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Altered NAD+ biology in the hypothalamic neurons leads to the disruption of energy/glucose metabolism and circadian rhythms observed in obese or aged humans and rodents. AGRP: Agouti-related protein, ARC: arcuate nucleus, NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NPY: neuropeptide Y, POMC: proopiomelanocortin, SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus, SF1: steroidogenic factor-1, and VMH: ventromedial hypothalamus.
