Table 1.

Antimicrobial agents used in active food packaging. NA-not applicable.

Antimicrobial Class	Antimicrobial Agent	Packaging Material	Main Microorganisms	Food Product	Ref.
Organic acids	Lactic acid	Polyamide	Escherichia coli O157:H7	Fresh beef cuts	[10]
	Lactic acid	Chitosan pectin starch biocomposite	Bacillus subtilis Listeria monocytogenes	NA	[11]
	Sodium benzoate Citric acid	Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Candida albicans	NA	[12]
	Potassium sorbate	Fish collagen and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite	Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus	NA	[13]
Bacteriocins	Sakacin-A	PE coated paper	Listeria monocytogenes	Thin-cut meat	[14]
	Sakacin-A	Cellulose nanofibres	Listeria monocytogenes	Smoked salmon fillets	[15]
	Nisin	Starch-halloysite nanocomposites	Listeria monocytogenes Clostridium perfringens	NA	[16]
	Pediocin	Starch-halloysite nanocomposites	Listeria monocytogenes Clostridium perfringens	NA	[16]
	Nisin	Chitosan-carboxymethylchitosan composite films	Listeria monocytogenes	NA	[17]
	Bacteriocin 7293	Poly (lactic acid)/sawdust particle biocomposite film	Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Aeromonas hydrophila Escherichia coli Salmonella Typhimurium	Pangasius fish fillets	[18]
	Bacteriocin-like substances	Starch	Listeria monocytogenes	Cheese	[19]
	Bacteriocin-like substances	Triticale flour films	Listeria innocua	Cheese	[20]
	Bacteriocin-producer living bacteria	Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)	Listeria monocytogenes	Precooked chicken fillets	[21]
Enzymes	Lysozyme	Nonwoven regenerated cellulose with carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide	Micrococcus lysodeikticus	NA	[22]
	Lysozyme+ lactoferrin	Carboxymethyl cellulose-coated paper	Listeria innocua Escherichia coli	Veal carpaccio	[23]
	Lysozyme	Polyamide 11 (PA11) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)	Pseudomonads	Chicken slices	[24]
	Glucose oxidase	Whey protein isolate	Listeria innocua Brochothrix thermosphacta Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis	NA	[25]
	Lactoperoxidase	Chitosan	Shewanella putrefaciens Pseudomonas fluorescens Psychrotrophs Mesophiles	Rainbow trout	[26]
Biopolymers	Chitosan	Chitosan/ethylene copolymer	Escherichia coli Salmonella Enteritidis Listeria monocytogenes	NA	[27]
	Hydroxyethyl cellulose/sodium alginate	NA	Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus	NA	[28]
Bacteriophages	ϕIBB-PF7A	Alginate	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Chicken fillets	[29]
	vB_EcoMH2W	Chitosan	Escherichia coli O157:H7	Tomatoes	[30]
	LISTEX™ P100	Cellulose membranes	Listeria monocytogenes	Ready-to-eat turkey	[31]
Other	LAE	Cellulose nanofibres	Listeria monocytogenes	NA	[32]
	Sulphur nanoparticles	Chitosan	Listeria monocytogenes Escherichia coli	NA	[33]
	Chlorine dioxide	PLA	Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli	NA	[34]
	Quaternary ammonium salt	PVA/starch	Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa	NA	[35]