Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

Hidetoshi Nomoto; Masahiro Ishikane; Takato Nakamoto; Masayuki Ohta; Shinichiro Morioka; Kei Yamamoto; Satoshi Kutsuna; Shunsuke Tezuka; Junwa Kunimatsu; Norio Ohmagari

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231966

. 2020 Apr 24;15(4):e0231966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231966

Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

Hidetoshi Nomoto ^1,², Masahiro Ishikane ^1,^3,^*, Takato Nakamoto ¹, Masayuki Ohta ¹, Shinichiro Morioka ¹, Kei Yamamoto ¹, Satoshi Kutsuna ¹, Shunsuke Tezuka ⁴, Junwa Kunimatsu ⁵, Norio Ohmagari ^1,^2,³

Editor: Giovanna Barba-Spaeth⁶

PMCID: PMC7182207 PMID: 32330153

Abstract

Background

Rubella virus infection mainly causes illness with mild fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy in children; however, the clinical characteristics of adult rubella are not well-known.

Methods

An observational study was conducted to compare the characteristics between adult rubella and adult non-rubella among participants aged ≥18 years, with suspected symptomatic rubella. Participants were screened for rubella-specific IgM expression using an enzyme immune assay kit, at a tertiary care hospital in Japan during two outbreaks (January 2012–December 2013 and January 2018–March 2019). Adult rubella diagnosis followed strong positive or paired rubella-specific IgM expression or positive rubella-specific reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Patients aged <18 years or with clinically suspected rubella with weak or negative IgM expression were excluded.

Results

Overall, 82 adult rubella and 139 adult non-rubella, with a median age (interquartile range) of 31 (25–41) years and 34 (27–42) years, respectively, were included. Multivariate analysis showed that conjunctivitis (odds ratio 80.6; 95% confidence interval 13.4–486.3; P <0.001) and male sex (odds ratio 7.1; 95% confidence interval 1.8–28.1; P = 0.005) were significantly associated with adult rubella. Among men born from 1962 to 1979 (high-risk population, n = 68), conjunctivitis also showed a significant association with adult rubella in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio 24.2; 95% confidence interval 1.1–553.7; P = 0.046) as these patients were not included in the national vaccination program. There was no difference in the clinical characteristics between one-time vaccination (n = 11) and no vaccination (n = 8) patient in the adult rubella group.

Conclusions

Conjunctivitis was the key clinical symptom associated with adult rubella. For the early diagnosis of adult rubella, clinicians should focus on assessing conjunctivitis in patients.

Introduction

Rubella is a contagious, mild viral infection that occurs mostly in children, leading to a vaccine-preventable disease through respiratory droplet [1, 2]. During 2012–2013, Japan had a large rubella outbreak with more than 16000 cases, including 45 cases of congenital rubella syndrome [3]. The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare in Japan issued the Guidelines for the Prevention of Specific Infectious Diseases: Rubella in 2014, and promoted preventive measures throughout the country [4]. However, the second large rubella outbreak has been ongoing since 2018, and about 5000 cases including 3 congenital rubella syndrome were confirmed as at August 2019 [5, 6]. The majority of these outbreaks involved men born between 1962 and 1979 who were not eligible in the national rubella vaccination program for children in Japan [5, 7]. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a level 2 travel alert for rubella outbreak in Japan in October 22, 2018; March 11, 2019; and August 7, 2019 [8]. These alerts enhanced precautions so that travelers to Japan could ensure that they were vaccinated against rubella with the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine before travel. The Global Measles and Rubella Update August 2019 by the World Health Organization revealed Japan as having the second-highest level of rubella reported cases per population [9].

Although rubella in children is characterized by fever, non-confluent maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy [2], clinical characteristics are not well described in adult rubella (AR) [10, 11, 12]. There are also no data about the influence of vaccination on the clinical symptoms of AR.

Thus, we conducted a retrospective observational study during two large outbreaks (2012–2013 and 2018–2019), to investigate characteristics of AR, and to evaluate differences in clinical manifestations with/without vaccination.

Methods

Ethics statement

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) (approval no: NCGM-G-003225-00) and was implemented in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients’ data was anonymized prior to analysis. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, patients’ consent was waived.

Study design and sampling

A retrospective observational study of all symptomatic patients suspected of having rubella, based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy which are described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan [13], was conducted during two outbreaks (January 2012–December 2013 and January 2018–March 2019) at NCGM, Japan. NCGM is a tertiary referral hospital for metropolitan Tokyo and has approximately 780 inpatient beds.

Eligible subjects were those with suspected symptomatic rubella, aged ≥ 18 years who visited NCGM and were screened using rubella-specific IgM test with enzyme immune assay (EIA) kit. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (ⅰ) all patients aged < 18 years; (ii) clinically suspected rubella, which resulted in unconfirmed diagnosis due to weak or negative rubella-specific IgM. We defined Japanese men born from 1962 to 1979 as high-risk population because they were not eligible for the national regular rubella vaccination due to the national vaccination program in Japan. The antibody titer for this population was low (about 80%) compared to that of the other generation (over 90%) [14].

Definition of adult rubella and adult non-rubella

First, we included these study patients with suspected symptomatic rubella based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy, which were described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan [13]. Second, we confirmed the rubella using specific IgM antibodies for rubella in serum and reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. An AR patient was defined as an eligible subject who was confirmed as having rubella on account of the following criteria (based on rubella-specific IgM test using an EIA kit and reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test): (ⅰ) IgM showing strong positive result with a single serum at first hospital visit; (ⅱ) IgM showing negative or weak result at first hospital visit, but changed to strong positive at follow-up visit; (ⅲ) RT-PCR of throat swab, carried out by the local health government, showing positive rubella. Strong, weak, and negative titers of rubella-specific IgM test, using an EIA kit, were ≥ 1.21, 0.8–1.2, and < 0.8, respectively [15]. Adult non-rubella (ANR) patient was defined as an eligible subject without the evidence of rubella infection.

Data collection

All eligible subjects who were screened for rubella infection were identified through the hospital laboratory database. The parameters retrieved from patients’ records included the following; (i) demographics including age, sex, nationality, pre-exposure to other rubella patients, travel history within last month, pregnancy, number of days from onset to hospital visit; (ii) vaccination status; (iii) rubella-specific IgM serology at first visit; (iv) clinical symptoms including maximum temperature (fever) from onset to the visit; presence and location of rash and lymphadenopathy; conjunctivitis; catarrhal symptoms (cough, pharyngitis, and rhinitis); arthralgia; headache; diarrhea; nausea and vomiting; (v) laboratory tests including complete blood cell counts with atypical lymphocyte, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP); and (iv) virus subtype. If data was not listed in the electronic medical record, we treated these as missing values, and were removed from the whole number (both numerator and denominator), due to retrospective study.

Laboratory analysis

The rubella-specific IgM titer was measured by using EIA kit “Seiken” (Denkaseiken, Tokyo, Japan) [15]. The assay protocol, cut-off values, and result interpretations were carried out according to the manufacturer's instruction. The confirmation of rubella and detection of viral genotypes using RT-PCR by the local health government was done on a case-by-case basis until December 2017. Since January 2018, this is now being done according to the pathogen detection manual of the National Institute of Infectious Disease in Japan [16]. Rubella virus gene extraction was performed using real-time RT-PCR. TaqMan RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR have been recommended to local public health centers under the guidance of National Institute of Infectious Disease in Japan [16, 17]. The TaqMan RT-PCR could detect approximately 90% of throat swab samples that was determined positive by a highly sensitive nested RT-PCR, and was more practical method for rubella laboratory diagnosis. The viral genotypes were determined by a phylogenetic analysis based on the 739-nucleotide window region within rubella virus 1E gene using reported primer sets [18].

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as median with interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were shown as absolute and relative frequencies, and compared using the χ² test or Fisher’s exact test. Mann-Whitney U test was applied for continuous variables. Using logistic regression univariate analysis with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), demographic characteristics and clinical predictive factors between AR and ANR were estimated. Potential predictive factors with a P value less than 0.05 in the univariate analysis and a priori variables hypothesized to be clinically or epidemiologically important were incorporated into multivariate analysis. The sub-analysis was conducted among high-risk population (Japanese men born from 1962 to 1979) of AR. We also compared the clinical symptoms of AR depending on the vaccination status. Statistical significance was defined as a 2-sided P-value of < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics Version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Description of AR during 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

During the study period, 282 suspected symptomatic rubella patients with screened rubella-specific IgM test results using EIA kit were enrolled. We excluded 61 patients due to the following reasons; (i) patients < 18 years (n = 50); (ii) clinically suspected rubella patients without confirmed diagnosis due to weak or negative rubella-specific IgM at first hospital visit and no paired antibody or RT-PCR (n = 11). Among the remaining 221 patients, 82 were AR and 139 were ANR. The number of strong positive and paired positive of rubella-specific IgM were 49 and 18, respectively. The throat swab rubella RT-PCR result was positive in 15 AR. The causes of infection among ANR were non-rubella viral infections (n = 98) including measles (n = 5), cytomegalovirus infection (n = 4), acute HIV infection (n = 4), Epstein-Barr virus infection (n = 3), chickenpox (n = 3), parvo B19 virus infection (n = 2), dengue fever (n = 1), chikungunya fever (n = 1), drug eruption (n = 20), bacterial infection (n = 10), and others (n = 11). The numbers of AR and ANR were 21 and 33 in 2012, 45 and 60 in 2013, 11 and 28 in 2018, and 5 and 18 in 2019, respectively (Fig 1 and Fig 2).

Fig 1 shows the enrollment process of adult rubella (n = 82) and adult non-rubella (n = 139) cases. Rubella-specific IgM was used for the enzyme immune assay (EIA) kit. Strong positive was defined as ≥ 1.21 at first hospital visit. Paired positive was defined as the second strong positive, although the first rubella IgM test was either weak (0.8–1.2) or negative (< 0.8).

Fig 2 shows the number of adult rubella cases during the study period.

Comparison of clinical characteristics between AR and ANR

As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the median (IQR) age of patients with AR and ANR was 31 (25–41) years and 34 (27–42) years, respectively. The number of AR who received none, one-time, and unknown number of vaccinations were 11 (13.4%), 8 (9.8%), and 63 (76.8%), respectively. Unknown number of vaccinations means that clinician could not confirm the patient's vaccination status. The major symptom found in this study population was rash (100% [82/82] in AR and 87.8% [122/139] in ANR).

Table 1. Univariate and multivariate analysis of backgrounds of adult rubella, n = 221.

Category	Variable	Adult rubella		Adult non-rubella		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
		(n = 82, 36.8%)		(n = 139, 63.2%)		OR	(95% CI)	P value	OR	(95% CI)	P value
Demographic characteristics	Age, median (IQR), years	31	(25–41)	34	(27–42)			0.218	1.0	(0.9–1.0)	0.137
	Male sex	64	(78.0)	78	(56.1)	2.8	(1.5–5.2)	0.001	7.1	(1.8–28.1)	0.005
	Japanese	81	(98.8)	131	(94.2)	4.9	(0.6–40.3)	0.159
	Pregnancy	0	(0.0)	2	(1.4)	0.6	(0.6–0.7)	0.392
	From 2012 to 2013	66	(80.5)	93	(66.9)	2.0	(1.1–3.9)	0.030	0.476	(0.1–2.3)	0.351
	Pre-exposure to other rubella patients	9	(11.0)	4	(2.9)	4.2	(1.2–14.0)	0.016
	Travel history	6	(7.3)	29	(20.9)	0.3	(0.1–0.8)	0.008
	Number of days from onset to hospital visit	4	(3–7)	5	(3–9)			0.622
Vaccination	None	11	(13.4)	9	(6.5)	2.2	(0.9–5.7)	0.082
	One time	8	(9.8)	13	(9.6)	1.0	(0.4–2.6)	0.921
	Two times	0	(0.0)	6	(4.4)	0.6	(0.6–0.7)	0.059
	Unknown	63	(76.8)	111	(79.9)	0.8	(0.4–1.6)	0.595

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Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as n (%)

Continuous variable data are presented as median (IQR)

OR; odds ratio, CI; confidence interval, IQR; interquartile range

Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of adult rubella, n = 221.

Category	Variable	Adult rubella		Adult non-rubella		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
		(n = 82, 36.8%)		(n = 139, 63.2%)		OR	(95% CI)	P value	OR	(95% CI)	P value
Clinical symptoms	Maximum temperature (fever) from onset to hospital visit, °C	38.0	(37.3–39.0)	38.1	(37.3–39.0)			0.673
	Rash	82	(100.0)	122	(87.8)	1.7	(1.5–1.9)	0.001
	Face	64	(87.7)	48	(41.0)	10.2	(4.6–22.5)	<0.001	4.3	(0.9–19.7)	0.060
	Trunk	81	(98.8)	108	(90.0)	9.0	(1.1–70.6)	0.016
	Extremity	82	(100)	110	(93.2)	1.7	(1.5–2.0)	0.013
	Lymphadenopathy	66	(85.7)	64	(50.8)	5.8	(2.8–12.0)	<0.001
	Cervical	61	(80.3)	62	(49.6)	4.1	(2.1–8.0)	<0.001	2.0	0.5–7.9	0.327
	Peri-auricular	30	(57.7)	8	(6.6)	19.3	(7.8–47.6)	<0.001
	Conjunctivitis	68	(94.4)	26	(20.3)	66.7	(22.3–199.7)	<0.001	85.6	(14.2–514.0)	<0.001
	Catarrhal symptoms^*	47	(61.0)	57	(41.9)	2.2	(1.2–3.8)	0.007	2.8	(0.8–10.0)	0.116
	Arthralgia	26	(31.7)	27	(19.4)	1.9	(1.0–3.6)	0.039
	Headache	20	(24.4)	32	(23.0)	1.1	(0.6–2.0)	0.817
	Diarrhea	10	(12.2)	16	(11.5)	1.1	(0.5–2.5)	0.879
	Nausea or vomiting	9	(11.0)	9	(6.5)	1.8	(0.7–4.7)	0.237
Laboratory test	WBC, /μL	4710	(3290–6010)	6100	(3620–7572)			0.012	1.0	(1.0–1.0)	0.003
	Atypical lymphocyte, /μL	69	(24–174)	0	(0–0)			<0.001
	Platelet×10⁴, /μL	15.5	(13.6–18.2)	19.8	(14.2–23.8)			<0.001
	AST, U/L	34	(27–44)	28	(19–46)			0.013
	ALT, U/L	31	(18–47)	28	(17–54)			0.630
	LDH, U/L	300	(231–367)	225	(185–292)			<0.001
	CRP, mg/dL	0.7	(0.3–1.8)	1.3	(0.3–3.6)			0.030	0.7	(0.5–1.0)	0.039
Rubella-specific IgM serology at first hospital visit	Strong positive	59	(72.0)	0	(0.0)	0.1	(0.1–0.2)	<0.001
	Weak positive	5	(6.1)	1	(0.7)	9.0	(1.0–78.1)	0.027
	Negative	18	(22.0)	138	(99.3)	0.002	(0.001–0.02)	<0.001
Virus subtype	1E	14	(17.1)
	2B	1	(1.2)
	Unknown	68	(82.9)

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Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as n (%)

Continuous variable data are presented as median (IQR)

OR; odds ratio, CI; confidence interval, IQR; interquartile range, WBC; white blood cell, AST; aspartate aminotransferase

ALT; alanine aminotransferase, LDH; lactate dehydrogenase, CRP; C-reactive protein

*Catarrhal symptoms were defined as one of cough, pharyngitis and rhinitis.

At univariate analysis, AR compared to ANR, was significantly associated with male sex (78% vs. 56.1%, OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.5–5.2; P = 0.001) and pre-exposure to other rubella patients (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.2–14.0; P = 0.016). During the two outbreaks, there was significant association with AR during 2012–2013 compared to during 2018–2019 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1–3.9; P = 0.030). Rash (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.5–1.9; P = 0.001), lymphadenopathy (OR = 5.8; 95% CI = 2.8–12.0; P < 0.001), conjunctivitis (OR = 66.7; 95% CI = 22.3–199.7; P < 0.001), catarrhal symptoms (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.2–3.8; P = 0.007), and arthralgia (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.0–3.6; P = 0.039) were more common in AR compared to ANR. In AR, there was significantly increased median [IQR] LDH and decreased median [IQR] white blood cell (WBC), platelet, and CRP (Table 1). Multivariate analysis showed that conjunctivitis (OR = 80.6; 95% CI = 13.4–486.3; P < 0.001) and male sex (OR = 7.1; 95% CI = 1.8–28.1; P = 0.005) were significantly associated with AR. Of 33 AR observed during 2018–2019, the majority with confirmed virus genotype showed genotype 1E (n = 14), and only one patient who seemed to have been infected in India had genotype 2B. Virus genotype during 2012–2013 was not confirmed because the local health government was not evaluating the subtype at that time (Table 1 and Table 2).

Clinical characteristics among high-risk population of AR

Among the high-risk population (n = 68), in univariate analysis, face rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, catarrhal symptoms, decreased WBC, and CRP were significantly observed in AR. Conjunctivitis was significantly associated with AR in multivariate analysis (OR = 24.2; 95% CI = 1.1–553.7; P = 0.046) (Table 3). Among none (n = 11) and one-time (n = 8) vaccination times in AR, at univariate analysis, no difference was shown in the demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results (Table 4).

Table 3. Multivariate analysis of the characteristics among high-risk population^* of adult rubella, n = 68.

Variable	Adult rubella		Adult non-rubella		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	(n = 26, 38.2%)		(n = 42, 61.8%)		OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age, years	42	(37.0–44.3)	42	(35.8–44.0)			0.622	1.1	(0.9–1.4)	0.360
From 2012 to 2013	22	(84.6)	28	(66.7)	2.6	(0.8–9.5)	0.103
Face rash	19	(82.6)	10	(31.3)	10.5	(2.8–38.8)	<0.001	9.3	(0.6–143.1)	0.111
Cervical lymphadenopathy	16	(66.7)	15	(38.5)	3.2	(1.1–9.3)	0.030	5.2	(0.3–97.3)	0.271
Conjunctivitis	21	(91.3)	7	(18.9)	45.0	(8.5–238.4)	<0.001	24.2	(1.1–553.7)	0.046
Catarrhal symptoms^†	17	(68.0)	8.0	8.0	3.0	(1.1–8.5)	0.036	8.0	(0.4–156.9)	0.172
WBC, /μL	4775	(2998–6138)	6070	(3530–9100)			0.038	1.0	(1.0–1.0)	0.123
CRP, mg/dL	0.6	(0.4–1.6)	1.8	(0.6–3.9)			0.020	0.7	(0.3–1.5)	0.332

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Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as n (%)

Continuous variable data are presented as median (IQR)

OR; odds ratio, CI; confidence interval, IQR; interquartile range, WBC; white blood cell, CRP; C-reactive protein

*High risk population were defined as men born from 1962 to 1979.

^†Catarrhal symptoms were defined as one of cough, pharyngitis and rhinitis.

Table 4. Univariate analysis of the characteristics among adult rubella patients between none and one-time vaccination, n = 19.

Category	Variable	None		One-time			Univariate analysis
		(n = 11, 57.9%)		(n = 8, 42.1%)			OR	(95% CI)	P value
Demographic characteristics	Age, years (median, IQR)	28	(23–45)	27	(22–36)				0.492
	Male sex	5	(45.5)	7	(87.5)		0.1	(0.01–1.3)	0.080
	Japanese	11	(100)	8	(100)
	Pregnancy	0	(0.0)	0	(0.0)
	From 2012 to 2013	6	(54.5)	7	(87.5)		0.2	(0.02–1.9)	0.153
	Pre-exposure to other rubella patients	1	(9.1)	0	(0.0)		0.6	(0.4–0.8)	0.579
	Travel history	1	(9.1)	0	(0.0)		0.6	(0.4–0.8)	0.579
	Number of days from onset to hospital visit	5	(2–11)	7	(3–9)				0.903
Rubella-specific IgM serology at first hospital visit	Strong positive	6	(54.5)	7	(87.5)		0.2	(0.02–1.9)	0.153
	Weak positive	2	(18.2)	0	(0.0)		0.5	(0.3–0.8)	0.322
	Negative	3	(27.3)	1	(12.5)		2.6	(0.2–31.3)	0.426
Clinical symptom	Maximum temperature (fever) from onset to hospital visit, °C	37.4	(37.1–38.0)	38.0	(37.5–39.3)				0.179
	Rash	11	(100.0)	8	(100.0)
	Face	8	(72.7)	7	(87.5)		0.4	(0.03–4.6)	0.426
	Trunk	10	(90.9)	8	(100.0)		1.8	(1.2–2.7)	0.579
	Extremity	11	(100.0)	8	(100.0)
	Lymphadenopathy	10	(90.9)	7	(87.5)		1.4	(0.1–28.9)	0.678
	Cervical	10	(90.9)	5	(62.5)		6.0	(0.5–73.5	0.177
	Peri-auricular	8	(88.9)	3	(50.0)		8.0	(0.6–110.3)	0.143
	Conjunctivitis	11	(100.0)	5	(83.3)		3.2	(1.5–6.6)	0.353
	Catarrhal symptoms^*	3	(27.3)	6	(75.0)		0.1	(0.02–01.0)	0.055
	Arthralgia	3	(27.3)	4	(50.0)		0.4	(0.1–2.6)	0.297
	Headache	2	(18.2)	4	(50.0)		0.2	(0.03–1.8)	0.166
	Diarrhea	3	(27.3)	1	(12.5)		2.6	(0.2–31.3)	0.426
	Nausea or vomiting	2	(18.2)	1	(12.5)		1.6	(0.1–20.9)	0.624
Laboratory test	WBC, /μL	3540	(2938–4818)	5370		(3548–6320)			0.083
	Atypical lymphocyte, /μL	57	(34–118)	75	(30–171)				0.805
	Platelet×10⁴, /μL	17.5	(14.7–19.7)	14.3	(13.1–19.4)				0.460
	AST, U/L	34	(26–41)	43	(30–65)				0.173
	ALT, U/L	31	(14–40)	38	(23–107)				0.122
	LDH, U/L	249	(202–288)	300	(271–365)				0.074
	CRP, mg/dL	0.4	(0.2–0.5)	0.6	(0.4–1.8)				0.203
Virus subtype	1E	5	(45.5)	1	(5.3)		5.8	(0.5–64.8)	0.177
	Unknown	6	(54.5)	7	(87.5)		0.2	(0.02–1.91)	0.177

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Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as n (%)

Continuous variable data are presented as median (IQR)

OR; odds ratio, CI; confidence interval, IQR; interquartile range, WBC; white blood cell, AST; aspartate aminotransferase

ALT; alanine aminotransferase, LDH; lactate dehydrogenase, CRP; C-reactive protein

*Catarrhal symptoms were defined as one of cough, pharyngitis and rhinitis.

Discussion

This study showed that conjunctivitis, with a 66.7-fold (22.3–199.7) likelihood, was the most clinical predictive factor of AR, among clinically suspected rubella. The three classical clinical manifestations of rubella among children were reported as fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy, but our findings showed that rash and lymphadenopathy were significantly associated with AR in univariate analysis only. Limited clinical studies have evaluated for conjunctivitis among AR. The only past case series of rubella outbreak during 2012–2013 in Japan reported that conjunctivitis was observed in 77.8% of adult patients [10]. We think that rubella produces follicular reaction including follicular conjunctivitis along with catarrhal symptoms [19, 20].

Male sex and age were significantly associated with AR in univariate analysis, but only male sex remained associated with AR in multivariate analysis (OR = 7.1; 95% CI = 1.8–28.1; P = 0.005). Japanese men born between 1962 and 1979 were regarded as high-risk rubella population group due to the non-inclusion in the national vaccination program in Japan [14]. From August 1977 to March 1995, the single-dose rubella vaccine was given to junior high school women through the national immunization program. The program was extended for universal coverage, which included men from April 1995, meaning that Japanese men who graduated from junior high school then did not have an opportunity to receive rubella vaccine through the regular national vaccination program. The antibody level among these high-risk population was low (about 80%), compared to that of the other populations (over 90%) [7]. Sub-analysis restricted to the high-risk group population showed that conjunctivitis was also a crucial finding (OR = 24.2; 95% CI = 1.1–553.7).

There were no differences in clinical characteristics between AR who received one-time vaccination and unvaccinated patients. No data reflected symptoms of rubella in both children and adults pertaining to the vaccination status. Rubella vaccine was considered as highly immunogenic [21, 22], but 8 (9.8%) AR patients had received one-time vaccination in our study. Otherwise, no two-time vaccination was observed in our study. Although further information about vaccination and immunization status among patients with unknown vaccination were not collected due to retrospective research, our study showed that not only one- but two-time vaccinations were needed to prevent rubella. To stop the ongoing rubella outbreak, Japanese government started an evaluation of an antibody test and catch-up vaccination program for high-risk population since April 2019 [23].

This study has several limitations. First, both AR and ANR in this study excluded the asymptomatic patients, who are estimated to have up to 50% of rubella cases [19]. However, the influence of the asymptomatic rubella infection is not well known. Our main purpose in this study was also to determine the clinical characteristics of AR to enhance early diagnosis. Second, several patients (76.8% AR and 79.9% ANR) did not know their vaccination history. In Japan, vaccination status was recorded in the mother and child health paper handbook. This handbook was personally kept, and if patients did not bring this handbook during the hospital visit, clinicians did not refer to the vaccination status. Third, 81.7% AR and 37.4% ANR who were diagnosed with rubella-specific IgM test only without PCR might be misclassified [24, 25]. PCR-based rubella diagnosis is reliable, but no commercial diagnostic PCR tests could be performed in Japan, and the local health government only conducted RT-PCR for selected cases before 2018. However, currently available commercial rubella-specific IgM test (EIA kit), which was used in this study has high specificity of ≥ 95% [26]. The possibility of misclassification of false-positive rubella IgM was thought to be low. Moreover, previous reports showed that this rubella-specific IgM test (EIA kit) indicated highly positive results for rubella (reaching 80%) among patients who received this test after 5 days of the onset of symptoms [27]. Therefore, we conducted the multivariate analysis between 33 AR and 72 ANR who were diagnosed after 5 days of onset of symptoms or confirmed by RT-PCR. Based on the results of univariate analysis and the stability of the model, we conducted the multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, cervical lymphadenopathy, and conjunctivitis, and only conjunctivitis remained significantly associated with AR (OR = 61.8; 95% CI = 7.2–528.8; P <0.001), similar to the full analysis. Fourth, we did not evaluate difference in conjunctivitis between AR and measles due to the low number of measles cases (n = 5). Conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the major clinical characteristics of measles [28]; however, only 2 of 5 measles cases showed conjunctivitis in our study. There is the possibility that the clinical symptoms were underestimated due to the retrospective nature of the study. To evaluate the clinical characteristics between AR and measles, further study is needed. Finally, the inclusion criteria of these study patients (AR and ANR) were suspected symptomatic rubella patients based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy, which were described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan, and they were evaluated rubella infection using laboratory examination, including RT-PCR and rubella IgM antibody test. Therefore, rubella-suspected symptoms such as lymphadenopathy were likely to be pre-selected bias in this research. However, our new finding "conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella" is thought to be important to distinguish diseases within suspected symptomatic rubella patients at clinical practice.

In conclusion, our study is the first clinical study globally to indicate the association between conjunctivitis and AR among clinically suspected rubella patients. During rubella outbreak, we believe that clinicians need to pay careful attention to the occurrence of conjunctivitis in addition to the three classical symptoms (fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy) of AR, for an early diagnosis. With the upcoming Tokyo Olympic/Paralympic Games in 2020, a major global event with a potentially unprecedented number of visitors entering Japan; continued rubella diagnosis, prevention, and control will be important.

Supporting information

S1 Table. A data sheet of the present study.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(86KB, xlsx)}

Acknowledgments

We thank all the clinical staff at the NCGM for their dedicated clinical practice and patient care.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript.

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231966.r001

Decision Letter 0

Giovanna Barba-Spaeth

14 Feb 2020

PONE-D-19-34587

Clinical characteristics of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012-2013 and 2018-2019

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr Ishikane,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

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Reviewer #1: 1. Title

According to your results and conclusion, I think that the title could be: “Conjunctivitis, the main clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019”, incorporating your most significant results.

2. Methods section.

a. Please clarify the exclusion criteria and if RT PCR for rubella was obtained and was negative in patients with weak or negative antibodies type IgM for rubella.

b. About RT PCR, please give more information regarding the detection limit of method and about the kit used for extraction.

c. Page 12, line 201, please rephrase and clarify about unknown number of vaccinations.

d. Page 19, line 223, you present genotype 1E, as the most common. Nevertheless, you do not describe genotyping in the methods section.

e. Please clarify the high-risk population group in the section: “study design and sampling”.

3. Results/Tables

a. Table 1. Not easy to read. More readable if you divide it in 2 tables.

b. The same information is repeated in the manuscript, could be removed from the tables or from the text.

c. Please add as a new table the comparative results, with statistical analysis, of the two periods of your study.

4. It is very interesting the main finding of conjunctivitis in AR. Is it possible to conduct a pathogenetic explanation? In conjunction with congenital rubella, where conjunctivitis is also a main clinical symptom.

5. Regarding your result of not known vaccinations, it could be added in the discussion section that a further investigation, retrospectively, of the immunization status of this subjects, would be very informative about the need for two dose vaccination scheme.

6. A few spelling and grammatical suggestion

a. Line 33 add comma after kit

b. Line 81 change with to by

c. Line 127 add comma before and after “using an EIA kit”

d. Line 135 replace one with last

e. Line 138 remove defend as

f. Line 139 and nausea change to: nausea;

g. Line 140 change test and enzyme to tests and enzymes respectively

Reviewer #2: Ishikane reported a comprehensive clinical information about 82 cases of Rubella virus infection in Japan during 2012-2013 and 2018-2019. Rubella outbreak is a very important health threatening event, the data provided in this MS can help physicians to understand the phenotype of Rubella infection and might improve the clinical diagnosis. Generally, the MS is well-written.

However, I have three major concern.

1. In this MS, the statistic is by comparing the AR with ANR; however, it is not well defined how these patients (AR+ANR) were selected. This information is very important and might create a bias for the statistic, authors should explain how these cohort were selected.

2. Follow the same idea, I am not sure if it is sufficient only compared the AR and ANR can draw a conclusion. As it is well know, Lymphadenopathy is a key phenotype of Rubella infection, indeed, this phenotype is common in both AR and ANR group, this suggested that lymphadenopathy is being considered and therefore these patients were further received the Rubella screening. This will also cause the bias; if authors only compared AR and ANR groups, authors should emphasis this point through the MS that this is pre-selected cohort analysis.

3. I am very confused about the data presented in Tables. For example, in table I, Trunk 81 (98.8%); extremity 82 (100%); but conjuctivitis 68 (94.4%) and peri-auricular 30 (57.7%). Could authors explain this point? this is extremely important, since this will large affect the conclusion. I suggest that 94.4% is 68 cases have conjuctivitis and 4 cases did not. it means that only 72 in total instead of 82. I don't know why 10 cases were exclude?

**********

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Reviewer #2: No

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PLoS One. 2020 Apr 24;15(4):e0231966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231966.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

20 Mar 2020

Dr Joerg Heber

Editor-in-Chief

PLOS ONE

March 16, 2020

Re: PONE-D-19-34587

Title “Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019” Authors: Nomoto H et al.

Dear Dr. Heber,

Thank you for your e-mail on February 14, 2020. We were pleased to read the positive evaluation of our manuscript and its potential acceptance for publication in PLOS ONE, subject to adequate revision and responses to the Reviewers’ comments.

Based on your instruction, we logged into Editorial Manger website and submitted the two files of the revised manuscript (one clean and one with the track changes).

Please find attached point-by-point response to the comments raised by the Reviewers.

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the Reviewers for the constructive and useful remarks. The comments allowed us to identify areas in our manuscript that needed modification and clarification. We also thank you for allowing us to resubmit a revised copy of the manuscript.

I hope that the revised manuscript is now acceptable for publication in PLOS ONE.

Sincerely Yours,

Masahiro Ishikane, M.D., Ph.D. (Corresponding author)

Department of Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine

1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.

Tel: +81-3-3202-7181

Fax: +81-3-3202-1012

E-mail: ishikanemasahiro@gmail.com

Reviewer #1

1. Title

Thank you for your suggestion. We changed our title that is more representative of the result and conclusion

(Before)

Title “Clinical characteristics of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012-2013 and 2018-2019”

(After)

Title “Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019”

2. Methods section.

a. Please clarify the exclusion criteria and if RT PCR for rubella was obtained and was negative in patients with weak or negative antibodies type IgM for rubella.

Thank you for your advice. First, we included these study patients with suspected symptomatic rubella based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy which are described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan [13]. Second, we confirmed the rubella using specific IgM antibodies for rubella in serum and RT-PCR. RT-PCR is gold standard to diagnose rubella and specific IgM antibodies in serum is detection within a first few days also suggest acute rubella infection [27. Because RT-PCR was considered useful as gold standard to confirm rubella, if RT-PCR was positive, the patient was considered rubella regardless of IgM result. If the result of RT-PCR for rubella was negative with weak or negative antibodies type IgM for rubella at first hospital visit, we decided on changing or not to strong positive at follow-up visit. We also had concerns about misclassifying patients early in onset. Therefore, we mentioned it in limitation section, and sub-analysis was also performed in population 5 days or more after onset. According to your suggestion, we added the additional explanation about exclusion criteria about adult rubella and adult non-rubella, in method part. Also, we added new reference about Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan [13].

(Before: Study design and sampling)

A retrospective observational study of all symptomatic patients suspected of having rubella was conducted during two outbreaks (January 2012–December 2013 and January 2018–March 2019) at NCGM, Japan.

(After: Study design and sampling)

(Before: Definition of adult rubella and adult non-rubella)

An AR patient was defined as an eligible subject who was confirmed as having rubella on account of the following criteria (based on rubella-specific IgM test using an EIA kit and reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test): (ⅰ) IgM showing strong positive result with a single serum at first hospital visit; (ⅱ) IgM showing negative or weak result at first hospital visit, but changed to strong positive at follow-up visit; (ⅲ) RT-PCR of throat swab, carried out by the local health government, showing positive rubella. Strong, weak, and negative titers of rubella-specific IgM test using an EIA kit were ≥ 1.21, 0.8–1.2, and < 0.8, respectively [13]. Adult non-rubella (ANR) patient was defined as an eligible subject without the evidence of rubella infection.

(After: Definition of adult rubella and adult non-rubella)

First, we included these study patients with suspected symptomatic rubella based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy which are described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan [13]. Second, we confirmed the rubella using specific IgM antibodies for rubella in serum and reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. An AR patient was defined as an eligible subject who was confirmed as having rubella on account of the following criteria: (i) IgM showing strong positive result with a single serum at first hospital visit; (ii) IgM showing negative or weak result at first hospital visit, but changed to strong positive at follow-up visit; (iii) RT-PCR of throat swab, carried out by the local health government, showing positive rubella. Strong, weak, and negative titers of rubella-specific IgM test using an EIA kit were ≥ 1.21, 0.8–1.2, and < 0.8, respectively [15]. ANR patient was defined as an eligible subject without the evidence of rubella infection.

13. National Institute of Infectious Disease in Japan. Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan. [cited 2020 March 14]. Available from: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/epi/nesid/nesid_en.pdf

b. About RT PCR, please give more information regarding the detection limit of method and about the kit used for extraction.

Thank you for your suggestion. Rubella virus gene extraction was performed using real-time RT-PCR. TaqMan RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR have been recommended to local public health centers under the guidance of National Institute of Infectious Disease in Japan [16]. The TaqMan RT-PCR could detect approximately 90% of throat swab samples that was determined positive by a highly sensitive nested RT-PCR, and was more practical method for rubella laboratory diagnosis. We added more information about RT-PCR with new reference [16] in method section.

(Before)

The rubella-specific IgM titer was measured by using EIA kit “Seiken” (Denkaseiken, Tokyo, Japan) [13]. The assay protocol, cut-off values, and result interpretations were carried out according to the manufacturer's instruction. The confirmation of rubella and detection of viral genotypes using RT-PCR by the local health government was done on a case-by-case basis until December 2017. Since January 2018, this is now being done according to the pathogen detection manual of the National Institute of Infectious Disease in Japan [14]. The viral genotypes were determined by a phylogenetic analysis based on the 739-nucleotide window region within rubella virus 1E gene using reported primer sets [15].

(After)

14.　National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan. The pathogen detection manual. [cited 2019 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/labo-manual.html#class5.

16. Okamoto K, Mori Y, Komagome R, Nagano H, Miyoshi M, Okano M, et al. Evaluation of Sensitivity of TaqMan RT-PCR for Rubella Virus Detection in Clinical Specimens. J Clin Virol. 2016;80: 98-101.

c. Page 12, line 201, please rephrase and clarify about unknown number of vaccinations.

Thank you for your advice. "Unknown number of vaccinations" means that clinician could not confirm the patient's vaccination status. As we mentioned in the limitation, vaccination status was recorded in the mother and child health paper handbook in Japan. Because many patients have not held their past vaccination records at their visit, clinician could not confirm the patient's vaccination status. We added the explanation about "unknown number of vaccinations" in result section.

(Before)

The number of AR who received none, one-time, and unknown number of vaccinations were 11 (13.4%), 8 (9.8%), and 63 (76.8%), respectively.

(After)

The number of AR who received none, one-time, and unknown number of vaccinations were 11 (13.4%), 8 (9.8%), and 63 (76.8%), respectively. Unknown number of vaccinations means that clinician could not confirm the patient's vaccination status.

d. Page 19, line 223, you present genotype 1E, as the most common. Nevertheless, you do not describe genotyping in the methods section.

Thank you for your suggestion. However, we respectfully disagree with the reviewer. As we mentioned in Laboratory analysis, genotyping was conducted according to the pathogen detection manual of National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan. This manual is based on the standardization of the nomenclature for wild type rubella virus determined by WHO. Rubella virus E1 genotyping refer to the gene sequence of the window region (739 bp, positions 8731-9469) in the gene [18]. We already refer to this paper in the manuscript.

e. Please clarify the high-risk population group in the section: “study design and sampling”.

Thank you for your advice. high-risk population group defined as Japanese men who were born from 1962 to 1979. These men were supposed to have low immunity rubella (about 80%) because they were not eligible for the national regular rubella vaccination program. Although we described about high-risk population in the statistical analysis, we moved to study design and sampling section based on your advice.

(Before: Study design and sampling)

(After: Study design and sampling)

Eligible subjects were those with suspected symptomatic rubella, aged ≥ 18 years who visited NCGM and were screened using rubella-specific IgM test with enzyme immune assay (EIA) kit. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (i) all patients aged < 18 years; (ii) clinically suspected rubella, which resulted in unconfirmed diagnosis due to weak or negative rubella-specific IgM. We defined Japanese men born from 1962 to 1979 as high-risk population because they were not eligible for the national regular rubella vaccination due to the national vaccination program in Japan. The antibody titer for this population was low (about 80%) compared to that of the other generation (over 90%) [14].

(Before: Statistical analysis)

The sub-analysis was conducted among high-risk population (men born from 1962 to 1979) of AR. Because this population was not eligible for the national regular rubella vaccination due to the national vaccination program in Japan, the antibody titer for this high-risk population was low (about 80%) compared to that of the other population (over 90%) [8, 16].

(After: Statistical analysis)

The sub-analysis was conducted among high-risk population (Japanese men born from 1962 to 1979) of AR.

3. Results/Tables

a. Table 1. Not easy to read. More readable if you divide it in 2 tables.

Thank you for your advice. We divided Table1 in terms of the backgrounds and clinical characteristics as showed below.

(Before)

Table 1 Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical characteristics of adult rubella, n=221

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of the characteristics among high-risk population* of adult rubella, n=68

Table 3 Univariate analysis of the characteristics among adult rubella patients between none and one-time vaccination, n=19

(After)

Table 1 Univariate and multivariate analysis of backgrounds of adult rubella, n=221

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of adult rubella, n=221

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of the characteristics among high-risk population* of adult rubella, n=68

Table 4 Univariate analysis of the characteristics among adult rubella patients between none and one-time vaccination, n=19

b. The same information is repeated in the manuscript, could be removed from the tables or from the text.

Thank you for your advice. Based on reviewer’s comment, we removed repeated sentence with no significance from the manuscript in result section.

(Before: Comparison of clinical characteristics between AR and ANR)

As shown in Table 1, the median (IQR) age of patients with AR and ANR was 31 (25–41) years and 34 (27–42) years, respectively. Most patients with AR (98.8%) and ANR (94.2%) were Japanese. No pregnant patients were observed. The number of AR who received none, one-time, and unknown number of vaccinations were 11 (13.4%), 8 (9.8%), and 63 (76.8%), respectively. The major symptom found in this study population was rash (100% [82/82] in AR and 87.8% [122/139] in ANR).

(After: Comparison of clinical characteristics between AR and ANR)

As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the median (IQR) age of patients with AR and ANR was 31 (25–41) years and 34 (27–42) years, respectively. The number of AR who received none, one-time, and unknown number of vaccinations were 11 (13.4%), 8 (9.8%), and 63 (76.8%), respectively. The major symptom found in this study population was rash (100% [82/82] in AR and 87.8% [122/139] in ANR).

(Before: Comparison of clinical characteristics between AR and ANR )

(After: Comparison of clinical characteristics between AR and ANR)

c. Please add as a new table the comparative results, with statistical analysis, of the two periods of your study.

Thank you for your suggestion. However, we respectfully disagree with the reviewer. Number of cases and controls during two periods were already described in the result section (Line 197-198). We also conducted univariate and multivariate analysis including these two periods between adult rubella and adult non-rubella as shown in Table1, but we couldn’t statistical difference in multivariate analysis (OR=0.5, 95%CI=0.1-2.3, p value=0.351). Therefore, it seemed not so significant to add a new table describing the comparative results of the two period. We are also concerned an additional table makes the manuscript more complicating because we already had four tables in this article.

Thank you for your advice. Rubella seems to spread in lymphatic tissue and produce follicular conjunctivitis as many other viral conjunctivitis. Pink book from CDC describes “Following respiratory transmission of rubella virus, replication of the virus is thought to occur in the nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes” and Mandell, Douglas & Bennett’s 9th says “Rubella produces a catarrhal or follicular reaction, or both, along with the typical disease findings.” So, we think that conjunctivitis in AR are thought to be from follicular reaction including follicular conjunctivitis along with catarrhal symptoms. We added with new refences [19, 20] in discussion section.

(Before)

(After)

Limited clinical studies have evaluated for conjunctivitis among AR. The only past case series of rubella outbreak during 2012–2013 in Japan reported that conjunctivitis was observed in 77.8% of adult patients [10]. We think that rubella produces follicular reaction including follicular conjunctivitis along with catarrhal symptoms [19, 20].

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. CDC; The Pink Book, Chapter 20; Rubella. [cited 2020 March 14]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/rubella.html

20. Kumar DM, Barnes SD, Pavan-Langston D, Azar DT. Microbial Conjunctivitis. In Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 9th ed; 2019. p. 1502.

Thank you for your suggestion. In Japan, vaccination status was recorded in the mother and child health paper handbook. This handbook was personally kept, and if patients did not bring this handbook during the hospital visit, clinicians did not refer to the vaccination status. Patients with unknown vaccination, as mentioned above, were those who clinician could not confirm the patient's vaccination status at patient's visit. Because our study is retrospective research, we cannot get any more information about vaccination and immunization status. However, our study showed that there were no rubella patients who had two-time vaccination. Two-time vaccination is thought to be significant to prevent rubella. We emphasize this point in the discussion part.

(Before)

There were no differences in clinical characteristics between AR who received one-time vaccination and unvaccinated patients. No data reflected symptoms of rubella in both children and adults pertaining to the vaccination status. Rubella vaccine was considered as highly immunogenic [17, 18], but 8 (9.8%) AR patients had received one-time vaccination in our study. Otherwise, no two-time vaccination was observed in our study. To prevent rubella, not only one- but two-time vaccinations are needed. To stop the ongoing rubella outbreak, Japanese government started an evaluation of an antibody test and catch-up vaccination program for high-risk population since April 2019 [19].

(After)

6. A few spelling and grammatical suggestion

a. Line 33 add comma after kit

b. Line 81 change with to by

c. Line 127 add comma before and after “using an EIA kit”

d. Line 135 replace one with last

e. Line 138 remove defend as

f. Line 139 and nausea change to: nausea;

g. Line 140 change test and enzyme to tests and enzymes respectively

Thank you for your advice. We revised grammatical errors that you pointed out, as bellow.

a. Line 33 add comma after kit

(Before)

enzyme immune assay kit at a tertiary care hospital in Japan during two outbreaks

(After)

enzyme immune assay kit, at a tertiary care hospital in Japan during two outbreaks

b. Line 81 change with to by

(Before)

Although rubella in children is characterized with

(After)

Although rubella in children is characterized by

c. Line 127 add comma before and after “using an EIA kit”

(Before)

and negative titers of rubella-specific IgM test using an EIA kit were

(After)

and negative titers of rubella-specific IgM test, using an EIA kit, were

d. Line 135 replace one with last

(Before)

travel history within one month

(After)

travel history within last month

e. Line 138 remove defend as

(Before)

catarrhal symptoms (defined as cough,

(After)

catarrhal symptoms (cough,

f. Line 139 and nausea change to: nausea;

(Before)

and nausea and vomiting

(After)

nausea and vomiting

g. Line 140 change test and enzyme to tests and enzymes respectively

(Before)

laboratory test including complete blood cell counts with atypical lymphocyte, liver enzyme,

(After)

laboratory tests including complete blood cell counts with atypical lymphocyte, liver enzymes,

Reviewer #2

Thank you for your advice. As well as response to Reviewer # 1's comment (2-a), first, we included these study patients (AR+ANR) with suspected symptomatic rubella patients based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy which are described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan [13]. Second, we confirmed the rubella using specific IgM antibodies for rubella in serum and RT-PCR. According to your suggestion, we added the additional explanation about how these patients (AR+ANR) were selected with new reference [13] in method part.

(Before: Study design and sampling)

(After: Study design and sampling)

(Before: Definition of adult rubella and adult non-rubella)

(After: Definition of adult rubella and adult non-rubella)

Thank you for your advice. As mentioned above, the inclusion criteria of this research patients (AR+ANR) were suspected symptomatic rubella patients based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy which are described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan, and they were evaluated rubella infection using laboratory examination, including RT-PCR and rubella IgM antibody test. Therefore, rubella-suspected symptoms such as lymphadenopathy were likely to be pre-selected bias. We added the limitation about pre-selected bias in discussion part.

(Before)

Finally, we did not evaluate for difference in conjunctivitis between AR and measles due to the low number of measles cases (n=5). Conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the major clinical characteristics of measles [25]; however, only 2 of 5 measles cases showed conjunctivitis in our study. There is the possibility that the clinical symptoms were underestimated due to the retrospective nature of the study. To evaluate the clinical characteristics between AR and measles, further study is needed.

(After)

Fourth, we did not evaluate for difference in conjunctivitis between AR and measles due to the low number of measles cases (n=5). Conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the major clinical characteristics of measles [28]; however, only 2 of 5 measles cases showed conjunctivitis in our study. There is the possibility that the clinical symptoms were underestimated due to the retrospective nature of the study. To evaluate the clinical characteristics between AR and measles, further study is needed. Finally, the inclusion criteria of these study patients (AR and ANR) were suspected symptomatic rubella patients based on clinical symptoms such as fever or rash or lymphadenopathy which are described in the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan, and they were evaluated rubella infection using laboratory examination, including RT-PCR and rubella IgM antibody test. Therefore, rubella-suspected symptoms such as lymphadenopathy were likely to be pre-selected bias in this research. However, our new finding "conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella" is thought to be important to distinguish diseases within suspected symptomatic rubella patients at clinical practice.

Thank you for your suggestion. Due to retrospective study, if data were not listed in the electronic medical record, we treated as missing values, and were removed from the whole number (both numerator and denominator). So, the values in the table were not consistent. To emphasize this point, we added the further explanation in methods section.

(Before)

All eligible subjects who were screened for rubella infection were identified through the hospital laboratory database. The parameters retrieved from patients’ records included the following; (i) demographics including age, sex, nationality, pre-exposure to other rubella patients, travel history within one month, pregnancy, number of days from onset to hospital visit; (ii) vaccination status; (iii) rubella-specific IgM serology at first visit; (iv) clinical symptoms including maximum temperature (fever) from onset to the visit; presence and location of rash and lymphadenopathy; conjunctivitis; catarrhal symptoms (defined as cough, pharyngitis, and rhinitis); arthralgia; headache; diarrhea; and nausea and vomiting; (v) laboratory test including complete blood cell counts with atypical lymphocyte, liver enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP); and (iv) virus subtype.

(After)

All eligible subjects who were screened for rubella infection were identified through the hospital laboratory database. The parameters retrieved from patients’ records included the following; (i) demographics including age, sex, nationality, pre-exposure to other rubella patients, travel history within last month, pregnancy, number of days from onset to hospital visit; (ii) vaccination status; (iii) rubella-specific IgM serology at first visit; (iv) clinical symptoms including maximum temperature (fever) from onset to the visit; presence and location of rash and lymphadenopathy; conjunctivitis; catarrhal symptoms (cough, pharyngitis, and rhinitis); arthralgia; headache; diarrhea; nausea and vomiting; (v) laboratory tests including complete blood cell counts with atypical lymphocyte, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP); and (iv) virus subtype. If data were not listed in the electronic medical record, we treated these as missing values, and were removed from the whole number (both numerator and denominator), due to retrospective study.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231966.r003

Decision Letter 1

Giovanna Barba-Spaeth

6 Apr 2020

Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012-2013 and 2018-2019

PONE-D-19-34587R1

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231966.r004

Acceptance letter

Giovanna Barba-Spaeth

10 Apr 2020

PONE-D-19-34587R1

Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

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Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

Hidetoshi Nomoto

Masahiro Ishikane

Takato Nakamoto

Masayuki Ohta

Shinichiro Morioka

Kei Yamamoto

Satoshi Kutsuna

Shunsuke Tezuka

Junwa Kunimatsu

Norio Ohmagari

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Methods

Ethics statement

Study design and sampling

Definition of adult rubella and adult non-rubella

Data collection

Laboratory analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Description of AR during 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

Fig 1. Flow diagram of study enrollment.

Fig 2. Number of adult rubella cases from January 2012 to December 2013 and January 2018 to March 2019, n = 82.

Comparison of clinical characteristics between AR and ANR

Table 1. Univariate and multivariate analysis of backgrounds of adult rubella, n = 221.

Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of adult rubella, n = 221.

Clinical characteristics among high-risk population of AR

Table 3. Multivariate analysis of the characteristics among high-risk population* of adult rubella, n = 68.

Table 4. Univariate analysis of the characteristics among adult rubella patients between none and one-time vaccination, n = 19.

Discussion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Giovanna Barba-Spaeth

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Giovanna Barba-Spaeth

Roles

Acceptance letter

Giovanna Barba-Spaeth

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases

Table 3. Multivariate analysis of the characteristics among high-risk population^* of adult rubella, n = 68.