Using a filming protocol to improve video-instructed cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Video communications during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can improve the quality of information exchange between a bystander performing CPR and an emergency medical dispatcher (EMD).

OBJECTIVE:

To improve chest compression effectiveness, a filming protocol instructing video camera placements around a patient was developed. This study measured whether the filming protocol increased chest compressions’ effectiveness.

METHODS:

A simulation study was conducted comparing CPR effectiveness under three conditions: telephone-instructed, video-instructed, and video-instructed with the filming protocol. Twenty-five emergency medical technicians acted as EMDsin the three conditions. A mannequin measured five factors that determined the effectiveness of the chest compressions.

RESULTS:

Compared with telephone-instructed CPR, the filming protocol improved the proportion of time in which the bystander’s hands were in the correct position during chest compressions. Compared with video-instructed CPR, the filming protocol improved both the proportion of time in which the chest was fully released after each compression and the proportion of time in which the compressions were conducted with an appropriate rhythm. The depth and rate of compressions did not improve in the filming protocol condition.

CONCLUSIONS:

Video-instructed CPR with the filming protocol improves CPR effectiveness compared to telephone- and video-instructed CPR. Detailed implementation can improve new technology introduction.

1. Introduction

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is one of the leading causes of mortality around the world [1, 2]. Its identification and the immediate application of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can significantly improve survival rates [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) instruct bystanders at OHCA events to perform chest compressions until the arrival of an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) team. However, performance of high-quality chest compressions remains low [9].

Some EMD call centers apply a live video communications channel with the bystander to improve the quality of information provided to the dispatcher [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. To further improve chest compression effectiveness using live video communication, a filming protocol for the EMD was developed. With this protocol EMDs guide the bystander to position the camera at specific filming angles around the patient. These filming angles allow the dispatcher to measure chest compressions effectiveness, and to provide the bystander with relevant feedback to improve resuscitation efforts. This study aims to measure the effect of the filming protocol on the effectiveness of chest compression performance.

2. Methods

To improve the video communication channel, we developed a filming protocol that defines three filming angles around the patient (Fig. 1): (1) In front of the bystander; (2) Above the patient’s legs – high; and (3) In front of the patient’s legs – low.

Figure 1.

Camera positions for the video-instructed CPR with filming protocol.

Instructions on where to position the camera to capture these filming angles were merged with current telephone-instructed CPR protocol used by Magen-David-Adom (Israel National EMS) EMDs for OHCA (marked in red in Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Video-instructed CPR with filming protocol.

The independent variables were three communication protocols as between-subjects conditions: (1) Telephone-instructed CPR protocol without video communications; (2) Video-instructed CPR – using the telephone-instructed CPR protocol with the addition of a video communication channel; (3) Video-instructed with the filming protocol – telephone-instructed CPR protocol with specific filming angles instructions.

The dependent variables were five chest compression effectiveness measurements: (1) Compressions depth, measured in mm (target: 50–60 mm) [9]; (2) Chest compression rhythm, measured in beats per minute (BPM) (target: 100–120 BPM) [9]; (3) Percentage of time the bystander positioned their hands in the centre of the patient’s chest [9]; (4) Percentage of time the chest compressions were performed with the correct rhythm [9]; (5) Percentage of time the bystander fully released the chest after each compression [24]. We used a Laerdel QCPR${}^{\mathrm{\circledR }}$ mannequin to simulate the chest compressions [16], and measure these factors. Placing of one hand over the other is also considered an important effectiveness measurement [17], but it could not be measured by the mannequin. For the first and second measurements the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between the three conditions. For the three other measurements the (chi) test was used. Results are reported as percentages with the addition of 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the proportion means. Results were considered statistically significant at the 5% level ($p<$ 0.05).

The simulation was conducted in two rooms – one for the dispatcher and one for the bystander. The dispatcher’s room was equipped with the relevant communication protocol, a mobile phone for audio communication, and an Apple iPad${}^{\mathrm{\circledR }}$ for video communication (for both video conditions). The bystanders’ room was equipped with a Laerdal QCPR${}^{\mathrm{\circledR }}$ mannequin, a screen that presented the patient emergency scenario, a mobile phone for audio communications, and a GO-PRO-5${}^{\mathrm{\circledR }}$ camera, which streamed live video to the other room (for both video conditions).

Each simulation scenario began in the bystander room by playing a short OHCA video that included a male patient [18] who was unconscious and not breathing normally [1]. The bystander used the mobile telephone to report the emergency and to receive instructions from the dispatcher.

Every simulation session included two scenarios: The first featured the telephone-instruct CPR condition with one bystander and a dispatcher, and the second scenario included one of the two video conditions with two bystanders and a dispatcher.

The dispatchers in the simulation were experienced EMTs (Emergency Medical Technicians) that were in their third-year of paramedicine studies, trained at performing CPR. Prior to the simulation, all EMTs had a short training on the use of the telephone-instructed CPR protocol and the filming protocol. Participants in the role of bystanders were students without previous experience in performing chest compressions. Ethics approval was given by the Human-Subjects Research Committee of Ben-Gurion University (1507-1).

3. Results

Overall 25 simulation sessions were conducted, which included 49 scenarios – 17 scenarios under the telephone-instructed CPR condition, 14 under the video-instructed CPR condition, and 18 under the video-instructed CPR with filming protocol condition. The results are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Results of the five measurements in the three experimental conditions

	Telephone-instructed CPR ($n=$ 17)	Video-instructed CPR ($n=$ 14)	Video-instructed CPR with filming protocol ($n=$ 18)
Depth of compressions	26.00 [mm]	25.00 [mm] $p=$ 0.28 compared with t-CPR	26.00 [mm] $p=$ 0.37 compared with t-CPR
			$p=$ 0.92 compared with v-CPR
Rhythm	103.00 [BPM]	100.00 [BPM] $p=$ 0.95 compared with t-CPR	107.50 [BPM] $p=$ 0.25 compared with t-CPR
			$p=$ 0.16 compared with v-CPR
Hands placed correctly in the centre of patient’s chest	62.94%	71.36% $p<$ 0.05 compared with t-CPR*	73.17% $p<$ 0.05 compared with t-CPR*
			$p=$ 0.20 compared with v-CPR
Percentage of time chest compressions were done with correct rhythm	54.18%	47.29% $p<$ 0.05 compared with t-CPR*	53.61% $p=$ 0.70 compared with t-CPR
			$p<$ 0.05 compared with v-CPR*
Full release of the chest after each compression	74.65%	61% $p<$ 0.05 compared with t-CPR*	81.56% $p=$ 0.43 compared with t-CPR
			$p<$ 0.05 compared with v-CPR*

Values are presented as percentages or quantitatively. Percentages were compared using a test. Quantitative variables were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. Significant differences are marked with *.

3.1. Compressions depth

Median compressions depth was the same in the video with filming protocol condition [2.60 (2.28, 4.60) mm] and in the telephone-instructed condition [2.60, (1.80, 3.60) mm] ($p=$ 0.37). The median depth of compressions was lowest in the video-instructed condition [2.50 (2.25, 4.35) mm], but was not significantly different compared to the telephone-instructed condition ($p=$ 0.28) and the video-instructed condition (0.92).

3.2. Chest compression rhythm

The fastest chest compressions rhythm was observed in the video with the filming protocol condition [107.50 (98.25, 114.50) BPM], but it was not significantly different from the video-instructed condition [100.00 (88.50, 112.50) BPM; $p=$ 0.16] or the telephone-instructed condition [103.00, (70.50, 112.00) BMP; $p=$ 0.25].

3.3. Percentage of time the bystander’s hands were placed correctly

Correct position of the hands on the patient’s chest was observed in 71.36% (95% CI 48.24%–94.48%) of the scenarios in the video-instructed condition, and in 73.17% (95% CI 53.94%–92.39%) of the scenarios in the video with the filming protocol condition; thus, these conditions were not significantly different from each other ($p=$ 0.20). In contrast, correct position of the hands was observed in only 62.94% (95% CI 40.94%–84.93%) of the scenarios in the telephone-instructed condition, which was significantly different from both video conditions ($p<$ 0.05 for each comparison).

3.4. Percentage of time chest compressions were done with the correct rhythm

The percentage of time in which the bystander administered CPR with the correct rhythm (100–120 BMP) was significantly lower in the video-instructed condition (47.29%, 95% CI 30.17%–64.40%) than in either the telephone-instructed condition (54.18%, 95% CI 34.89%–73.49%, $p<$ 0.05) or the video with filming protocol condition (53.61%, 95% CI 35.70%–71.52%, $p<$ 0.05), which were not significantly different from each other ($p=$ 0.07).

3.5. Percentage of time the bystander fully released the chest after each compression

The video-instructed condition demonstrated the lowest proportion of time in which the chest was fully released (61.00%, CI 39.29%–82.71%), and it was significantly lower than in the telephone-instructed condition (74.65%, CI 56.21%–93.09%, $p<$ 0.05) or in the video with filming protocol condition, which demonstrated the highest proportion of time (81.56%, CI 66.68%–96.43%, $p<$ 0.05). No significant difference was found between the video-instructed condition and the video with filming protocol condition ($p=$ 0.43).

4. Discussion

Information exchange in the telephone-instructed CPR protocol is based only on audio information. Adding the live video communications channel provides additional information that includes visual information. The current study found that designing the way the additional video information is acquired might improve information quality. Thus, the filming protocol might be an important part of an improved video communications channel, improving patient outcomes. From every camera angle, bystanders can focus on a specific valuable piece of information (e.g., measurements for the evaluation of the effectiveness of chest compressions) for a limited duration. And thus, all the measurements that are important for chest compression effectiveness [9, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]can be evaluated by the EMD while a bystander performs the chest compressions.

The study found that the use of live video communications channel with the filming protocol improved the effectiveness of chest compressions compared to the video communications channel with the telephone-instructed CPR protocol, which showed a decrease in the effectiveness of chest compressions. However, in the current study, one measurement did not show improvement due to the addition of the filming protocol. In line with past results [12, 19], the depth of compressions remained low and out of the required boundaries of 50–60 mmin all the experimental conditions. The fact that the depth of compressions can be seen from only one angle could be the reason for these results. Prioritization of the angle order (e.g., rearranging the order so that the low angle position is first) and a longer duration for this specific angle might improve these results. Future studies should focus on optimizing the filming protocol and on improving the depth of compressions.

The filming protocol improves some of the factors that affect the effectiveness of chest compressions performed by a bystander in an OHCA event, and should be part of the future medical dispatcher’s methods. These findings suggest that in order to get the most out of new technology, healthcare providers need to pay special attention to its implementation in the field.

Conflict of interest

None to report.