Abstract
Vaccination of animals for the prevention of infectious diseases has been practised for a number of years with little change in product composition. Recent advances in molecular biology, pathogenesis and immunology have laid the groundwork for the development of a new generation of veterinary vaccines based on pure subunits as well as live vectored bacteria and viruses. Along with novel methods of antigen preparation, the use of new adjuvants and delivery systems will permit targeting of the appropriate immune response as well as offering flexibility in terms of vaccination protocols. These new technologies are also being applied to the development of vaccines to enhance animal productivity and to control reproduction.
Keywords: Vaccine, antigen, adjuvant, delivery, immunoneutralization, immunization, live vector
References
- 1.Acres S.D. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon: 1976. Epidemiology of neonatal diarrhea. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Acres S.D. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in newborn calves: A review. J. Dairy. Sci. 1985;68:229–256. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80814-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Acres S.D., Isaacson R.E., Babiuk L.A., Kapitany R.A. Immunization of calves against enterotoxigenic colibacillosis by vaccinating dams with purified K99 antigen and whole cell bacterins. Infect. Immun. 1979;25:121–126. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.1.121-126.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Anderson C., Potter A.A., Gerlach G.-F. Isolation and molecular characterization of spontaneously occurring cytolysin-negative mutants of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7. Infect. Immun. 1991;59:4110–4116. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4110-4116.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Arora A.K. Toxic effects of Moraxella bovis and their relationship to the pathogenesis of infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Vet. Arch. 1982;52:175–182. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Aston R. Vol. 47. 1988. Enhancement of growth hormone activity in vivo by monoclonal antibodies: potential for autoimmunisation; pp. 387–395. (Proc. Nutrit. Soc.). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Barnard R., Bundesen P.G., Rylatt D.B., Waters M.J. Evidence from the use of monoclonal antibody probes for structural heterogeneity of the growth hormone receptor. Biochem. J. 1985;231:459–468. doi: 10.1042/bj2310459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Berman P.W., Gregory T., Dowbenko D., Lasky L. Production of viral glycoproteins in genetically engineered mammalian cell lines for use as vaccines against immune deficiency retrovirus. Appl. Virol. Res. 1988;1:17–24. [Google Scholar]
- 9.Bienenstock J., Befus A.D. Mucosal immunology. Immunol. 1990;41:249–270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Blanchard-Channell M.T., Ashfag M.K., Kadel W.L. Efficacy of a streptomycin-dependent, live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines against challenge exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1987;48:637–642. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Brideau R.J., Oien N.L., Lehman D.J., Homa F.L., Wathen M.W. Protection of cotton rats against human parainfluenza virus type 3 by vaccination with a chimeric FHN subunit glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:471–477. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-3-471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Brideau R.J., Walters R.R., Stier M.A., Wathen M.W. Protection of cotton rats against human respiratory syncytial virus by vaccination with a novel chimeric FG glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1989;70:2637–2644. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-10-2637. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Broekhuijsen M.P., van Rijn J.M.M., Blom A.J.H., Pouwels P.H., Enger-Valk B.D., Brown F., Frances M.J. Fusion proteins with multiple copies of the major antigenic determinant of foot and mouth disease virus protects both the natural host and laboratory animals. J. Gen. Virol. 1987;68:3137–3143. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-12-3137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Burger H.G. Inhibin, a member of a new peptide family. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1989;1:1–13. doi: 10.1071/rd9890001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Charles I., Dougan G. Gene expression and the development of live enteric vaccines. Trends Biotechnol. 1990;8:117–121. doi: 10.1016/0167-7799(90)90151-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Chengappa M.M., Carter G.R., Chang T.S. A streptomycin-dependent live Pasteurella multocida type-3 vaccine for the prevention of fowl cholera in turkeys. Avian Dis. 1978;23:57–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Clements J.D., Lyon F.L., Lowe D.L. Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella enteritidis containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of the beta subunit of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 1986;53:685–692. doi: 10.1128/iai.53.3.685-692.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Cox G., Zamb T., Babiuk L.A. Bovine herpesvirus-1: Immune responses in mice and cattle injected with plasmid DNA. J. Virol. 1993;67:5664–5667. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5664-5667.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.De Graaf F.K., Wientjes F.B., Klaasen-Boor P. Production of K99 antigen by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains of antigen groups O8, O0, O20, and O101 grown at different conditions. Infect. Immun. 1980;27:216–221. doi: 10.1128/iai.27.1.216-221.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Deneer H.G., Potter A.A. Effect of iron restriction on the outer membrane proteins of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1989;57:798–804. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.3.798-804.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Deneer H.G., Potter A.A. Iron-repressible outer-membrane proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1989;135:435–443. doi: 10.1099/00221287-135-2-435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Devenish J., Rosendal S., Johnson R., Hubler S. Immunoserological comparison of 104-kilodalton proteins associated with hemolysis and cytolysis in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1989;57:3210–3213. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.10.3210-3213.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Dieleman S.J., Bevers M.M. Effects of monoclonal antibodies against PMSG administered shortly after the preovulatory LH surge on time and number of ovulations in PMSG/PG treated cow. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1987;81:5442–5533. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0810533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Dieleman S.J., Bevers M.M., Gielsen J.T. Increase of the number of ovulations in PMSG-Pg treated cows by administration of monoclonal anti-PMSG antibody shortly after the endogenous LH peak. Theriogen. 1987;27:222. [Google Scholar]
- 25.Dougan G., Sellwood R., Maskell D. In vivo properties of a cloned K88 adherence antigen determinant. Infect. Immun. 1986;52:344–347. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.1.344-347.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Dowsett K.F., Tshewang U., Knott L.M., Jackson A.E., Trigg T.E. Immunocastration of colts and immunospaying of fillies. Immunol. and Cell Biol. 1993;71:501–508. doi: 10.1038/icb.1993.55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Drew M.D., Rosenthal K.L., McDermott M.R. The design of vaccines for inducing secretory immunity in the reproductive tracts. In: Griffin P.D., Johnson P.J., editors. Local Immunity in Reproductive Tract Tissues. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 1993. pp. 483–514. [Google Scholar]
- 28.Duque H., Marshall R.L., Israel B.A., Letchworth G.F. Effects of formalin inactivation on bovine herpes virus-1 glycoproteins and antibody response elicited by formalin-inactivated vaccines in rabbits. Vaccine. 1989;7:513–520. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90275-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Egerton J.R., Cox P.T., Anderson B.J. Protection of sheep against footrot with a recombinant DNA-based fimbrial vaccine. Vet. Microbiol. 1987;14:393–409. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90030-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Elleman T.C., Hoyne P.A., Emery D.L. Expression of the pilin gene from Bacteroides nodosus in Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1986;51:187–192. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.1.187-192.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Elleman T.C., Hoyne P.A., Stewart D.J. Expression of pili from Bacteroides nodosus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 1986;168:574–580. doi: 10.1128/jb.168.2.574-580.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Engelhard V.H., Strominger J.L., Mescher M., Burakoff S. Vol. 75. 1978. Induction of secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes by purified HLA-A and HLA-B antigens reconstituted into phosphalipid vesicles; pp. 5688–5691. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Evans D.J., McKeating J., Meredith J.M., Burke K.L. An engineered poliovirus chimera elicits broadly reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Nature. 1989;339:385–389. doi: 10.1038/339385a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Fairweather N.G., Chatfield S.N., Makoff A.J. Oral vaccination of mice against tetanus by use of a live attenuated Salmonella carrier. Infect. Immun. 1990;58:1323–1326. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.5.1323-1326.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Fenner F., Bachman P., Gibb E.P.J., Murphy F.A., Studdert M.J., White D.O. Academic Press; Orlando: 1987. p. 362. (Veterinary Virology). [Google Scholar]
- 36.Flexner C., Hugin A., Moss B. Prevention of vaccinia virus infection in immunodeficient mice by vector-directed IL-2 expression. Nature. 1987;330:259–262. doi: 10.1038/330259a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Flynn J.L., Weiss W.R., Norris K.A. Generation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response using a Salmonella antigen-delivery system. Mol. Microbiol. 1990;4:2111–2118. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00572.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Forage R.G., Brown R.W., Oliver K.J., Atrache B.T., Devine P.L., Hudson G.C., Goss N.H., Bertram K.C., Tolstochev P., Robertson D.M., de Kretser B.T. Immunisation against an inhibin subunit produced by recombinant DNA techniques results in increased ovulation rate in sheep. J. Endocr. 1987;114:R1–R4. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.114r001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Frenchick P.J., Sabara M.I.J., Ready K.F.M., Babiuk L.A. Biochemical and immunological characterization of a novel peptide carrier system using rotavirus VP6 particles. Vaccine. 1992;10:783–791. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90514-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Gaastra W., de Graaf F.K. Host-specific fimbrial adhesins of noninvasive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Microbiol. Rev. 1982;46:129–161. doi: 10.1128/mr.46.2.129-161.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Gatei M.H., Naif H.M., Kumar S., Boyle D.B., Daniel R.C.W., Good M.F., Lavin M.F. Protection of sheep agains bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection by vaccination with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing BLV envelope glycoproteins: Correlation of protection with CD4 T-cell response to gp51 peptides 51–70. J. Virol. 1993;67:1803–1810. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.1803-1810.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Gearing D.P., Nicola N.A., Metcalf D., Foote S., Willson T.A., Gough N.M., Williams R.L. Production of leukemia inhibitory factor in Escherichia coli by a novel procedure and its use in maintaining embryonic stem cells in culture. Biotech. 1989;7:1157–1161. [Google Scholar]
- 43.Gerlach G.-F., Anderson C., Klashinsky S., Rossi-Campos A., Potter A.A., Willson P.J. Molecular characterization of a protective lipoprotein from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1992;61:565–572. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.2.565-572.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Gibbs E.P. Control of viral diseases of sheep and goats, conventional and novel vaccines. In: Panday R., Hoglund S., Prasad G., editors. Progress in Vaccinology. Springer-Verlag; New York: 1993. pp. 182–199. [Google Scholar]
- 45.Gold L. Expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 1990;185:11–13. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)85004-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 46.Gonzalez-Rayos C., Lo T.Y.C., Shewen P.E., Beveridge T.J. Cloning of a serotype-specific antigen from Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Infect. Immun. 1986;53:505–510. doi: 10.1128/iai.53.3.505-510.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 47.Greenwood P.E., Clark S.J., Cahill A.D. Development and protective efficacy of a recombinant-DNA derived fimbrial vaccine against enterotoxic colibacillosis in neonatal piglets. Vaccine. 1988;6:389–392. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(88)90135-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 48.Gregoriadis G. Immunological adjuvants: A role for liposomes. Immunol. Today. 1990;11:89–97. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(90)90034-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 49.Hadad J.J., Gyles C.L. The role of K antigens of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in colonization of the small intestine of calves. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1982;46:21–26. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 50.Harland R.J., Potter A.A., van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S., Van Donkersgoed J., Parker M.D., Zamb T.J., Janzen E.D. The effect of subunit or modified live bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines on the efficacy of a recombinant Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for the prevention of respiratory disease in feedlot calves. Can. Vet. J. 1992;33:734–741. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 51.Haynes J.R., Cunningham J., Von Seefried A., Lennick M., Garvin R.T., Shen S.H. Development of a genetically engineered candidate polio vaccine employing the self-assembling properties of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. Biotech. 1986;4:637–641. doi: 10.1038/nbt0786-637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 52.Hazama M., Mayumi-Aono A., Asakawa N., Kuroda S., Hinuma S., Fujisawa Y. Adjuvant-independent enhanced immune responses to recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D by fusion with biologically active interleukin-2. Vaccine. 1994;11:629–636. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90308-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 53.Heath A.W., Playfair J.H.L. Cytokines as immunological adjuvants. Vaccine. 1992;10:427–434. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90389-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 54.Henner D.J. Expression of heterologous genes in Bacillus subtilis. Methods Enzymol. 1990;185:199–201. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)85019-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 55.Ho R.J.Y., Burke R.L., Merigan T.C. Liposome-formulated interleukin-2 as an adjuvant of recombinant HSV glycoprotein gD for the treatment of recurrent genital HSV-2 in guinea-pigs. Vaccine. 1991;10:209–213. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90153-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 56.Hodgson A.L.M., Radford A.J. Conventional and contemporary bacterial veterinary vaccines. In: Prandey R., Höglund S., Prasad G., editors. Veterinary Vaccines. Springer-Verlay; New York: 1993. pp. 200–239. [Google Scholar]
- 57.Homa F.L., Brideau R.J., Lehaman D.J., Thomsen D.R., Olmsted R.A., Wathen M.W. Development of a novel subunit vaccine that protects cotton rats against both human respiratory syncytical virus and human parainfluenza virus type 3. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:1995–1999. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-9-1995. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 58.Hughes H. P. A. and Babiuk L. A. In Recombinant Vaccines: New Vaccinology, (Kurstak E., editors), Academic Press (New York) (in press). Potentiation of vaccines through effective adjuvant formulation and manipulation of the immune response.
- 59.Hutchings D.L., Campos M., Qualtiere L., Babiuk L.A. Inhibition of antigen-induced and interleukin-2 induced proliferation of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes by inactivated bovine herpesvirus-1. J. Virol. 1990;64:4146–4151. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4146-4151.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 60.Ivins B.E., Ezzel J.R.J., Jemski J. Immunization studies with attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 1986;52:454–458. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.2.454-458.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 61.Jacobs W.R., Snapper S.B., Lugosi L., Bloom L., Bloom B.R. Development of BCG as a recombinant vaccine vehicle. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1990;155:153–160. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-74983-4_11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 62.Jim K., Guichon T., Shaw G. Protecting calves from pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet. Med. 1988;83:1084–1087. [Google Scholar]
- 63.Jones P.W., Dougan G., Hayward C. Oral vaccination of calves against experimental salmonellosis using a double aro mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Vaccine. 1991;9:29–34. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90313-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 64.Josephson S., Bishop R. Secretion of peptides from E. coli: A production system for the pharmaceutical industry. Trends Biotechol. 1988;6:218–224. [Google Scholar]
- 65.Kadel W.L., Chengappa M.M., Herren C.E. Field trial evaluation of a Pasteurella vaccine in preconditioned and non-preconditioned lightweight calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1985;46:1944–1948. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 66.Kang C.Y. Baculovirus vectors for expression of foreign genes. Adv. Virus Res. 1988;35:117–192. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60711-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 67.Kit S., Kit M. USA Animal Health Assoc. 94th Annual Meeting. 1990. Expression of pseudorabies virus and foot and mouth disease virus proteins by modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vectors; pp. 66–75. [Google Scholar]
- 68.Kit S., Qavi H., Gaines J.D., Billinglsey P. Thymidine kinase negative bovine herpesvirus type 1 mutant is stable and highly attenuated in calves. Arch. Virol. 1985;86:53–83. doi: 10.1007/BF01314114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 69.Kit S., Sheppard M., Ichimura H., Kit M. Second generation pseudorabies virus vaccine with deletions in thymidine kinase and glycoprotein genes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1987;48:780–793. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 70.Kowalski J., Gilbert S., van Drunen Little-van den Hurk S., van den Hurk J., Babiuk L.A., Zamb T.J. Heat-shock promoter-driven synthesis of secreted bovine herpesvirus glycoproteins in transfected cells. Vaccine. 1993;11:1100–1108. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90069-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 71.Kuwajima G., Asaka J.-I., Fuijwara T. Presentation of an antigenic determinant from hen egg-white lysozyme on the flagellar filament of Escherichia coli. Biotech. 1988;6:1080–1083. [Google Scholar]
- 72.Kwaga J. K. P., Allan B. J., van den Hurk J. V., Seidi H. and Potter A. A.Infect. Immun. (submitted), A carAB mutant of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O2 is attenuated and effective as a live oral vaccine against colibacillosis in turkeys. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 73.Laarveld B., Chaplin R.K., Kerr D.I. Somatostatin immunization and growth of lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 1986;66:77–83. [Google Scholar]
- 74.Lebek G., Gruenig H.-M. Relation between the hemolytic property and iron metabolism in Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1985;50:682–686. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.3.682-686.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 75.Liang X., Tang M., Manns B., Babiuk L. A. and Zamb T. J.J. Virol., (in press), Identification and deletion mutagenesis of bovine herpesvirus dUTPase gene and a gene homologous to herpes simplex virus UL 49.5. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 76.Lincoln R.E., Fish D.C. Anthrax toxin. In: Monte T., Kadis S., Ajl S., editors. Microbial Toxins. Academic Press; New York: 1970. pp. 361–414. [Google Scholar]
- 77.Lindberg A.A., Robertson J.A. Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: Cell-mediated and humoral immune reactions before and after challenge with live virulent bacteria in calves given live or inactivated vaccines. Infect. Immun. 1983;41:751–757. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.2.751-757.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 78.Lo R.Y.C., Shewen P.E., Strathdee C.A., Greer C.N. Cloning and expression of the leukotoxin gene of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in Escherichia coli K-12. Infect. Immun. 1985;50:667–671. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.3.667-671.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 79.Lo R.Y.C., Strathdee C.A., Shewen P.E. Nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin genes of Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Infect. Immun. 1987;55:1987–1996. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.1987-1996.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 80.Maeda S. Expression of foreign genes in insect cells using baculovirus vectors. Ann. Rev. Entomology. 1989;34:351–372. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 81.Mahan M.J., Slauch J.M., Mekalanos J.J. Selection of bacterial virulence genes that are specifically induced in host tissues. Science. 1993;259:686–688. doi: 10.1126/science.8430319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 82.Marchioli C.C., Yancey R.J., Wardley R.C., Thomsen D.R., Post L.E. A vaccine strain of pseudorabies virus with deletions in the thymidine kinase and glycoprotein X genes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1987;11:1577–1583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 83.Marciani D.J., Kensil C.R., Beltz G.A., Hung C.H., Cronier J., Aubert A. Genetically-engineered subunit vaccine against feline leukemia virus: Protective immune response in cats. Vaccine. 1991;9:89–96. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90262-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 84.Matsuo K., Yamaguchi R., Yamazaki A. Establishment of a foreign antigen secretion system in mycobacteria. Infect. Immun. 1990;58:4049–4054. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.12.4049-4054.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 85.McKinnie M.R., Britt J.H., Ebenshade K.L. Ovarian function and hormone secretion in gilts actively immunised against androstenedione. J. Anim. Sci. 1988;66:3131–3143. doi: 10.2527/jas1988.66123131x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 86.Menza M., Saber J., Sundquist B., Toots I., Morein B. Characterization of purified gp51 from bovine leukemia virus integrated with ISCOMs. Arch. Virol. 1991;120:219–231. doi: 10.1007/BF01310477. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 87.Michalek S.J., Eldridge J.H., Curtiss R., Rosenthal K. In: Antigen delivery systems: New approaches to mucosal immunization. Ogra R., editor. Academic Press; New York: 1994. pp. 373–390. [Google Scholar]
- 88.Mikesell P., Ivins B.E., Ristroph J.D., Dreier T.M. Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 1983;39:371–376. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.1.371-376.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 89.Minor P.D., John A., Ferguson M., Icenogle J.P. Antigenic and molecular evolution of the vaccine strain of type 3 poliovirus during the period of excretion of a primary vaccine. J. Gen. Virol. 1986;67:693–706. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-4-693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 90.Mittal S. K., Prevec L., Graham F. L. and Babiuk L. A.J. Virol. (submitted), Development of a bovine adenovirus type 3 based expression vector. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 91.Morein B., Lovgren K., Hoglund S., Sundquist B. The ISCOM, an immunostimulatory complex. Immunol. Today. 1987;8:333–338. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(87)90008-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 92.Morein B., Sundquist B., Hoglund S., Dalsgaard K., Osterhaus A. ISCOM, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature. 1984;308:457–460. doi: 10.1038/308457a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 93.Morris W., Steinhoff M.C., Russell P.K. Potential of polymer microencapsulation technology for vaccine innovation. Vaccine. 1994;12:5–11. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90003-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 94.Mosmann T.R., Coffman R.L. Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1989;7:145–173. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 95.Moss B., Flexner C. Vaccinia virus expression vectors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1987;5:305–324. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.05.040187.001513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 96.Munson M., Kelly S.M., Curtiss R. Oral immunization with a virulent Salmonella typhimurium to induce cross-protective immunity to Escherichia coli-induced air sacculitis and septicemia in chickens. Conference of Research Workers in Disease; Chicago; 1989. p. 61. [Google Scholar]
- 97.Nagai R., Perutz M.F., Poyart C. Vol. 82. 1985. Oxygen binding properties of human mutant hemoglobins synthesized in Escherichia coli; pp. 7252–7255. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 98.Nick S., Klaws J., Friebel K., Birr C., Hunsmann G., Bayer H. Virus neutralizing and enhancing epitopes characterized by synthetic oligopeptides derived from feline leukemia virus glycoprotein sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 1990;71:77–83. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-1-77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 99.Nicoletti P., Milward F.W. Protection by oral administration of Brucella abortus strain 19 against oral challenge with a pathogenic strain of Brucella. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983;44:1641–1643. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 100.Nilsson B., Holmgren E., Josephson S. Efficient secretion and purification of human insulin-like growth factor 1 with a gene fusion vector in Staphylococci. Nucl. Acids Res. 1985;13:1151–1162. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 101.Ogunnariwo J.A., Schryvers A.B. Iron acquisition in Pasteurella haemolytica: expression and identification of a bovine-specific transferrin receptor. Infect. Immun. 1990;58:2091–2097. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.7.2091-2097.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 102.Olsen C.W., Corapi W.V., Ngichabe C.K., Baines J.D., Scott F.W. Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages. J. Virol. 1992;66:956–965. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.956-965.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 103.Pastoret P.P., Brochier B., Languet B., Thomas I., Paguot A., Bauduin B., Kieny M.P., Lecocq J.P., DeBruyn J., Costy F., Antoine H. First field trial of fox vaccination against rabies using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. Vet. Rec. 1988;123:481–483. doi: 10.1136/vr.123.19.481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 104.Pedersen N.C., Johnson L., Bird C., Theilen G.H. Possible immunoenhancement of persistent viremia by feline leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein vaccines in challenge-exposure situations where whole inactivated vaccines were protective. Vet. Immuno. and Immunopathol. 1986;11:123–148. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90093-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 105.Phillips N.C., Emili A. Enhanced antibody response to liposome-associated antigens: preferential stimulation of IgG2a/b production. Vaccine. 1992;10:151–158. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90004-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 106.Poirier T.P., Kehoe M.A., Beachey E.H. Protective immunity evoked by oral administration of attenuated aroA Salmonella typhimurium expressing cloned streptococcal M protein. J. Exp. Med. 1989;168:25–32. doi: 10.1084/jem.168.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 107.Potter A.A., Ready K., Gilchrist J. Purification of fimbriae from Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Micro. Pathog. 1988;4:311–316. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(88)90092-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 108.Prevec L., Campbell J.B., Christie B.S., Belbeck L., Graham F.L. A recombinant human adenovirus vaccine against rabies. J. Infect. Dis. 1990;161:27–30. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.1.27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 109.Prevec L., Schneider M., Rosenthal K.L., Belbeck L.W. Use of human adenovirus-based vectors for antigen expression in animals. J. Gen. Virol. 1989;70:429–434. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-2-429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 110.Redmond M.J., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H., Hughes H.P., Sabara M., Frenchick P.J., Attah-Poku S., Laarveld B., Babiuk L.A. Rotavirus particles function as immunological carriers for the delivery of peptides from infectious agents and endogenous proteins. J. Mol. Immunol. 1990;28:269–278. doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(91)90073-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 111.Redmond M.J., Ijaz M.K., Parker M., Sabara M.I., Dent D., Gibbons E., Babiuk L.A. Assembly of recombinant proteins into viruslike particles and assessment of vaccine potential. Vaccine. 1993;11:213–230. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90029-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 112.Reed G. Soluble proteins incorporated into ISCOMs after covalent attachment of fatty acid. Vaccine. 1992;9:597–605. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90439-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 113.Rioux C.R., Bergeron H., Lin L., Grothe S., O'Connor-McCourt M., Lau P.C.K. A fusion plasmid for the synthesis of lipopeptide-antigen chimeras in Escherichia coli. Gene. 1992;116:13–20. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90623-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 114.Robertson I.S., Fraser H.M., Innes G.M., Jones A.S. Effect of immunocastration on sexual characteristics in male cattle. Vet. Rec. 1982;111:529–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 115.Robertson I.S., Wilson J.C., Rowland A.C., Fraser H.M. Further studies on immunological castration in male cattle. Vet. Record. 1981;108:318–382. doi: 10.1136/vr.108.17.381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 116.Robertsson J.A., Lindberg A.A., Hoiseth S., Stocker B.A.D. Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: Protection and survival of virulent challenge bacteria after immunization with live or inactivated vaccines. Infect. Immun. 1983;41:742–750. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.2.742-750.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 117.Rossi-Campos A., Anderson C., Gerlach G.-F., Klashinsky S., Potter A.A., Willson P.J. Immunization of pigs against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with two recombinant protein preparations. Vaccine. 1992;10:512–518. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90349-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 118.Roth J.A. Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Symposium., College Station. Texas A&M University Press. 1983. Immunosuppression and immunomodulation in bovine respiratory disease; pp. 143–192. [Google Scholar]
- 119.Rupprecht C.W., Wiktor T.J., Johnston D.H., Hamir A.N., Dietzchold B., Wunner W.H., Glickman L.T., Koprowski H. Vol. 83. 1986. Oral immunization and protection of racoons (Procyon lotor), with a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine; pp. 7947–7950. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 120.Sadoff J.C., Ballou W.R., Baron L.S. Oral Salmonella typhimurium vaccine expressing circumsporozoite protein protects against malaria. Science. 1988;240:336–338. doi: 10.1126/science.3281260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 121.Saif L.J., Heckert R.A. Enteropathogenic coronaviruses. In: Saif L.J., Theil K.W., editors. Viral Diarrheas of Man and Animals. CRC Press; Boca Raton: 1990. pp. 185–252. [Google Scholar]
- 122.Salas-Vidal E., Plebañski M., Castro S. Synthesis of the surface glycoprotein of rotavirus SA11 in the aroA strain of Salmonella typhimurium SL3261. Res. Microbiol. 1990;141:883–886. doi: 10.1016/0923-2508(90)90125-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 123.Scaramuzzi R.J., Campbell B.K., Martin G.B. Immunological approachs to fertility regulation in domestic livestock. Immunol. and Cell Biol. 1993;71:489–499. doi: 10.1038/icb.1993.54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 124.Shewen P.E., Wilkie B.N. Cytotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica acting on bovine leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 1982;35:91–94. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.1.91-94.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 125.Silva S.V.P.S., Little P.B. The protective effect of vaccination against experimental pneumonia in cattle with Haemophilus somnus outer membrane antigens and its interference by lipopolysaccharide. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1990;54:326–330. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 126.Smith B.P., Reina-Guerra M., Hoiseth S.U. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium as modified live vaccines for calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984;45:59–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 127.Snyderman R., Cianciolo G.J. Immunosuppressive activity of the retroviral envelope protein P15E and its possible relationship to neoplasia. Immunology Today. 1984;5 doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(84)90097-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 128.Stephens L.R., Little P.B., Wilkie B.N., Barnum D.A. Isolation of Haemophilus somnus antigens and their use as vaccines for prevention of bovine thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984;45:234–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 129.Takahashi H., Takeshita T., Morcin B., Putney S., Germain R.N., Bersofsky J.A. Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by immunization with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in ISCOMS. Nature. 1990;344:873–874. doi: 10.1038/344873a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 130.Thapar M.A., Parr E.L., Bozzola J.J., Parr M.B. Secretory immune responses in the mouse vagina after parenteral or intravaginal immunization with an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) Vaccine. 1990;9:129–133. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90269-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 131.Thoen C.O., Enright F. Brucella. In: Gyles C.L., Thoen C.O., editors. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals. Iowa State University Press; Ames: 1986. pp. 160–171. [Google Scholar]
- 132.Thomas H., Green I.C., Wallis M., Aston R. Heterogeneity of growth-hormone receptors detected with monoclonal antibodies to human growth hormone. Biochem. J. 1984;243:365–372. doi: 10.1042/bj2430365. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 133.Todhunter D.A., Smith K.L., Hogan J.S., Schoenberger P.S. Iron regulated outer membrane proteins of coliform bacteria isolated from bovine intramammary infections. International Symposium on Bovine Mastitis; Indianapolis; 1990. pp. 64–68. [Google Scholar]
- 134.Uchida I., Sekizaki T., Hashimoto K., Terakado N. Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1985;131:363–367. doi: 10.1099/00221287-131-2-363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 135.Ulmer J.B., Donnelly J.J., Parker S.E., Rhodes G.H., Felgner P.L., Dwarki V.J., Gromkowski S.H., Deck R.R., De Witt C.M., Friedman A., Hawe L.A. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science. 1993;259:1745–1749. doi: 10.1126/science.8456302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 136.Valenzuela P., Coit O., Medina-Selky M.A., Kuo C.H. Antigen engineering in yeast: Synthesis and assembly of hybrid hepatitis B surface antigen-herpes simplex 1 gD particles. Biotech. 1985;3:323–326. [Google Scholar]
- 137.Valenzuela P., Medina A., Rutter W.J., Ammerer G., Rutter B.D. Synthesis and assembly of hepatitis B surface antigen particles in yeast. Nature. 1982;298:347–350. doi: 10.1038/298347a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 138.Wallis M. The chemistry of pituitary growth hormone, prolactin, and related hormones. In: Weinstein B., editor. Chemistry and Biology of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Protein. Marcel-Dekker; New York: 1978. pp. 213–320. [Google Scholar]
- 139.Watson D.L., Watson N.A. Expression of a pseudocapsule by Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in ruminants using an attenuated live vaccine. Zentral Bakter. Mikro. Hyg. Suppl. 1989;14:433–436. [Google Scholar]
- 140.Webster R.G., Kawaoka Y., Taylor J., Weinberg R., Paoletti E. Efficacy of nucleoprotein and haemagluttinin antigens expressed in fowlpox virus as vaccine for influenza in chickens. Vaccine. 1991;9:303–308. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90055-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 141.Whitton I.L., Sheng N., Oldstone M., McKee T. A “string of beads” vaccine, comprising linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal virus challenge. J. Virol. 1993;67:348–352. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.348-352.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 142.Yilma T., Hsu D., Jones L., Owens S. Protection of cattle against rinderpest and vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the HA and F genes. Science. 1988;242:1058–1061. doi: 10.1126/science.3194758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 143.Zaghouani H., Steinman R., Nonacs R., Shah H., Gerhard W., Bona G. Presentation of a viral T cell epitope expressed in the CDR3 region of a self immunoglobulin molecule. Science. 1993;259:224–227. doi: 10.1126/science.7678469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 144.Zijl M., Wensvoort G., de Kluyver E., Hulst M., van den Gulden H., Gielkens A., Berns A., Moormann R. Live attenuated pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus protects swine against both pseudorabies and hog cholera. J. Virol. 1991;65:2761–2765. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.5.2761-2765.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]