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. 2020 Apr 16;927:99–125. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.927.50064

The amphibians and reptiles of Colima, Mexico, with a summary of their conservation status

Julio A Lemos-Espinal 1,✉, Geoffrey R Smith 2, Leland JS Pierce 3, Charles W Painter 3
PMCID: PMC7180167  PMID: 32341677

Abstract

Colima is the fourth smallest Mexican state, covering only 0.3% of the surface area of Mexico, but due to the remarkable diversity of physiographic and environmental conditions present in Colima it contains a high biological diversity. We generated an up-to-date herpetofaunal checklist for Colima, with a summary of the conservation status of Colima’s amphibians and reptiles. Our checklist contains a total of 153 species of amphibians and reptiles (three introduced). Thirty-nine are amphibians and 114 are reptiles. More than half of Colima’s herpetofauna are Mexican endemics (66.7% of amphibians, 67.5% of reptiles). Less than 25% of the amphibian and reptile species in Colima are in protected categories according to the IUCN Red List and SEMARNAT. The reptiles in the Marine and Revillagigedo Archipelago regions are the most threatened taxa of the Colima herpetofauna. Colima shares > 80% of its herpetofauna with its neighboring states, Jalisco and Michoacán.

Keywords: checklist, crocodilians, frogs, herpetofauna, lizards, salamanders, snakes, turtles

Introduction

A number of Mexican states still lack comprehensive species lists of amphibians and reptiles. One such state is Colima, which despite being the fourth smallest Mexican state, covering only 0.3% of the surface area of Mexico, has, as reported here, a rich herpetofauna represented by 150 native species (38 amphibians and 112 reptiles), in part due to the remarkable diversity of physiographic and environmental conditions present in Colima.

The interest in the study of amphibians and reptiles of the state of Colima dates from 1700, the year in which the first official record of a herpetological specimen collected in Colima (Rana pustulosa – MVZ-A20941). More than 200 years later, Oliver (1937) reported 61 species from Colima. Duellman (1958) subsequently listed 82 amphibian and reptile species from the lowlands of Colima, and Painter (1976) studied the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Colima. More recently, Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009) reported new state records for 21 species of amphibians and reptiles from Colima. In addition, there have been several new species recently described or elevated to species status from Colima. Bryson et al. (2014) described Crotalus campbelli from the Sierra de Manantlán of southwestern Jalisco and northern Colima and elevated Crotalus triseriatus armstrongi to a full species status (C. armstrongi). Reyes-Velasco et al. (2015) described Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi from the state of Colima. Grünwald et al. (2018) described two new species of Eleutherodactylus from Colima, E. colimotl and E. manantlanensis, the last one endemic to Colima.

Given these recent additions and changes in the known species of amphibians and reptiles of Colima, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the specimens and documented species of amphibians and reptiles from Colima to provide an up-to-date herpetofaunal checklist from Colima. In addition, we review and summarize the conservation status of these amphibians and reptiles as a potential guide to future conservation and management efforts focused on the amphibians and reptiles of Colima.

Physiography of Colima

Colima is one of the smallest states in Mexico, covering 5,627 km2 between 19°30'45"N and 18°41'03"N, and -103°29'11"W and -104°41'26"W. Colima is located in central-western Mexico, in the middle of the Pacific Coast of Mexico (Fig. 1). Colima is bordered by Jalisco to the north and east, Michoacán to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south. The Revillagigedo Archipelago is part of the state of Colima and includes the islands of Socorro, San Benedicto, Clarion, and Roca Partida (INEGI 2017), lies approximately 390 km southwest of Cabo San Lucas, the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, and 720 to 970 km west of Manzanillo, northwestern Colima (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands – accessed 10 October 2019).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Map of Mexico with the state of Colima shown in red (modified from INEGI 2018).

Almost three quarters of the surface area of Colima is covered by mountains and hills, producing a heterogeneous topography in the state (Fig. 2). This complex topography is represented by two physiographic provinces that are included within the geographic limits of the state: the Volcanic Axis, represented in the state by the subprovince of Volcanes de Colima; and the Sierra Madre del Sur, represented in the state by two subprovinces “Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima” and “Cordillera Costera del Sur” (Fig. 3). The subprovince of Volcanes de Colima is found in the northern corner of the state in the region known as Valle de Colima, and occupies 16.03% of the state’s surface area. The Colima Volcanos (Nevado de Colima, which actually lies in the state of Jalisco, and Volcán de Colima which lies in the states of Jalisco and Colima) are found in this subprovince. All the northern and northeastern slopes and most of the eastern slopes of these two volcanoes lie in the state of Jalisco. The Valley of Colima, formed from the slopes of the Volcán de Colima, is also found in this region. In Colima the subprovince of Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco and Colima occupies most of the state (62.51% of the surface area). It includes the western mountains, the Marabasco River Basin, the Armeria Valley and the entire Colima coast. In the west-central and southern part of the state that parallels the coast the land is flat, and the Valle de Armeria or Llanuras de Tecomán is found here. Northwestern Colima has mountain ranges intermixed with small valleys. The subprovince of the Cordillera Costera del Sur is also part of the province of the Sierra Madre del Sur and occupies 16.03% of the surface area in extreme eastern Colima. Approximately half of this subprovince is represented by mountain ranges that do not reach 2,000 m elevation, and the other half by valleys, hills, and plains (www.inegi.gob.mx accessed 10 October 2019).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Satellite map showing the topographic features of Colima (from Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad 2008).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Physiographic provinces of the state of Colima, Mexico (modified from Cervantes-Zamora et al. 1990).

In Colima, the Sierra Madre del Sur consists of four mountain systems. The first system, and the most important, is located in northern Colima and includes Cerro Grande and several hills (Jurípichi or Juluapan, Los Juanillos, La Astilla, El Ocote, El Peón, El Barrigón, San Diego and La Media Luna). The second system runs from the northwestern end of the state southeast to central Colima, and is formed by mountain ranges (the Espinazo del Diablo, El Escorpión , El Tigre, El Aguacate, El Centinela, El Toro and La Vaca) that parallel to the coast between the Marabasco and Armería rivers. The third system is located in central Colima, and consists of hills (Alcomún and Partida, San Miguel and Comala, and San Gabriel or Callejones) that extend to the south between the Armería and Salado rivers. The fourth system is found in southeastern Colima between the Salado and Naranjo or Coahuayana rivers, and includes multiple mountain ranges (Piscila, Volcancillos, La Palmera, El Camichín and Copales) (http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM06colima/mediofisico.html – accessed October 10, 2019).

The climate of Colima is very diverse (Fig. 4), although relatively high humidity predominates throughout the state. In northern Colima the climate is warm sub-humid, whereas in the mountains there is a sub-humid semi-warm climate and the plains of Tecomán have a semi-dry warm climate. In the coastal area and in the Armería river basin the climate is warm and humid. The average annual temperature ranges around 25 °C, with the maximum of 38 °C and the minimum of 7 °C. Average annual rainfall is 983 mm. Colima’s climate is greatly influenced by the presence of mountains to the west, north and east. The mountain range of Picila creates the southern border of the Valley of Colima, and to the south, the plains of Tecomán end in a low and sandy coast. These mountains, due to their latitude and exposure, allow rainfall to be greater and the climate to differ from the lower elevation parts of the state. In the coastal zone and in the Armería river basin the climate is warm and humid, whereas in the higher elevations in the southern zone it is warm and temperate.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Climate map of the state of Colima, Mexico (modified from García – Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad 1998).

The occurrence of various tropical and temperate floristic elements coupled with variations in the physical environment has resulted in an intricate and complex mosaic of plant associations in Colima (Fig. 5; Schaldach 1963; INEGI 2017). The types of vegetation present in the state are several types of tropical forest, palm groves, savanna, mangrove, coniferous forest, as well as areas of irrigated agriculture. The different types of tropical forest occupy most Colima’s area (74%). Medium subdeciduous forest covers 57% of the state and is present in all municipalities, with the dominant species being highly branched canopy trees, 15 to 25 m high and 50 to 75% of species losing their leaves in the dry season. Medium subperenifolious forest covers 15.4% of Colima. The vegetation is characterized by a height of 20 to 25 m, with 50 to 75% of the species being evergreens. Low deciduous forest covers 1.3% of the area of Colima. The dominant vegetation is low trees from 8 to 12 m high, with abundant leaves that fall in the dry season. Prickly low deciduous forest covers only 1.0% of Colima. It is characterized by the presence of deciduous trees 4 to 8 m tall with thorns. Palmar is only found in the municipalities of Manzanillo and Armería. Mangrove is distributed in the coastal area with coastal lagoons. Savanna is characterized by widely dispersed trees and grasses and is a product of logging or burning of primary communities. Different types of coniferous forests occupy 10.6% of the state’s area.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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Vegetation map of the state of Colima, Mexico (modified from Dirección General de Geografía – INEGI 2005).

At the highest elevations in northern Colima, > 50% of the area is forested, so that the agricultural area is limited to 42,700 ha (12,000 ha of irrigation and 30,700 ha of temporary), and due to the topography < 30% can be subjected to mechanized agriculture. The coastal region is characterized as being more favorable for agriculture, including the Tecomán region where the largest area with irrigation infrastructure and plantations with perennial crops is concentrated and mechanized agriculture is used over an area of 92,700 ha (58,400 ha of irrigation and 34,300 ha of temporary).

Recent taxonomic changes

Acevedo et al. (2016) demonstrated that there were two evolutionary lineages within Rhinella marina, one eastern and one western Andean. The eastern populations retained the name R. marina, and the western populations were given the revalidated name R. horribilis. Duellman et al. (2016) treated two major Hylid clades as genera: Hyla which is restricted to the Old World, and Dryophytes which is distributed primarily in the New World, including species in Mexico. Reyes-Velasco et al. (2015) described a new species of Eleutherodactylus from the Sierra de Manantlán in northern Colima and southwestern Jalisco (Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi). In addition, Grünwald et al. (2018) described two new species of Eleutherodactylus from Colima, one endemic to the state (Eleutherodactylus manantlanensis) and one limited to Colima and western Michoacán (E. colimotl). Grünwald et al. (2018) also regarded E. nivicolimae as a synonym of E. rufescens. Frost et al. (2006) recommended the use of the name Lithobates for most New World species of Rana, including those in Mexico. However, Yuan et al. (2016) retained all the species of the genera suggested by Frost et al. (2006), including Lithobates, in the traditional genus Rana, based on clear monophyly of a larger group that includes all of these genera. We therefore follow Yuan et al. (2016) and AmphibiaWeb (2019) in using Rana instead of Lithobates.

Plestiodon indubitus was originally described by Taylor (1933), however Dixon (1969) regarded it as a subspecies of P. brevirostris. Feria-Ortiz et al. (2011) subsequently elevated it to full species status, and suggested that the western populations of P. b. indubitus from Colima and Jalisco likely represent an undescribed species. We tentatively assign the name indubitus to the Colima population until a new name is available. Originally Holcosus sinister was described as a subspecies of H. undulatus by Smith and Laufe (1946), but it has recently been elevated to full species status by Meza-Lázaro and Nieto-Montes de Oca (2015). Card et al. (2016) resurrected the name sigma for the population from María Madre Island, Tres Marías Islands, Nayarit, Mexico described by Smith (1943) as Constrictor (= Boa) constrictor sigma, which was regarded as a junior synonym of B. c. imperator by Zweifel (1960). Card et al. (2016) recognized the Boa populations from the slopes of the Mexican Pacific as Boa sigma, and this is followed here. Epictia bakewelli was described as a species by Oliver (1937), and was regarded as a subspecies of E. goudotti by Peters et al. (1970). However, Wallach et al. (2014) considered it a full species, and McCranie and Hedges (2016) confirmed its status as a full species. Originally Rena dugesii was described as a species by Bocourt (1881), but for a long time it was regarded as a subspecies of Rena humilis, however it has recently been regarded as a full species (Wallach et al. 2014). Bryson et al. (2014) described a new species of Crotalus from western Jalisco and the Sierra de Manantlán of southwestern Jalisco and northern Colima (Crotalus campbelli). They also recognized C. armstrongi as a species, which was originally described as a subspecies of C. triseriatus.

Methods

We generated our list of the amphibians and reptiles of Colima using our own field work, a thorough examination of the available literature, checking the amphibian and reptile records for Colima in VertNet.org, and consulting databases from the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (National Commission for the Understanding and Use of Biodiversity; CONABIO), including records from museum collections listed in Appendix 1.

The amphibian names we use follow Frost (2019) and AmphibiaWeb (2019) (http://amphibiaweb.org) and the reptile names we use follow Uetz and Hošek (2019). We include species in the list only if we could confirm records, either by direct observation or through documented museum records or vouchers. We created species accumulation curves the total herpetofauna, amphibians, and reptiles using the year of the first recorded observation for each species. Species accumulation curves may provide reasonable estimates of the potential species richness of amphibians and reptiles (see Raxworthy et al. 2012). We recorded the conservation status of each species based on the IUCN Red List 2019-2 (IUCN 2019), listing in SEMARNAT (2010), and Environmental Vulnerability Scores (Wilson et al. 2013a,b; Johnson et al. 2015). We determined the number of species shared between Colima and its neighboring states using recent lists of amphibians and reptiles for Jalisco (Cruz-Sáenz et al. 2017) and Michoacán (Alvarado-Díaz et al. 2013).

Results and discussion

A total of 153 species of amphibians and reptiles (three introduced) is found in Colima. Thirty-nine of these species are amphibians (36 anurans [one introduced], two salamanders, and one caecilian), and 114 are reptiles (one crocodilian, 41 lizards [two introduced], 64 snakes, and eight turtles) (Tables 1, 2). These represent 37 families: 12 amphibians (nine anurans, two salamanders, one caecilians), and 25 reptiles (one crocodilian, 12 lizards [one of them introduced], eight snakes, and four turtles); 92 genera: 20 amphibians (17 anurans, two salamanders, one caecilian), and 72 reptiles (one crocodile, 22 lacertilia [two of the introduced], 42 snakes, and six turtles. The introduced amphibian is the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and the two introduced lizards are species of the family Gekkonidae: the Stump-toed Gecko (Gehyra mutilata) and the Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). There are also 20 species (eight amphibians and 12 reptiles) that potentially occur within the state of Colima (Table 3). Most of these are species from the northern slope of Nevado de Colima in Jalisco, and it is highly likely that they also occur on the southern slope of this volcano in Colima. Some other species have been recorded in extreme southwestern Jalisco, near the border with Colima and it is likely that they occur in extreme western Colima. There are a few other species that might occur in eastern or southern Colima, near the border with the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. We are confident that with more samples in these areas with low accessibility they will be recorded in Colima, resulting in a much richer herpetological species list. This conclusion of a richer herpetofauna in Colima than currently documented is supported by the species accumulation curves we generated (Fig. 6). The species accumulation curves show a general and continuous increase in the number of species known in Colima during the first half of the 20th century followed by a plateau in the second half of the 20th century; however, there has been a rapid upturn in new species being documented in the 21st century, suggesting the total number of amphibians and reptiles in Colima is likely to be higher, perhaps substantially, than the 153 species we document here. These results make it clear that continued exploration and surveying of the amphibians and reptiles of Colima are needed to establish a firm understanding of their richness in the state.

Table 1.

Amphibians and reptiles of Colima with distributional information and conservation status. Physiographic region: (1 = Volcanes de Colima; 2 = Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima; 3 = Cordillera Costera del Sur; 4 = Marine; 5 = Islands); IUCN Status: (DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern, V = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened; E = Endangered; CE = Critically Endangered; NE = not Evaluated) according to the IUCN Red List (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2019-2 (www.iucnredlist.org; accessed 2 October 2019); conservation status in Mexico according to SEMARNAT (2010): (P = in danger of extinction, A = threatened, Pr = subject to special protection, NL – not listed); Environmental Vulnerability Score: (EVS: low (L) vulnerability species (EVS of 3–9); medium (M) vulnerability species (EVS of 10–13); and high (H) vulnerability species (EVS of 14–20) from Wilson et al. (2013a,b) and Johnson et al. (2015). Global Distribution: 0 = Endemic to Colima; 1 = Endemic to Mexico; 2 = Shared between the US and Mexico; 3 = widely distributed from Mexico to Central or South America; 4 = widely distributed from the US to Central or South America; 5 = circumglobal distribution; 6 = Pacific and Indian Oceans; IN = Introduced to Colima. Date in which the first record appeared; and Source of the record.

Physiographic region IUCN status SEMARNAT EVS Global distribution Year of first record Source
Class Amphibia (39)
Order Anura (36)
Family Bufonidae (5)
Anaxyrus compactilis (Wiegmann, 1833) 1, 2, 3 LC NL H (14) 1 1935 FMNH 103444
Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833) 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (11) 1 1905 UAZ 11613
Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940) 1, 2 LC NL M (12) 1 1965 UAZ 33286
Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879) 1 LC NL M (11) 1 1961 UCM 61121
Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) 1, 2, 3, NE NL NE 4 1901 MNHN RA 1901.341
Family Craugastoridae (2)
Craugastor occidentalis (Taylor, 1941) 1, 2 DD NL M (13) 1 1958 UTEP H-14317
Craugastor vocalis (Taylor, 1940) 1 LC NL M (13) 1 1970 FSM-UF 66361
Family Eleutherodactylidae (7)
Eleutherodactylus angustidigitorum (Taylor, 1940) 1 VU Pr H (17) 1 1964 LACM 25450
Eleutherodactylus colimotl Grünwald, Reyes- Velasco, Franz-Chávez, Morales-Flores, Ahumada-Carrillo, Jones & Boissinot, 2018 2, 3 NE NL NE 1 2015 Grünwald et al. (2018)
Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi Reyes-Velasco, Ahumada-Carrillo, Burkhardt, & Devitt, 2015 2 NE NL NE 1 2011 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2015)
Eleutherodactylus manantlanensis Grünwald, Reyes-Velasco, Franz-Chávez, Morales-Flores, Ahumada-Carrillo, Jones & Boissinot, 2018 2 NE NL NE 0 2014 Grünwald et al. (2018)
Eleutherodactylus modestus (Taylor, 1942) 1, 2 VU Pr H (16) 1 1935 USNM 139729
Eleutherodactylus nitidus (Peters, 1870) 2, 3 LC NL M (12) 1 1956 UMMZ 114311
Eleutherodactylus rufescens (Duellman &Dixon, 1959) 1, 2 CR Pr H (17) 1 1963 USNM 161162
Family Hylidae (10)
Dendropsophus sartori (Smith, 1951) 2, 3 LC A H (14) 1 1960 MVZ 71221
Dryophytes arenicolor Cope, 1866 2, 3 LC NL L (7) 2 1973 UTEP H-10258
Dryophytes eximius (Baird, 1854) 1, 2 LC NL M (10) 1 1975 UTEP H-10387
Exerodonta smaragdina (Taylor, 1940) 2 LC Pr M (12) 1 1953 UMMZ 110873
Exerodonta sumichrasti Brocchi, 1879 1 LC NL L (9) 1 NA USNM 57518
Smilisca baudini (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) 1, 2, 3 LC NL L (3) 4 1902 USNM 57555
Smilisca fodiens (Boulenger, 1882) 1 LC NL L (8) 2 1919 MCZ A-6683
Tlalocohyla smithii (Boulenger, 1902) 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (11) 1 1960 MVZ 71216
Trachycephalus vermiculatus (Cope, 1877) 1, 2 NE NL L (4) 3 1935 UMMZ 80018
Triprion spatulatus Günther, 1882 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (13) 1 1958 UAZ 12869
Family Leptodactylidae (2)
Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877) 1, 2 LC NL L (5) 4 1958 UTEP H-14352
Leptodactylus melanonotus (Hallowell, 1861) 1, 2, 3 LC NL L (6) 3 1902 USNM 57765
Family Microhylidae (2)
Hypopachus ustus (Cope, 1866) 1, 2 LC Pr L (7) 3 1935 UMMZ 79998
Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) 1, 2 LC NL L (4) 3 1935 USNM 118658
Family Phyllomedusidae (1)
Agalychnis dacnicolor (Cope, 1864) 1, 2 LC NL M (13) 1 1963 FSM-UF 109279
Family Ranidae (6)
Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 2 LC Pr L(7) 2 1919 FMNH 1628
Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 N/A N/A N/A N/A IN 2018 https://www.youtube
Rana forreri Boulenger, 1883 1, 2 LC Pr L (3) 4 1964 CAS 97107
Rana neovolcanica Hillis & Frost, 1985 1 NT A M (13) 1 2016 Cruz-Saenz et al. (2018)
Rana pustulosa Boulenger, 1883 1, 2 LC Pr L (3) 1 1700 MCZ A-20941
Rana zweifeli Hillis, Frost & Webb, 1984 1 LC NL M (11) 1 1982 MNHUK 194432
Family Scaphiopodidae (1)
Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) 1 LC NL L (6) 2 1960 TNHC 19343
Order Caudata (2)
Family Ambystomatidae (1)
Ambystoma velasci Dugès, 1888 1, 2 LC Pr M (10) 1 1868 MNHN RA 1868.175
Family Plethodontidae (1)
Isthmura belli (Gray, 1850) 2 VU A M (12) 1 1970 MCZ A-85395
Order Gymnophiona (1)
Family Caecilidae (1)
Dermophis oaxacae (Mertens, 1930) 1, 2 DD Pr M (12) 1 1970 FSM-UF 61604
Class Reptilia (112)
Order Crocodylia (1)
Family Crocodylidae (1)
Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) 1, 2 VU Pr H (14) 4 1892 USNM 52336
Order Squamata (107)
Suborder Lacertilia (41)
Family Anguidae (3)
Barisia imbricata (Wiegmann, 1828) 2 LC Pr H (14) 1 1965 UAZ 32849
Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 2 LC Pr M (10) 2 1993 MZFC 6811
Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 1, 2 LC Pr L (6) 1 1868 MNHN RA 1868.153
Family Corytophanidae (2)
Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann, 1828 2 LC NL L (7) 3 1935 UMMZ 80147
Laemanctus longipes Wiegmann, 1834 2 LC Pr L (9) 3 1904 FMNH 1353
Family Dactyloidae (1)
Anolis nebulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (13) 1 1863 USNM 63700
Family Eublepharidae (1)
Coleonyx elegans Gray, 1845 2, 3 LC A L (9) 3 1960 MNHUK 62400
Family Gekkonidae (2)
Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1834) 1, 2, 3 N/A N/A N/A IN 1976 AMNH R-163687
Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bribon, 1836 2 N/A N/A N/A IN 1960 MVZ 71229
Family Helodermatidae (1)
Heloderma horridum (Wiegmann, 1829) 1, 2, 3 LC A M (11) 3 1818 MVZ 79417
Family Iguanidae (2)
Ctenosaura pectinata (Wiegmann, 1834) 1, 2, 3 NE NL H (15) 1 1863 MCZ R-24902
Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 3 LC Pr M (12) 3 1863 USNM 63699
Family Phrynosomatidae (14)
Phrynosoma asio Cope, 1864 1, 2 LC Pr M (11) 1 1935 UMMZ 80067
Phrynosoma orbiculare (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 LC A M (12) 1 1870 Duméril and Bocourt (1870)
Sceloporus bulleri Boulenger, 1895 2 LC NL H (15) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Sceloporus dugesii Bocourt, 1874 1, 2 LC NL M (13) 1 1969 ASNHC 13801
Sceloporus horridus Wiegmann, 1834 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (12) 1 1863 USNM 31389
Sceloporus melanorhinus Bocourt, 1876 1, 2 LC NL L (9) 3 1863 USNM 31496
Sceloporus nelsoni Cochran, 1923 2 LC NL M (13) 1 1964 LACM 74288
Sceloporus pyrocephalus Cope, 1864 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (12) 1 1863 USNM 31449
Sceloporus torquatus Wiegmann, 1828 2 LC NL M (11) 1 1863 MNHN RA 0.2922
Sceloporus utiformis Cope, 1864 1, 2, 3 LC NL H (15) 1 1902 USNM 58811
Sceloporus unicanthalis Smith, 1937 2 NE NL H (16) 1 2005 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Urosaurus auriculatus (Cope, 1871) 5 EN NL H (16) 0 1871 Cope (1871)
Urosaurus bicarinatus (Duméril, 1856) 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (12) 1 1919 CAS 54904
Urosaurus clarionensis (Townsend, 1890) 5 VU NL H (17) 0 1890 Townsend (1890)
Family Phyllodactylidae (3)
Phyllodactylus davisi Dixon, 1964 1, 2 LC A H (16) 1 1930 MVZ 12186
Phyllodactylus lanei Smith, 1935 1, 2 LC NL H (15) 1 1937 Oliver (1937)
Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann, 1834 2 LC NL L (8) 3 NA MNHN RA 0.1657
Family Scincidae (5)
Marisora brachypoda (Taylor, 1956) 1, 2, 3 LC NL L (6) 3 1962 LACM 5987
Plestiodon indubitus (Taylor, 1933) 2 NE NL H (15) 1 1923 MCZ R-135422
Plestiodon colimensis (Taylor, 1935) 1 DD Pr H (14) 1 1935 Taylor (1936)
Plestiodon parvulus (Taylor, 1933) 2 DD NL H (15) 1 1935 UMMZ 80108
Scincella assata (Cope, 1864) 1, 2 LC NL L (7) 3 1935 UMMZ 80106
Family Teiidae (6)
Aspidoscelis communis (Cope, 1878) 1, 2, 3 LC Pr H (14) 1 1920 LACM 7956
Aspidoscelis costatus (Cope, 1878) 1, 2 LC Pr M (11) 1 1863 USNM 31610
Aspidoscelis deppii (Wiegmann, 1834) 1, 2 LC NL L (8) 3 1959 UAZ 06297
Aspidoscelis guttatus (Wiegmann, 1834) 2 LC NL M (12) 1 1969 ASNHC 13965
Aspidoscelis lineattissimus (Cope, 1878) 1, 2, 3 LC Pr H (14) 1 1957 UCM 14659
Holcosus sinister (Wiegmann, 1834) 1, 2, 3 NE NL M (13) 1 1920 LACM 7956
Family Xantusidae (1)
Lepidophyma tarascae Bezy, Webb & Álvarez, 1982 3 DD A H (14) 1 2005 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Suborder Serpentes (66)
Family Boidae (1)
Boa sigma Smith, 1943 1, 2 NE NL H (15) 1 1863 USNM 62024
Family Colubridae (23)
Conopsis biserialis (Taylor & Smith, 1942) 2 LC A M (13) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Drymarchon melanurus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) 1, 2 LC NL L (6) 3 1902 CM S7254
Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) 1, 2 LC NL L (6) 3 1902 CM S7252
Geagras redimitus Cope, 1875 2 DD Pr H (14) 1 1962 MVZ 75805
Lampropeltis polyzona Cope, 1860 1 LC NL L(7) 1 1863 MCZ R-27105
Leptophis diplotropis (Günther, 1872) 2 LC A H (14) 1 1962 MVZ 75804
Masticophis anthonyi (Stejneger, 1901) 5 CR A H (17) 0 1901 Stejneger (1901)
Masticophis bilineatus (Jan, 1863) 1, 2 LC NL M (11) 2 1914 MCZ R-11409
Masticophis mentovarius (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) 1, 2 LC A L (6) 3 1863 USNM 32234
Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope, 1868) 1, 2 LC NL L (6) 3 1902 USNM 56283
Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) 2 LC NL L (5) 4 1892 USNM 46606
Pituophis deppei (Dumeril, 1853) 1 LC A H (14) 1 1868 MNHN RA 1868.157
Pseudoficimia frontalis (Cope, 1864) 1, 2, 3 LC NL M (13) 1 1956 UMMZ 114482
Salvadora lemniscata (Cope, 1895) 2 LC Pr H (15) 1 1971 CAS 132121
Salvadora mexicana (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) 1, 2, 3 LC Pr H (15) 1 1863 USNM 61969
Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) 1, 2 LC NL L (6) 4 1935 UMMZ 80210
Sonora michoacanensi (Dugès, 1884) 2 LC NL H (14) 1 1966 Harris and Simmons (1970)
Symphimus leucostomus Cope, 1869 3 LC Pr H (14) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Tantilla bocourti (Günther, 1895) 3 LC NL L (9) 1 1960 MVZ 72202
Tantilla calamarina Cope, 1866 1, 2 LC Pr M (12) 1 1935 UMMZ 80224
Tantilla ceboruca Canseco-Marquéz, Smith, Ponce-Campos, Flores-Villela & Campbell, 2007 1 NE NL H (16) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2012)
Trimorphodon biscutatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) 1, 2, 3 NE NL L (7) 3 1818 MVZ 72194
Trimorphodon tau Cope, 870 1, 2 LC NL M (13) 1 1956 UMMZ 114479
Family Dipsadidae (21)
Clelia scytalina (Cope, 1867) 1, 2 LC NL M (13) 3 1963 MVZ 76355
Coniophanes lateritius Cope, 1862 2 DD NL M (13) 1 2005 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Conophis vittatus Peters, 1860 1, 2 LC NL M (11) 1 1961 FSM-UF 42088
Dipsas gaigeae (Oliver, 1937) 2 LC Pr H (17) 1 1935 UMMZ 80221
Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1868) 2 LC NL L (5) 3 1959 UAZ 20369
Geophis dugesii Boucourt, 1883 1 LC NL M (13) 1 1914 MCZ R-11422
Geophis sieboldi (Jan, 1862) 1 DD Pr M (13) 1 2012 Ahumada-Carrillo et al. (2014)
Hypsiglena torquata (Günther, 1860) 1, 2 LC Pr L (8) 1 1968 MNHN RA 1868.162
Hypsiglena unaocularus Tanner, 1946 5 NE NL NE 0 1946 Tanner (1946)
Imantodes gemmistratus (Cope, 1861) 1, 2 LC Pr L (6) 3 1935 UMMZ 80215
Leptodeira maculata (Hallowell, 1861) 1, 2 LC Pr L (7) 1 1863 USNM 31486
Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) 2 LC NL L (8) 4 1935 UMMZ Herps 80220
Leptodeira splendida Günther, 1895 1, 2 LC NL H (14) 1 1914 MCZ R-11411
Leptodeira uribei (Ramírez-Bautista & Smith, 1992) 2 LC NL H (17) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Manolepis putnami (Jan, 1863) 2 LC NL M (13) 1 1863 USNM 31478
Pseudoleptodeira latifasciata (Günther, 1894) 3 LC Pr H (14) 1 1961 MNHUK 63423
Rhadinaea hesperia Bailey, 1940 2 LC Pr M (10) 1 1935 UMMZ 80226
Rhadinaea taeniata (Peters, 1863) 1, 2 LC NL M (13) 1 1969 CAS 121078
Sibon nebulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3 NE NL L (5) 3 1960 USNM 196500
Tropidodipsas annulifera Boulenger, 1894 1, 2, 3 LC Pr M (13) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Tropidodipsas philippii (Jan, 1863) 1, 2 LC Pr H (14) 1 1914 MCZ R-11410
Family Elapidae (6)
Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) 4 LC NL NE 6 1956 UMMZ 114561
Micrurus browni Schmidt & Smith, 1943 2 LC Pr L (8) 3 1976 NLU 40764
Micrurus distans Kennicott, 1860 1, 2 LC Pr H (14) 1 1914 MCZ R-11416
Micrurus laticollaris Peters, 1870 1, 2, 3 LC Pr H (14) 1 1951 MNHUK 32546
Micrurus proximans Smith & Chrapliwy, 1958 2 LC Pr H (18) 1 2008 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2012)
Micrurus tener Baird & Girard, 1953 1 LC NL M (11) 2 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Family Leptotyphlopidae (2)
Epictia bakewelli (Oliver, 1937) 1, 2 NE NL NE 1 1935 UMMZ 80228
Rena dugesii (Bocourt, 1881) 2 NE NL NE 2 1868 MNHN RA 1868.154
Family Loxocemidae (1)
Loxocemus bicolor Cope, 1861 1, 2 LC Pr M (10) 3 1863 USNM 61924
Family Natricidae (4)
Storeria storerioides (Cope, 1866) 2 LC NL M (11) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) 1 LC A L (7) 4 1964 LSUMZ 7846
Thamnophis melanogaster (Wiegmann, 1830) 1 EN A H (15) 1 1868 MNHN RA 1868.161
Thamnophis validus (Kennicott, 1860) 2 NE NL M (12) 1 1961 MNHUK 63428
Family Viperidae (6)
Agkistrodon bilineatus Günther, 1863 1, 2 NT Pr M (11) 3 1928 UMMZ 68433
Crotalus basiliscus (Cope, 1864) 1, 2 LC Pr H (16) 1 1864 Cope (1864)
Crotalus campbelli Bryson, Linkem, Dorcas, Lathrop, Jones, Alvarado-Díaz, Grünwald & Murphy, 2014 2 NE NL H (17) 1 2004 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2009)
Crotalus lannomi Tanner, 1966 2 DD A H (19) 1 2008 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2010)
Crotalus pusillus Klauber, 1952 1 EN A H (18) 1 2008 Reyes-Velasco et al. (2012)
Porthidium hespere (Campbell, 1976) 2, 3 DD Pr H (18) 1 1973 Campbell (1976)
Order Testudines (8)
Family Cheloniidae (3)
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 VU P NE 5 NA UMMZ40350
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 EN P NE 5 1905 CAS 8532
Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) 4 VU P NE 5 1964 LACM 8111
Family Dermochelyidae (1)
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) 4 VU P NE 5 1971 AMNH R-172553
Family Geoemydidae (2)
Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Gray, 1855) 1, 2 NE NL L (8) 3 1935 UMMZ 80348
Rhinoclemmys rubida (Cope, 1870) 1, 2 NT Pr H (14) 1 1902 CAS 14085
Family Kinosternidae (2)
Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel &Iverson, 1997 2 LC NL H (16) 1 1997 Berry et al. (1997)
Kinosternon integrum LeConte, 1854 1, 2 LC Pr M (11) 1 1892 USNM 50990
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Table 2.

Summary of native species present in Colima by Family, Order or Suborder, and Class. Status summary indicates the number of species found in each IUCN conservation status in the Order DD, LC, VU, NT, EN, CE (see Table 1 for abbreviations; in some cases species have not been assigned a status by the IUCN and therefore these may not add up to the total number of species in a taxon). Mean EVS is the mean Environmental Vulnerability Score, scores ≥ 14 are considered high vulnerability (Wilson et al. 2013a, b) and conservation status in Mexico according to SEMARNAT (2010) in the Order NL, Pr, A, P (see Table 1 for abbreviations).

Scientific name Genera Species IUCN mean EVS SEMARNAT
Class Amphibia
Order Anura 17 35 1, 25, 2, 1, 0, 1 9.8 25, 8, 2, 0
Bufonidae 3 5 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 12 5, 0, 0, 0
Craugastoridae 1 2 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 13 2, 0, 0, 0
Eleutherodactylidae 1 7 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1 15.5 4, 3, 0, 0
Hylidae 7 10 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0 9.1 8, 1, 1, 0
Leptodactylidae 1 2 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 5.5 2, 0, 0, 0
Microhylidae 1 2 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 5.5 1, 1, 0, 0
Phyllomedusidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 13 1, 0, 0, 0
Ranidae 1 5 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0 7.4 1, 3, 1, 0
Scaphiopodidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 6 1, 0, 0, 0
Order Caudata 2 2 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 11 0, 1, 1, 0
Ambystomatidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 10 0, 1, 0, 0
Plethodontidae 1 1 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 12 0, 0, 1, 0
Order Gymnophiona 1 1 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 12 0, 1, 0, 0
Caecilidae 1 1 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 12 0, 1, 0, 0
Subtotal 20 38 2, 26, 3, 1, 0, 1 10.0 25, 10, 3, 0
Class Reptilia
Order Crocodylia 1 1 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 14 0, 1, 0, 0
Crocodylidae 1 1 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 14 0, 1, 0, 0
Order Squamata 62 103 8, 77, 1, 1, 3, 1 12 57, 32, 14, 0
Suborder Lacertilia 20 39 3, 30, 1, 0, 1, 0 12.1 24, 10, 5, 0
Anguidae 3 3 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 10 0, 3, 0, 0
Corytophanidae 2 2 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 8 1, 1, 0, 0
Dactyloidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 13 1, 0, 0, 0
Eublepharidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 9 0, 0, 1, 0
Helodermatidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 11 0, 0, 1, 0
Iguanidae 2 2 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 13.5 1, 1, 0, 0
Phrynosomatidae 3 14 0, 11, 1, 0, 1, 0 13.1 12, 1, 1, 0
Phyllodactylidae 1 3 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 13 2, 0, 1, 0
Scincidae 3 5 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 11.4 4, 1, 0, 0
Teiidae 2 6 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0 12 3, 3, 0, 0
Xantusidae 1 1 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 14 0, 0, 1, 0
Suborder Serpentes 42 64 5, 47, 0, 1, 2, 1 11.9 33, 22, 9, 0
Boidae 1 1 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 15 1, 0, 0, 0
Colubridae 17 23 1, 19, 0, 0, 0, 1 11 13, 5, 5, 0
Dipsadidae 14 21 2, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0 11.4 12, 9, 0, 0
Elapidae 2 6 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0 13 2, 4, 0, 0
Leptotyphlopidae 2 2 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 NE 2, 0, 0, 0
Loxocemidae 1 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 10 0, 1, 0, 0
Natricidae 2 4 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0 11.3 2, 0, 2, 0
Viperidae 3 6 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 16.5 1, 3, 2, 0
Order Testudines 6 8 0, 2, 3, 1, 1, 0 12.3 2, 2, 0, 4
Cheloniidae 3 3 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 NE 0, 0, 0, 3
Dermochelyidae 1 1 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 NE 0, 0, 0, 1
Geoemydidae 1 2 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 11 1, 1, 0, 0
Kinosternidae 1 2 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 13.5 1, 1, 0, 0
Subtotal 69 112 8, 79, 5, 2, 4, 1 12 59, 35, 14, 4
Total 89 150 10, 105, 8, 3, 4, 2 11.5 84, 45, 17, 4
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Table 3.

List of amphibians and reptiles that potentially occur in Colima.

Taxon Explanation
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
Bufonidae
Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943) Likely to occur in eastern Colima
Craugastoridae
Craugastor augusti (Dugès, 1879) Likely to occur in extreme western Colima
Craugastor hobartsmithi (Taylor, 1937) Likely to occur in extreme western Colima
Craugastor pygmaeus (Taylor, 1937) Likely to occur in northwestern and southern Colima
Hylidae
Sarcohyla bistincta (Cope, 1877) Likely to occur through the state but the coastal area
Ranidae
Rana megapoda Taylor, 1942 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Rana psilonota Webb, 2001 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Order Caudata
Plethodontidae
Pseudoeurycea leprosa (Cope, 1869) Likely to occur in southern Colima
Class Reptilia
Order Squamata
Suborder Lacertilia
Phrynosomatidae
Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Sceloporus heterolepis Boulenger, 1895 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Order Squamata
Suborder Serpentes
Colubridae
Salvadora bairdi Jan, 1860 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Sonora mutabilis Stickel, 1943 Likely to occur in northeastern-eastern Colima
Dipsadidae
Geophis bicolor Günther, 1868 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Geophis nigrocinctus Duellman, 1959 Likely to occur in northern Colima
Geophis petersi Boulenger, 1894 Likely to occur in northern Colima
Geophis tarascae Hartweg, 1959 Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Viperidae
Crotalus armstrongi (Campbell, 1979) Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Crotalus culminatus Klauber, 1952 Likely to occur in southern Colima, near the border with Coahuayana, Michoacán
Crotalus polystictus (Cope, 1865) Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region
Order Testudines
Cheloniidae
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Likely to occur in the coastline of the state
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Figure 6.

Figure 6.

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Species accumulation curves for total herpetofauna, amphibians, and reptiles of Colima, Mexico.

General distribution

Twenty-six of the 39 species of amphibians that inhabit Colima are endemic to Mexico (Table 1). One to northern Colima near the state line with Jalisco at the Sierra de Manantlán (Eleutherodactylus manatlanensis). Seven are restricted to small areas in northern, eastern, or southern Colima and adjacent Jalisco or Michoacán, or both. Twelve are species typical of the Mexican Pacific, extending from northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora or Sinaloa) to the Balsas Depression or even Oaxaca or Chiapas. Four have a wide distribution in northern and central Mexico, and two occur along both coasts of Mexico. Of the 14 species not endemic to Mexico, four are distributed from the US to central or southern Mexico, four are distributed from the US to Central or South America, four are found in Mexico and Central or South America, and one is an introduced species, the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).

The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is widely distributed from the eastern US to South America, including the Caribbean. Two of the 41 species of lizards that occur in Colima are endemic to islands of the Revillagigedo Archipielago (Urosaurus auriculatus on Socorro Island and U. clarionensis on Clarion Island), and 24 are endemic to Mexico (Table 1). Of the 15 lizard species not endemic to Mexico that inhabit Colima, two are introduced, one is found in the US and Mexico, one is found from the US to Central America, and 11 have a wide distribution that includes Mexico and Central or South America (Table 1). Two of the 64 species of snakes found in Colima are endemic to Isla Clarion in the Revillagigedo Archipielago (Masticophis anthonyi and Hypsiglena unaocularis) (Table 1). Forty-two of the snake species found in Colima are endemic to Mexico. Of the 22 snake species not endemic to Mexico that occur in Colima, three are distributed from the US to Mexico, four from the US to Central or South America, 12 from Mexico to Central or South America, and one marine species is distributed in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Table 1). Three of the eight species of turtles found in Colima are endemic to Mexico (Table 1). One is distributed from Mexico to Central America, and four are sea turtles that have a circumglobal distribution (Table 1).

Conservation status

Of the amphibians and reptiles found in Colima, 12.9% are IUCN listed (i.e., Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered), and 14.0% are placed in a protected category by SEMARNAT (excluding NL and Pr, this last category is equivalent to the LC category of IUCN), and 34.1% are categorized as high risk by the EVS (Tables 1, 2). For amphibians, 15.2% are IUCN listed, 7.9% are protected by SEMARNAT, and 14.7% are at high risk according to the EVS (Fig. 7; Tables 1, 2). For reptiles, 12.1% are listed by the IUCN, 16.1% are protected by SEMARNAT, and 40.4% are at high risk according to the EVS (Fig. 7; Tables 1, 2). These results suggest that the herpetofauna as a whole of Colima is considered to be a relatively low conservation concern at a global scale (i.e., IUCN listing) and national level (i.e., SEMARNAT listing, EVS). However, the EVS categories suggest that, at a national level, the reptiles of Colima are at higher risk than the other assessments suggest and are at higher risk than the amphibians of Colima. In addition, there are several specific taxa that, based on their IUCN listing, SEMARNAT category, or their EVS, are of conservation concern. These include species in the families Eleutherodactylidae, Ranidae, Plethodontidae, Crocodylidae, Eublepharidae, Helodermatidae, Iguanidae, Phrynosomatidae, Phyllodactylidae, Xantusidae, Colubridae, Natricidae, Viperidae, Cheloniidae, and Dermochelyidae (Tables 1, 2). In particular, the family Eleutherodactylidae in Colima is of great conservation concern; this family has seven species, three of them are IUCN listed and are at great risk according to their EVS (Eleutherodactylus angustidigitorum, E. modestus, and E. rufescens). Another three have not been evaluated by the IUCN or EVS due to their recent description (E. colimotl, E. grunwaldi, and E. manantlanensis); however, due to their limited distribution it is almost certain that once they are evaluated, they will be considered in some category of the IUCN and with a high risk EVS, therefore the family Eleutherodactylidae in Colima would be represented by six species (86% = 6/7) at high conservation risk. Because the summarized conservation statuses are global or national-level assessments, the conservation status of at least some species of amphibians and reptiles in Colima are probably not accurately assessed by these measures. Additional assessments at the state level will be required to establish conservation or management needs for the herpetofauna of Colima.

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

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Proportion of A amphibians and B reptiles listed in protected categories on the IUCN Red List, SEMARNAT, and high EVS. Green is proportion in Data Deficient and Least Concern (IUCN); Not Listed and Subject to Special Protection (we regarded the category of Subject to Special Protection in SEMARNAT equivalent to Least Concern in IUCN) (SEMARNAT); or low or medium EVS. Red is percentage in protected categories or high EVS. N is the number of species assessed.

Using the data in Table 1, we summarized the conservation status of amphibian and reptile taxa in each physiographic region found in Colima. For IUCN listing, 13.8% of the amphibians in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region are listed; 10.0% in the Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima; and none in the Cordillera Costera del Sur. For SEMARNAT categories, 3.4% of amphibian species in the Volcanes de Colima are listed; 6.7% in the Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima; and 9.1% in the Cordillera Costera del Sur. For EVS, 13.8% of the amphibians in the Volcanes de Colima in the high-risk category; 13.3% in the Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima, and 18.2% in the Cordillera Costera del Sur. For IUCN listings, relatively few species of reptiles are placed in the protected categories for most of the physiographic regions (Volcanes de Colima, 7.8%; Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima, 3.4%; Cordillera Costera del Sur, 0%). Reptiles in the Marine (80%) and Revillagigedo Archipelago (75%) regions show relatively high percentages of species in protected categories. Similar patterns hold for SEMARNAT listings with 12.5% of reptiles in the Volcanes de Colima, 8.0% from Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima, and 12.5% from the Cordillera Costera del Sur, 80% in the Marine region, and 25% in the Revillagigedo Archipelago region in the protected SEMARNAT categories. For the EVS assesments of reptile species, 31.3% were in the high category in Volcanes de Colima, 35.6% in the Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima, 41.7% in the Cordillera Costera del Sur. None of the five species in the marine region were evaluated for EVS, and 75% of the species in the Revillagigedo Archipelago were in the high EVS category. Based on our summary of conservation status, the reptiles in the Marine and Revillagigedo Archipelago regions are the most threatened taxa of the Colima herpetofauna.

Comparison with neighboring states

For amphibians, Colima shares 92.1% of its species with Jalisco, and it shares 86.8% of its species with Michoacán (Table 4). Species in eight of the 12 families of amphibians present in Colima are fully shared with Jalisco and Michoacán. The percentage of shared reptile species is slightly smaller; however, overlap in species lists is still very high. Colima shares 84.8% of its reptile species with Jalisco, and 82.1% with Michoacán. Species in 13 of the 25 families of reptiles present in Colima are fully shared with Jalisco and Michoacán. Only ten of the species found in Colima (two amphibians and eight reptiles) do not occur in either Jalisco or Michoacán, four of which are species endemic to the Revillagigedo Archipelago (Urosaurus auriculatus, U. clarionensis, Masticophis anthonyi, and Hypsiglena unaocularus), one is endemic to northern Colima (Eleutherodactylus manantlanensis), three have spotty distributions along the Pacific Coast of Mexico (Phyllodactylus tuberculosus) or in south-southeastern Mexico (Laemanctus longipes and Aspidoscelis guttatus), and two have isolated records in Colima, with the bulk of their distribution in southeastern Mexico (Exerodonta sumichrasti and Salvadora lemniscata). The high level of similarity in the herpetofauna between Colima and its two neighbors is due in part to the small size of Colima compared with each one of these two state (7.2% of Jalisco, 9.6% of the Michoacán). In addition, and perhaps more importantly, Colima is completely surrounded by Jalisco and Michoacán, and shares the same physiographic regions and habitat types with them.

Table 4.

Summary of the numbers of species shared between Colima and neighboring Mexican states (not including introduced species). The percent of Colima species shared by a neighboring state are given in parentheses. Total refers to the total number of species found in Colima and two neighboring states (i.e., regional species pool) and the number in parentheses in this column is the percent of the regional species pool found in Colima. – indicates either Colima or the neighboring state has no species in the taxonomic group, thus no value for shared species is provided.

Taxon Colima Jalisco Michoacán Total
Class Amphibia 38 35 (92.1) 33 (86.8) 73 (52.1)
Order Anura 35 32 (91.4) 30 (85.7) 61 (57.4)
Bufonidae 5 5 (100) 4 (80) 10 (50)
Craugastoridae 2 2 (100) 2 (100) 5 (40)
Eleutherodactylidae 7 6 (85.7) 5 (71.4) 15 (46.6)
Hylidae 10 9 (90.0) 8 (80.0) 13 (76.9)
Leptodactylidae 2 2 (100) 2 (100) 2 (100)
Microhylidae 2 2 (100) 2 (100) 2 (100)
Phyllomedusidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Ranidae 5 4 (80) 5 (100) 11 (45.5)
Rhinophrynidae 0 – 0 (0) 1 (0)
Scaphiopodidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Order Caudata 2 2 (100) 2 (100) 11 (18.2)
Ambystomatidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 8 (12.5)
Plethodontidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 3 (33.3)
Order Gymnophiona 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Caecilidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Class Reptilia 112 95 (84.8) 92 (82.1) 211 (53.1)
Order Crocodylia 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Crocodylidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Order Squamata 103 86 (83.5) 85 (82.5) 198 (52)
Suborder Lacertilia 39 30 (76.9) 30 (76.9) 77 (50.6)
Anguidae 3 3 (100) 3 (100) 7 (42.9)
Corytophanidae 2 1 (50) 1 (50) 2 (100)
Dactyloidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 2 (50)
Eublepharidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Helodermatidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Iguanidae 2 2 (100) 2 (100) 3 (66.7)
Phrynosomatidae 14 11 (78.6) 9 (64.3) 34 (41.2)
Phyllodactylidae 3 1 (33.3) 2 (66.7) 6 (50)
Scincidae 5 4 (80) 4 (80) 10 (50)
Teiidae 6 5 (83.6) 5 (83.6) 9 (66.7)
Xantusidae 1 0 (0) 1 (100) 2 (50)
Suborder Serpentes 64 56 (87.5) 55 (85.9) 121 (52.9)
Boidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Colubridae 23 19 (82.6) 19 (82.6) 39 (59)
Dipsadidae 21 20 (95.2) 19 (90.5) 41 (51.2)
Elapidae 6 5 (83.6) 4 (66.7) 7 (85.7)
Leptotyphlopidae 2 1 (50) 2 (100) 4 (50)
Loxocemidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Natricidae 4 4 (100) 4 (100) 12 (33.3)
Viperidae 6 5 (83.3) 5 (83.3) 16 (37.5)
Order Testudines 8 8 (100) 6 (75) 12 (66.7)
Cheloniidae 3 3 (100) 2 (66.7) 4 (75)
Dermochelyidae 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)
Emydidae 0 0 (0) – 2 (0)
Geoemydidae 2 2 (100) 2 (100) 2 (100)
Kinosternidae 2 2 (100) 1 (50) 3 (66.7)
Total 150 130 (86.7) 125 (83.3) 284 (52.8)
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Conclusions

Colima is home to a rich herpetofauna, especially relative to its small size, and is likely richer than currently known. Its herpetofauna contains a relatively high number of species that are endemic to Mexico, and thus is an important state for the Mexican herpetofauna. Based on IUCN and SEMARNAT listings, the conservation status of the amphibians and reptiles would appear to be relatively low, but the EVS assessments suggest this may not be a completely accurate impression. Of particular concern are the marine species and those species found in the Revillagigedo Archipelago. Colima shares the vast majority of its species with the neighboring states of Jalisco and Michoacán, suggesting that these three states may make a useful unit for understanding and creating conservation and management plans and strategies for their amphibians and reptiles.

Acknowledgments

We thank J. Jones and J. Stuart for very helpful comments that greatly improved the manuscript. Support for this study was provided by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (DGAPA-PAPIIT) through the Project IN215418. We are grateful to Alan Resetar from the Field Museum of Natural History for information provided on specimens collected in Colima, and to Alejandra Núñez Merchand from the National Commission for the Understanding and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) for kindly creating and providing the municipality, topographic, physiographic, climate, and vegetation maps used in this publication, and to Isabel Cruz, also from CONABIO, for providing the satellite image of the state of Colima.

Appendix 1

Museum collections included in the CONABIO database examined for records of Colima amphibians and reptiles or that house specimens of the first record of a species in Colima.

AMNH Collection of Herpetology, Herpetology Department, American Museum of Natural History

ASNHC Amphibians and Reptiles Collection, Angelo State Natural History Collection

CAS Collection of Herpetology, Herpetology Department, California Academy of Sciences

CMNH Collection of Herpetology, Amphibian and Reptile Section, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh

FMNH Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural History

FSM-UF Collection of Herpetology, Florida State Museum, University of Florida

LACM Collection of Herpetology, Herpetology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

LSUMZ Collection of Herpetology, Museum of Zoology, Biological Science Division, Louisiana State University

MCZ Collection of Herpetology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge

MNHN Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians, Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle

MNHUK Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, University of Kansas

MVZ Collection of Herpetology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California Berkeley

MZFC-UNAM Colección Herpetológica, Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias UNAM

NLU Northeastern Louisiana University

TNHC Collection of Herpetology, Texas Natural History Collection, University of Texas Austin

UAZ Amphibians and Reptiles Collections, University of Arizona

UCM Collection of Herpetology, University of Colorado Museum

UMMZ Collection of Herpetology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor

USNM Collection of Herpetology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

UTEP Collection of Herpetology, Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Biological Science Department, University of Texas – El Paso

Citation

Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Pierce LJS, Painter CW (2020) The amphibians and reptiles of Colima, Mexico, with a summary of their conservation status. ZooKeys 927: 99–125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.927.50064

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