dis. 1993;168:641–646. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.3.641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Huang Y.Q., Li J.J., Kapian M.H., Poiesz B., Katabira E., Zhang W.L., Feiner D., Friedman-Kien A.E. Human herpesvirus-like nucleic acid in various forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 1995;345:759–761. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90641-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Huggins J.W., Hsiang C.M., Cosgriff T.M., Guang M., Smith J.I., Wu Z.O., le Duc J.W., Zheng Z.M., Meegan J.M., Wong G.N., Oland D.D., Gui X.E., Gibbs P.H., Yuan G.H., Zhang T.M. Prospective double-blind concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 1991;164:1119–1127. doi: 10.1093/infdis/164.6.1119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Humphrey R.W., O'Brien T.R., Newcomb F.M., Nishihara H., Wyvill K.M., Ramos G.A., Saville M.W., Goedert J.J., Strauss S.E., Yarchoan R. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpes virus-like DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: association with KS and persistence in patients receiving anti-herpes drugs. Blood. 1996;88:297–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Jacobson M.A., Kramer F., Bassiakos Y., Hooton T., Polsky B., Geheb H., O'Donnell J.J., Walker J.O., Korvick J.A., van der Horst C. Randomized phase I trial of two different combination foscarnet and ganciclovir chronic maintenance therapy regimens for AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 151. J. Infect. Dis. 1994;170:189–193. doi: 10.1093/infdis/170.1.189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kapikian A.Z., Mitchell R.H., Chanock R.M., Shvedoff R.A., Stewart C.E. An epidemiologic study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus ifection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS virus vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1969;89:405–421. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120954. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Katzenstein D.A., Hammer S.M., Hughes M.D., Gundacker H., Jackson J.B., Fiscus S., Rasheed S., Elbeik T., Reichman R., Japour A., Merigan T.C., Hirsch M.S. The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996;335:1091–1098. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610103351502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kedes D.E., Operskalski E., Busch M., Kohn R., Flood J., Ganem D. The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nature Medicine. 1996;2:918–924. doi: 10.1038/nm0896-918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kelloff G.J., Boone C.W., Crowell J.A. Strategies for phase II cancer chemoprevention trials: cervix, endometrium, and ovary. J. Cell. Biochem. 1995;(Suppl. 23):1–9. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240590902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kim H.W., Canchola J.G., Brandt C.D. Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1969;89:422–434. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Knox K.K., Drobyski W.R., Carrigan D.R. Cytomegalovirus isolate resistant to ganciclovir and foscarnet from marrow transplant patient. Lancet. 1991;2:1292–1293. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92965-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Korba E. In vitro evaluation of combination strategies against heptitis B virus replication. Antiviral Res. 1996;29:49–51. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00915-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kovacs J.A., Baseler M., Dewar M.J., Vogel S., Davey R.J., Falloon J., Polis M.A., Walker R.E., Stevens R., Salzman N.P., Metcalf J.A., Masur H., Lane H.C. Increases in CD4 T lymphocytes with intermittent courses of interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A preliminary studyN. Engl. J. Med. 1995;332:567–575. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199503023320904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kovacs J.A., Vogel S., Albert J.M., Falloon J., Davey R.T., Wallace R.E., Polis M.A., Spooner K., Metcalf J.H., Baseler M., Fyfe G., Lane H.C. Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996;335:1350–1356. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610313351803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lefrere J.J., Meyohas M.C., Mariotti M., Meynard J.L., Thauvin M., Frottier J. Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences before the appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive subjects with a known date of HIV seroconversion. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;174:283–287. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.2.283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lennette E.T., Blackbourn D.J., Levy J.A. Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Lancet. 1996;348:858–861. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03240-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Levin M.J. Treatment and prevention options for respiratory syncytial virus infections. J. Pediatr. 1994;124:S22–S27. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70187-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Li J.J., Huang Y.Q., Cockerell C.J., Friedman-Kien A.E. Localization of human herpes-like virus type 8 in vascular endothelial cells and perivascular spindle-shaped cells of Kaposi's sarcoma lesions by in situ hybridization. Am. J. Pathol. 1996;148:1741–1748. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ling R., Mutimer D., Ahmed M., Boxall E.H., Elias E., Dusheiko G.M., Harrison I.J. Selection of mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase during therapy of transplant recipients with lamivudine. Hepatology. 1996;24:711–713. doi: 10.1002/hep.510240339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Luppi M., Barozzi P., Maiorana A., Artusi T., Trovato R., Marasca R., Savarino M., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Torelli G. Human herpesvirus-8 DNA sequences in human immunodeficiency virus-negative angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and benign lymphadenopathy with giant germinal center hyperplasia and increased vacularity. Blood. 1996;87:3903–3909. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Luppi M., Barozzi P., Marasca R., Savarino M., Torelli G. HHV-8-associated primary B-cell lymphoma in HIV-negative patient after long-term steroids. Lancet. 1996;347:980. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91473-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Luxton J.C., Williams I., Weller I., Crawford D.H. Epstein-Barr virus infection of HIV-seropositive individuals is transiently suppressed by high-dose acyclovir treatment. AIDS. 1993;7:1337–1343. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199310000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Martin M.A., Bock M.J., Phaller M.A., Wenzel R.P. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Lancet. 1988;1:1396–1397. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92208-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Martin S., Casasnovas J.M., Staunton D.E., Springer T.A. Efficient neutralization and disruption of rhinovirus by chimeric ICAM-1/immunoglobulin molecules. J. Virol. 1993;67:3561–3568. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.6.3561-3568.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Mellors J.W., Kingsley L.A., Rinaldo C.R., Todd J.A., Hoo B.S., Kokka R.P., Gupta P. Quatitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann. Intern. Med. 1995;122:573–579. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Mellors J.W., Rinaldo C.R., Gupta P., White R.M., Todd J.A., Kingsley L.A. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science. 1996;272:1167–1170. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5265.1167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Milich D.R., Wolf S.F., Highes J.L., Jones J.E. Vol. 92. 1995. Interleukin 12 suppresses autoantibody production by reversing helper T-cell phenotype in hepatitis Be antigen transgenic mice; pp. 6847–6851. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Monini P., De Lellis L., Fabris M., Rigolin F., Cassai E. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus DNA sequences in prostate tissue and semen. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996;334:1168–1172. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605023341805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Morfeldt L., Torssander J. Long term remission of Kaposi sarcoma following foscarnet treatment in HIV-infected patients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1994;26:749–752. doi: 10.3109/00365549409008645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Nador R.G., Cesarman E., Chadburn A., Dawson D.B., Ansani M.C., Said J., Knowles D.M. Primary effusion lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kapsosi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood. 1996;88:645–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Noel J.C., Hermans P., Andre J., Fayt I., Simonart Th., Verhest A., Haot J., Burny A. Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences and Kaposi's sarcoma: relationship with epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and histologic features. Cancer. 1996;77:2132–2136. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960515)77:10<2132::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-V. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Nowak M.A., Bonhoeffer S., Hill A.M., Boehme R., Thomas H.C., McDade H. Vol. 93. 1996. Viral dynamics in hepatitis B virus infection; pp. 4398–4402. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. O'Brien W.A., Hartigan P.M., Martin D., Esinhart J., Hill A., Benoir S., Rubin M., Simberkoff M.S., Hamilton J.D. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 + lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996;334:426–431. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199602153340703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. O'Neill E., Henson T.H., Ghorbiani A.J., Land M.A., Webber B.L., Garcia J.V. Herpes virus-like sequeces are specifically found in Kaposi sarcoma lesions. J. Clin. Pathol. 1996;49:306–308. doi: 10.1136/jcp.49.4.306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Ohlin A., Hoover-Litty H., Sanderson G. Spectrum of activity of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 against rhinovirus reference strains and field isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1994;38:1413–1415. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.6.1413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Otsuki T., Kumar S., Ensoli B., Kingma D.W., Yano T., Stetler-Stevenson M., Jaffe E.S., Raffeld M. Detection of HHV-8KSHV DNA sequences in AIDS-associated extranodal lymphoid malignancies. Leukemia. 1996;10:1358–1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Pari G.S., Field A.K., Smith J.A. Potent antiviral activity of an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to the intron-exon boundary of human cytomegalovirus genes UL36 nd UL 37. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:1157–1161. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.5.1157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Patterson J.L., Fernandez-Larsson R. Molecular mechanisms of action of ribavirin. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1990;12:1139–1145. doi: 10.1093/clinids/12.6.1139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Perelson A.S., Neumann A.U., Markowitz M., Leonard J.M., Ho D.D. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science. 1996;271:1582–1586. doi: 10.1126/science.271.5255.1582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Peters M., Timm U., Schurmann D., Pohle H.D., Ruf B. Combined and alternating ganciclovir and foscarnet in acute and maintenance therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-related cytomegalovirus encephalitis refractory to ganciclovir alone: A case report and review of the literature. Clin. Invest. 1992;70:456–458. doi: 10.1007/BF00235533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Pollard R.B. CMV retinitis: ganciclovir/monoclonal antibody. Antiviral Res. 1996;29:73–75. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00922-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Pottage J.C., Kessler H.A. Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir: clinical relevance. Inf. Agents Dis. 1995;4:115–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Prichard M.N., Shipman C.J. Ribonucleotide reductase: an important enzyme in the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and a target for antiviral chemotherapy. Chemotherapy. 1995;41:384–395. doi: 10.1159/000239371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Reed E.C., Bowden R.A., Dandliker P.S., Lilleby K.E., Meyers J.D. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988;109:783–788. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-109-10-783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Renne R., Zhong W., Herndier B., McGrath M., Abbey N., Kedes D., Ganem D. Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nature Medicine. 1996;2:342–346. doi: 10.1038/nm0396-342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Robert C., Agbalika F., Blanc F., Dubertret L. HIV-negative patient with HHV-8 DNA follicular B-cell lymphoma associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 1996;347:1042–1043. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90179-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Rodriguez W.J., Hall C.B., Welliver R., Simoes E.A., Ryan M.E., Stutman H., Johnson G., Van Dyke R., Groothuis J.R., Arrobio J. Efficacy and safety of aerosolized ribavirin in young children hospitalized with influenza: a double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. J. Pediatr. 1994;125:129–135. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70139-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Rollins B.S., Elkhatieb A.H., Hayden F.G. Comparative anti-influenza virus activity of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibosides in vitro. Antiviral Res. 1993;21:357–368. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90013-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Rosina F., Cozzolongo R. Interferon in HDV infection. Antiviral Res. 1994;24:165–174. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90065-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Ruiz-Moreno M., Garcia R., Rua M.J., Serrano B., Moraleda G., Feijoo E., Bartolome J., Ortiz F., Castillo I., Carreno V. Levamisole and interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1993;18:264–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Ryan D.M., Ticehurst J., Dempsey M.H. GG167 (4-guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid) is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus in ferrets. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:2583–2584. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.11.2583. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Ryan D.M., Ticehurst J., Dempsey M.H., Penn C.R. Inhibition of influenza virus replication in mice by GG167 (4-guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid) is consistent with extracellular activity of viral neuraminidase (sialidase) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2270–2275. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.10.2270. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Safrin S., Kemmerly S., Plotkin B., Smith T., Weissbach N., Deveranoz P., Dhan L.D., Cohn P. Foscarnetresistant herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis. 1994;169:193–196. doi: 10.1093/infdis/169.1.193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Said W., Chien K., Takeuchi S., Tasaka T., Asou H., Cho S.K., De Vos S., Cesarman E., Knowles D.M., Kueffler H.P. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) in primary effusion lymphoma: ultrastructural demonstration of herpesvirus in lymphoma cells. Blood. 1996;87:4937–4943. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sander C.A., Simon M., Puchta U., Raffeld M., Kind P. HHV-8 in lymphoproliferative lesions in skin. Lancet. 1996;348:475–476. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64569-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sarasini A.F., Baldantini M., Furione E., Percivalli F., Brerra R., Barbi M., Gerna G. Double resistance to ganciclovir and foscarnet of four human cytomegalovirus strains recovered from AIDS patients. J. Med. Virol. 1995;47:237–244. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890470309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Schalling M., Ekman M., Kaaya E.E., Linde A., Biberfeld P. A role for a new herpes virus (KSHV) in different forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature Medicine. 1995;1:707–708. doi: 10.1038/nm0795-707. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Schooley R.T., Ramirez-Ronda C., Lange J.M.A., Cooper D.A., Laville J., Lefkowitz L., Moore M., Laroer B.A., St. Clair M., Mulder J.W., McKinnan R., Pennington U., Harrigan D.R., Kinghorn I., Steel H., Rooney J.F. Virologic and immunologic benefits of initial therapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine or didanosine compared with zidovudine monotherapy. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;173:1354–1366. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.6.1354. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Schvarcz R., Yun Z.B., Sonnerborg A., Weiland O. Combined treatment with interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in patients with a previous non-response or non-sustained response to interferon alone. J. Med. Virol. 1995;46:43–47. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890460110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Shaw T., Amor P., Civitico G., Boyd M., Locarnini S. In vitro antiviral activity of penciclovir, a novel purine nucleoside, against duck hepatitis B virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1994;38:719–723. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.4.719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Shepp D.H., Dandliker P.S., De Miranda P., Burnette T.C., Cederberg D.M., Kirk L.E., Myers J.D. Activity of 9-[2-hydroxyl-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine in the treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1985;103:368–373. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-3-368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sherlock S. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C viral infection. J. Hepatol. 1995;23(Suppl. 2):3–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Soul-Lawton J., Seaber E., On N., Wootton R., Rolan P., Posner J. Absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of valaciclovir, the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, following oral administration to humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:2759–2764. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.12.2759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Soulier J., Grollet L., Oksenhendler E., Cacoub P., Cazals-Hatem D., Babinet P., d'Agay M.F., Clauvel J.P., Raphael M., Degos L., Sigaux F. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease. Blood. 1995;86:1276–1280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Spruance S.L. Prophylactic chemotherapy with acyclovir for recurrent herpes simplex labialis. J. Med. Virol. 1993;(Suppl. 1):27–32. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890410507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group Combination foscarnet and ganciclovir therapy vs monotherapy for the treatment of relapsed cytomegalvirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Arch. Ophtalmol. 1996;114:23–33. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130021004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Taylor G., Porter T., Dillon S., Trill J., Ganguly S., Hart T., Davis C., Wyde P., Tempest P., Harris W. Anti-respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies show promise in the treatment and prophylaxis of viral disease. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1995;23:1063–1067. doi: 10.1042/bst0231063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Tipples G.A., Ma M.M., Fischer K.P., Bain V.G., Kneteman N.M., Tyrrell D.L.J. Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo. Hepatology. 1996;24:714–717. doi: 10.1002/hep.510240340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Van der Meer J.T.M., Drew W.L., Bowden R.A., Galasso G.J., Griffiths P.D., Jabs D.A., Katlama C., Spector S.A., Whitley R.J. Summary of the International Consensus Symposium in advances in the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection. Vol. 32. 1996. pp. 119–140. (Antiviral Res.). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Verdonck L.F., De Gast G.C., Dekker A.W., De Weger R.A., Schuurman H.J., Rozenberg-Arska M. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation with cytomegalovirus immunoglobulins combined with ganciclovir. Bone Marrow Transpl. 1989;4:187–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Wei X., Ghosh S.K., Taylor M.E., Johnson V.A., Emini E.A., Deutsch P., Lifson J.D., Bonhoeffer S., Nowak M.A., Hahn B.H., Saag M.S., Shaw G.H. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:117–122. doi: 10.1038/373117a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Weller S., Blum M.R., Doucette M., Burnette T., Cederberg D.M., de Miranda P., Smiley M.L. Pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir pro-drug valaciclovir after escalating single- and multiple-dose administration to normal volunteers. Clin. Phramacol. Ther. 1993;54:595–605. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1993.196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Whimbey E., Champlin R.E., Englund J.E., Mirza N.Q., Piedra P.A., Goodrich J.M., Przepiorua D., Luna M., Morice R.C., Neumann J.L., Elting L.S., Bodey G.P. Combination therapy with aerosolized ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin for respiratory syncytial virus disease in adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transpl. 1995;16:393–399. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Whitley R.J., Weiss M., Gnann J.W., Tyring S., Mertz G.J., Pappas P.G., Schleupner C.J., Hayden F., Wolf J., Soong S.J. Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. A randomized, placebocontrolled trialAnn. Intern. Med. 1996;125:376–383. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Woods J.M., Bethell R.C., Coates J.A., Healy N., Hiscox S.A., Pearson B.A., Ryan D.M., Ticehurst J., Tilling J., Walcott S.M., Penn C.R. 4-guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-neuraminic acid is a highly effective inhibitor both of the salidase (neuraminidase) and of growth of a wide range of influenza A and B viruses in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1473–1479. doi: 10.1128/aac.37.7.1473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Yerly S., Kaiser L., Mermillod B., Baumberger C., Hirschel B., Perrin L. Response of HIV RNA to didanosine as a predictive marker of survival. AIDS. 1995;9:159–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Zhong W., Wang H., Herndier B., Ganem D. Vol. 93. 1996. Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma; pp. 6641–6646. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Antiviral Research are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES