Characteristics of patients with chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalizations: A retrospective cohort study

Ryo Yamazaki; Osamu Nishiyama; Sho Saeki; Hiroyuki Sano; Takashi Iwanaga; Yuji Tohda

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232212

. 2020 Apr 24;15(4):e0232212. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212

Characteristics of patients with chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalizations: A retrospective cohort study

Ryo Yamazaki ¹, Osamu Nishiyama ^1,^*, Sho Saeki ¹, Hiroyuki Sano ¹, Takashi Iwanaga ¹, Yuji Tohda ¹

Editor: Shane Patman²

PMCID: PMC7182228 PMID: 32330195

Abstract

Background

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease. Chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (c-IIP) is a group of lung diseases consisting mainly of fibrotic IIPs, and IPF is a type of c-IIP. Some patients with c-IIP undergo respiratory-related hospitalizations (RHs). With the hypothesis that the characteristics of patients who undergo RHs are related to the number of hospitalizations, we reviewed and investigated the RHs of patients with c-IIP.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the data of patients with c-IIP who were admitted to Kindai University Hospital between January 2008 and December 2018 for respiratory-related causes.

Results

During the study period, 243 patients with c-IIP were hospitalized a total of 544 times because of respiratory-related causes. The most common reasons for the first RH were acute exacerbation (48.1%) followed by pulmonary infection (32.5%). The most frequent reason for subsequent RHs was pulmonary infection. The in-hospital and 90-day mortality rate of patients with pulmonary infection increased with increasing numbers of RHs. Patients with multiple RHs had significantly worse long-term survival than patients hospitalized a single time.

Conclusions

Pulmonary infection was the most frequent reason for repeated RHs. The proportion of all patients hospitalized for pulmonary infection at each RH increased with increasing numbers of RHs, along with the mortality rate of patients with pulmonary infections. Furthermore, repeated RHs were associated with poor survival.

Introduction

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease of unknown etiology¹. The prognosis is poor, and the median survival is only 3 to 5 years from diagnosis; however, the natural history is variable [1, 2]. Many patients with IPF undergo acute respiratory events during their clinical course [3]. Respiratory-related hospitalization (RH) is an important factor in the outcomes of patients with IPF, because of its high in-hospital mortality, effect on subsequent survival, and the associated economic burden [3–5]. RHs of patients with fibrotic interstitial pneumonia are also significantly associated with in-hospital and post-discharge mortality [6] and are therefore important for predicting the long-term survival of patients with fibrotic interstitial pneumonia.

Several studies have reported that chronic respiratory insufficiency due to disease progression was the major cause of death in patients with IPF [7–9]. However, recent studies have demonstrated that pulmonary infection is a common reason for both RH and death [10, 11].

Some patients with IPF undergo several RHs during their clinical course. However, the characteristics of patients who undergo repeated RHs remain unknown. Identification of the characteristics of patients with IPF who require repeated RHs might lead to the development of appropriate prophylactic measures and treatments and a lengthened survival time.

Patients with a chronic form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) other than IPF are common. They have characteristics suggestive of IPF but are without a definitive diagnosis because surgical lung biopsy was not performed. They should be classified as patients with unclassifiable IIP [12]. However, in general practice, it may be relevant to consider patients with IPF together with patients with unclassifiable fibrotic IIP.

With the hypothesis that the characteristics of patients who undergo RHs are related to the number of hospitalizations, we retrospectively reviewed and investigated the RHs of patients with chronic IIP (c-IIP), including IPF.

Methods

Patients

We retrospectively examined the medical charts of all patients with c-IIP who were admitted to Kindai University Hospital for respiratory-related causes between January 2008 and December 2018. The definition of c-IIP was as follows: a chronic form of IIP that includes IPF. The diagnosis of IPF was based on recent guidelines [13]. Patients were excluded if they had other known causes of interstitial lung disease, as follows: domestic or occupational environmental exposure, connective tissue disease, and drug toxicity. Patients with a c-IIP other than IPF were those who were found to have a pattern of probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or indeterminate UIP on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and were not subjected to surgical lung biopsy. Patients with an alternative diagnosis pattern on chest HRCT were excluded. HRCT patterns were categorized by pulmonologists with over 10 years of experience. For patients whose HRCT pattern was difficult to categorize, the final assessment was established after careful discussions between several specialists. Fig 1 shows the flow chart for inclusion and exclusion of patients who were hospitalized for the first time during the study period.

Fig 1 — HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; UIP, usual interstitial pneumonia.

Informed consent was waived, because this study was based on a retrospective analysis of case records from our university hospital. Approval for the use of these data for the analysis was provided by the ethics committee of the Kindai University Faculty of Medicine (No. 31–044).

Diagnosis of acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection

Acute exacerbation of c-IIP was defined in reference to a recent international working group report for acute exacerbation of IPF [14] as follows: 1) a previous or concurrent diagnosis of c-IIP; 2) acute worsening or development of dyspnea typically of less than 1 month’s duration; 3) HRCT finding of new bilateral ground-glass opacities and/or consolidation superimposed on a background consistent with the UIP, probable UIP, or indeterminate for UIP pattern; and 4) deterioration not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload. The diagnosis of acute exacerbation of c-IIP was made in reference to these criteria. Pneumonia was defined as follows: 1) newly developed consolidation and/or ground-glass opacities on chest X-ray or HRCT; and 2) clinical evidence such as fever, productive cough, chills, or abnormal white blood cell count. If the findings on chest radiography and/or HRCT had not changed from previous findings, the diagnosis was considered to be bronchitis. For patients in whom a diagnosis was difficult to establish, the final diagnosis was made after careful discussion involving several specialists (pulmonologists, each with over 10 years of experience).

Pulmonary function tests

Pulmonary function tests that had been performed within 1 year prior to admission were used for determining baseline pulmonary function. Pulmonary function tests, including spirometry and single-breath measurements of the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLco) (CHESTAC-8800; Chest, Tokyo, Japan), were performed according to the standards of the European Respiratory Society [15, 16]. Results were expressed in absolute values and as percentages of normal predictive Japanese values [17, 18].

Data collection

We evaluated the following clinical characteristics of every patient: age, smoking status, long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT), and treatment for c-IIP. Standard laboratory testing and routine blood sampling had been performed on admission.

Respiratory-related hospitalization

RH was defined as a nonelective hospitalization due to an acute respiratory event that included acute exacerbation of c-IIP, pulmonary infection (pneumonia or bronchitis), pneumothorax and/or mediastinal emphysema, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism. All RHs during the study period were included in the study; however, nonrespiratory-related and any elective hospitalizations were excluded. All hospitalizations were retrospectively confirmed during reviews of the hospital charts.

Assessment of survival

We assessed in-hospital and 90-day mortalities. In-hospital mortality was defined as the percentage of patients who died during the corresponding hospitalization without discharge (mean duration of hospitalization: 33.7±41.1, 26.4±19.4, 22.0±13.1, and 24.3±20.9 days at first, second, third, and ≥fourth hospitalizations, respectively). Total survival was also assessed through April 24, 2019. All deaths were retrospectively confirmed during reviews of the hospital charts. If a patient was still alive, he or she was treated as a censored case in the analysis. The total survival time from the first day of each respiratory-related hospitalization was also determined.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are presented as means±standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies. Comparisons of categorical variables were performed by the Fisher exact test. Comparisons of parameters for the causes of hospitalization were made by one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed based on the frequency of RHs, and compared by the log-rank test. All tests were performed with a significance level of less than 0.05. Analyses were performed by the PASW statistical package, ver.18 (SPSS Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan).

Results

During the study period, 243 patients (177 men and 66 women) with c-IIP were hospitalized a total of 544 times for respiratory-related causes at the University Hospital. As shown in Fig 2, of 243 patients who were hospitalized for the first time, 39 (16.0%) died in the hospital. Of 204 patients (84.0%) who were discharged, 15 (6.2%) were not followed-up, 50 (20.6%) were followed-up without any RH, 12 (4.9%) died of nonrespiratory-related causes, and 127 (52.3) underwent a second RH during the period of observation. Fig 2 also shows the distribution of patients after the second RH.

Fig 2 — #: 9 unknowns, 2 lung cancers, and 1 esophageal cancer, ##: 8 unknowns, 1 lung cancer, 1 malignant lymphoma, 1 peritonitis, and 1 cerebral infarction, ###: 3 unknowns, 1 hepatic cell carcinoma, 1 ileus, and 1 suicide. RH, respiratory-related hospitalization.

The baseline clinical characteristics of the patients before the first hospitalization are shown in Table 1. The mean age was 74.8±7.3 years. The mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 73.5±22.4% predicted, and mean DLco was 65.0±20.8% predicted. Of 243 patients with c-IIP, 138 had received a definitive diagnosis of IPF; IPF was diagnosed from histopathological findings on a biopsy specimen in 15 patients and without findings from a surgical biopsy in 123 patients. The other 105 patients had received a diagnosis of c-IIP, but not a definitive diagnosis. Because none of these 105 patients underwent a surgical lung biopsy, they were diagnosed with unclassifiable IIP. There were no patients who were pathologically diagnosed with idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, or respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease. An antifibrotic agent was being used to treat 26 of 243 (10.7%) patients.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients before the first hospitalization.

Characteristics	All patients
	N = 243
Age, yr	74.8 ± 7.3
Gender
Male/Female	177/66
Body mass index	22.2 ± 4.0 ^a
Pulmonary function tests
FVC, L	2.1 ± 0.7 ^b
FVC, % predicted	73.5 ± 22.4 ^b
DLco, mL/min/mmHg	9.3 ± 3.3 ^c
DLco, % predicted	65.0 ± 20.8 ^c
Smoking status
Current/Former/Never	10/160/73
Definitive IPF/others	138/105
Treatment for c-IIP at baseline
Pirfenidone	17
Nintedanib	9
Corticosteroid	13
Cyclosporine	5
Cyclophosphamide	2
Tacrolimus	1
None	201
Long-term oxygen therapy
yes/no	47/196

Open in a new tab

Values are shown with actual number or as means±standard deviation.

a: n = 212

b: n = 148

c: n = 97

DLco = diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, c-IIP = chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, FVC = forced vital capacity, IPF = idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

The baseline clinical characteristics before the first hospitalization of patients stratified by 5 different causes of RH are shown in Table 2. The differences between the values for body mass index (BMI) and FVC, percent predicted, were significant (P< 0.0001 and P = 0.01, respectively). By intergroup comparisons, patients hospitalized for pneumothorax and/or mediastinal emphysema had significantly lower values for BMI and FVC percent predicted than patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation or pulmonary infection (BMI: P<0.0001 and P<0.001, respectively; and FVC percent predicted: P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). The differences between the proportions of patients receiving LTOT grouped according to cause of RH were significant (P = 0.004). By intergroup comparison, the proportion of admitted patients with pulmonary infection who received LTOT was higher than the proportion of admitted patients with acute exacerbation who received LTOT (P = 0.0003).

Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients before the first hospitalization by cause.

Characteristics	Acute exacerbation	Pulmonary infection	Pneumothorax and/or mediastinal emphysema	Heart failure	Others^‖
Patients	117	79	25	8	14	P value
Age, yr	74.3 ± 8.3	75.0 ± 6.6	74.5 ± 5.4	78.6 ± 5.7	77.1 ± 5.6	0.39
Gender; Male/Female	82/35	58/21	20/5	6/2	11/3	0.85
Body mass index	23.4 ± 3.7 ^a	21.9 ± 3.7 ^b	18.9 ± 4.0 ^c ^*	20.9 ± 5.1	22.3 ± 4.0	<0.0001
Pulmonary function test
FVC, L	2.2 ± 0.7 ^d	2.2 ± 0.8 ^e	1.7 ± 0.5 ^f	2.4 ± 0.6^g	1.9 ± 0.8 ^h	0.16
FVC, %predicted	75.0 ± 18.5 ^d	77.3 ± 24.9 ^e	56.2 ± 18.1 ^f ^✝	75.7 ± 14.5 ^g	67.4 ± 38.4 ^h	0.01
DLco, mL/min/mmHg	10.1 ± 3.9 ⁱ	8.9 ± 2.6 ^j	7.6 ± 0.7 ^k	6.9 ± 1.6 ^g	11.1 ± 0.1 ^l	0.05
DLco, % predicted	69.0 ± 23.4 ⁱ	60.9 ± 17.0 ^j	62.1 ± 11.6 ^k	56.1 ± 29.2^g	84.7 ± 5.0 ^l	0.19
Smoking status; yes/no	78/39	60/19	18/7	6/2	8/6	0.52
LTOT; yes/no	12/105	25/54 ^#	4/21	2/6	4/10	0.004

Open in a new tab

Values are shown as actual number or means±standard deviation.

‖ Others included 6 hemoptysis, 5 chronic respiratory failure, 2 drug-induced lung injury, and 1 pulmonary embolism

* P<0.0001 and P<0.001 compared with acute exacerbation group and pulmonary infection group, respectively.

^✝ P = 0.002 and P = 0.001 compared with acute exacerbation group and pulmonary infection group, respectively.

# P = 0.0003 compared with acute exacerbation group.

a: n = 98

b: n = 73

c: n = 22

d: n = 71

e: n = 50

f: n = 16

g: n = 6

h: n = 6

i: n = 45

j: n = 37

k: n = 8

l: n = 2

DLco = diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, FVC = forced vital capacity, IPF = idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, LTOT = Long-term oxygen therapy.

Table 3 shows the causes of RH and the patient mortality rates grouped according to which hospitalization (first, second, third, or fourth or more). The most frequent cause of the first hospitalization was acute exacerbation (48.1%) followed by pulmonary infection (32.5%). The most frequent cause for all subsequent hospitalizations was pulmonary infection. As the number of RHs increased, the proportion of admissions for pulmonary infection increased and the proportion of admissions for acute exacerbation decreased. The proportions of admissions for pneumothorax and/or mediastinal emphysema and heart failure did not change based on whether or not a patient was hospitalized an increasing number of times. Among the 243 first hospitalizations, the in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates for all causes were 14.8% and 19.3%, respectively. The in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates of patients hospitalized for pulmonary infection increased with increasing number of RHs, whereas the rates did not increase among patients hospitalized increasing numbers of times for acute exacerbation.

Table 3. Causes of the hospitalization and mortality of each hospitalization.

Causes	N (%)	Mortality (%)
		In-hospital	90-day
First hospitalization
Total	243	14.8%	19.3%
Acute exacerbation	117 (48.1%)	22.2%	23.9%
Pulmonary infection	79 (32.5%)	6.3%	13.9%
Pneumothorax and/or mediastinal emphysema	25 (10.2%)	16.0%	20.0%
Heart failure	8 (3.2%)	0%	12.5%
Others ^‖	14 (5.7%)	7.1%	14.2%
Second hospitalization
Total	127	17.3%	21.2%
Acute exacerbation	31 (24.4%)	29.0%	25.8%
Pulmonary infection	57 (44.8%)	12.2%	15.7%
Pneumothorax and/or mediastinal emphysema	17 (13.3%)	29.4%	29.4%
Heart failure	11 (8.6%)	8.3%	33.3%
Others ^*	11 (8.6%)	0%	9.0%
Third hospitalization
Total	67	13.4%	17.9%
Acute exacerbation	9 (13.4%)	33.3%	33.3%
Pulmonary infection	38 (56.7%)	10.5%	18.4%
Pneumothorax and/or, mediastinal emphysema	7 (10.4%)	14.2%	14.2%
Heart failure	11 (16.4%)	0%	0%
Others ^✝	2 (2.9%)	50.0%	50.0%
≥ fourth hospitalization
Total	107	12.1%	21.4%
Acute exacerbation	9 (8.4%)	33.3%	33.3%
Pulmonary infection	75 (70.0%)	9.3%	21.3%
Pneumothorax and/or, mediastinal emphysema	14 (13.0%)	14.2%	14.2%
Heart failure	7 (6.5%)	0%	14.2%
Others ^#	2 (1.8%)	50.0%	50.0%

Open in a new tab

Values are shown with actual number or percentage.

Some patients overlap. For example, a patient who underwent 2 respiratory-related hospitalizations during the study period was included in the analyses of both the first and second hospitalization.

‖ 6 hemoptysis, 5 chronic respiratory failure, 2 drug-induced lung injury, and 1 pulmonary embolism

* 5 chronic respiratory failure, 3 hemoptysis, 2 pulmonary embolism, and 1 drug-induced lung injury

^✝ 1 pulmonary embolism and 1 chronic pulmonary aspergillosis

# 1 pulmonary embolism and 1 lymphangitic carcinomatosis

The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients grouped according to the ordinal number of hospitalization are shown in Fig 3. In this analysis, the last hospitalization we recognized during the study period was used for categorization, so that none of the patients overlapped. Survival after the first hospitalization was significantly better than the survival of patients after multiple hospitalizations (log rank, P = 0.004). However, the differences between the survival of patients at the second RH and each subsequent RH were not significant. The estimated median duration of survival was 1285, 88, 104, and 22 days after the first, second, third, and fourth or greater RH, respectively.

Discussion

This study of patients with c-IIP who underwent RHs evaluated and reported their characteristics not only at the first admission but at each repeated hospitalization. The mortality of patients who were hospitalized because of respiratory-related causes was high. Pulmonary infections, as well as acute exacerbations, accounted for a large proportion of the causes of RH in patients with c-IIP. The mortality rates of patients with pulmonary infection increased as the number of RHs increased, whereas that was not the case with patients admitted for acute exacerbations. Furthermore, the estimated long-term mortality of patients was worse after the second RH and subsequent RHs compared to the long-term mortality of patients after the first hospitalization, although no differences were observed for in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates.

An acute exacerbation of c-IIP is an important clinical event in the course of patients with c-IIP. For patients with IPF, it is known that their prognosis after acute exacerbation is extremely poor [3]. Actually, the most frequently reported cause of death in patients with IPF is acute exacerbation [7], with the other reported cause of death being chronic respiratory failure due to disease progression [7–9]. However, in a recent study evaluating discharge summaries at a French hospital, the most frequent reason for the RH of patients with IPF was pulmonary infection, which accounted for 43.7% of all hospitalized patients, followed by acute respiratory worsening, which accounted for 36.5% [5]. This result is consistent with our study. Moreover, a previous study by our group also demonstrated the importance of pulmonary infection as a reason for a RH in patients with IPF [11]. Therefore, pulmonary infection might have been underestimated as a reason for RHs and death in patients with c-IIP, including those with IPF.

Another important result of our study is that the proportion of all patients hospitalized for pulmonary infection at each RH increased with increasing number of RHs. It can be said that pulmonary infection is increasingly important in patients undergoing repeated RHs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to have clarified the reasons for RH and mortality in c-IIP patients based on the number of hospitalizations.

Although RH itself leads to high mortality in patients with IPF, subsequent survival is also poor, even if a patient has survived the RH [4, 19]. Presumably RH adversely affects a patient’s lung function, which results in decreased activities of daily living (ADL). Decreased lung function and decreased ADL are associated with poor survival [20, 21]. Repeated RHs seem to more adversely affect subsequent long-term survival than short-term survival. This conclusion is apparent from the survival curves, which show that the survival curves of the second RH and subsequent RHs indicate similarly worse survival than the curve after the first RH, although lead-time bias should be taken into account. However, the in-hospital and 90-day mortalities were comparable after every RH. Preventing an acute respiratory event associated with c-IIP may be another challenge for the prolongation of survival, especially for patients who have already been hospitalized a single time for a respiratory cause.

This study found that acute exacerbation was the most frequent cause for the first RH of patients with c-IIP. However, pulmonary infection became the most frequent cause after the second RH. One possible reason for this phenomenon is that patients who are hospitalized with acute exacerbation are treated with steroids and/or immunosuppressing agents, which can lead to subsequent RHs for pulmonary infection. The relationship between tapering immunosuppressive treatment and subsequent risk for pulmonary infection should be investigated in further studies.

The strength of our study includes the relatively large number of hospitalized patients with c-IIP from a real-world clinical practice. The 10-year study period was sufficient for enrolling the patients and for estimating long-term survival rates.

This study has limitations. First, it was a single-center study. Since standards for hospitalization can differ between regions and countries, a multicenter study would be preferable. Second, this was a retrospective study. Third, patients with interstitial lung disease that was not idiopathic might have been included in the study, although an effort was made to exclude patients with collagen vascular disease, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia, drug-related interstitial lung disease, and so on. Moreover, given that the present study cohort might consist of patients with a variety of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases, and that the treatment regimen was not consistent among the patients or for each type of disease, caution is needed when generalizing the results. We defined a patient with c-IIP as a patient with a diagnosis of IPF or with an HRCT pattern of probable or indeterminate for UIP. The term “c-IIP” has not been validated, although it has been used in several studies [22,23]. Actually, the patients with c-IIPs other than IPF who were included in the study corresponded to those with unclassifiable IIP, which was defined by an official 2013 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement [12]. The concepts of c-IIP and unclassifiable IIP need further refinement. Finally, distinguishing between acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection was difficult for some cases, even with considerable effort exerted for the differential diagnosis. Acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection might even overlap in some cases.

In conclusion, repeated RHs are usually observed in patients with c-IIP. Not only acute exacerbation but also pulmonary infection account for the major reasons for repeated RH. The proportion of all patients hospitalized for pulmonary infection at each RH increased with increasing number of RHs, and the proportion of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation decreased. The mortality rate of patients with pulmonary infection increased with increasing numbers of RHs, although the mortality rate of patients with acute exacerbations did not increase. Repeated RH is associated with subsequent poor long-term mortality.

Supporting information

S1 Data

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(53.6KB, xlsx)}

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

References

1.Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:788–824. 10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D, Starko KM, Bradford WZ, King TE Jr, et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:963–967. 10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_part_1-200506210-00005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Song JW, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim DS. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur Respir J 2011;37:356–363. 10.1183/09031936.00159709 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Brown AW, Fischer CP, Shlobin OA, Buhr RG, Ahmad S, Weir NA, et al. Outcomes after hospitalization in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a cohort study. Chest 2015;147:173–179. 10.1378/chest.13-2424 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Cottin V, Schmidt A, Catella L, Porte F, Fernandez-Montoya C, Le Lay K, et al. Burden of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Progression: A 5-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0166462 10.1371/journal.pone.0166462 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6.Moua T, Westerly BD, Dulohery MM, Daniels CE, Ryu JH, Lim KG. Patients With Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease Hospitalized for Acute Respiratory Worsening: A Large Cohort Analysis. Chest 2016;149:1205–1214. 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.026 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Natsuizaka M, Chiba H, Kuronuma K, Otsuka M, Kudo K, Mori M, et al. Epidemiologic survey of Japanese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and investigation of ethnic differences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;190:773–779. 10.1164/rccm.201403-0566OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Jeon K, Chung MP, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Koh WJ, et al. Prognostic factors and causes of death in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2006;100:451–457. 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.06.013 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Ley B, Collard HR, King TE Jr. Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:431–440. 10.1164/rccm.201006-0894CI [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Yamazaki R, Nishiyama O, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Higashimoto Y, Kume H, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of IPF Patients Hospitalized for Pulmonary Infection: A Japanese Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016;11:e0168164 10.1371/journal.pone.0168164 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Nishiyama O, Saeki S, Yamazaki R, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Kume H, et al. Characteristics and association with survival of respiratory-related hospitalization in Japanese idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Respir Investig 2019;57:415–421. 10.1016/j.resinv.2019.03.005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE Jr., Lynch DA, Nicholson AG, et al. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Update of the International Multidisciplinary Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:733–748. 10.1164/rccm.201308-1483ST [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL, Richeldi L, Ryerson CJ, Lederer DJ, et al. Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;198:e44–e68. 10.1164/rccm.201807-1255ST [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Collard HR, Ryerson CJ, Corte TJ, Jenkins G, Kondoh Y, Lederer DJ, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An international working group report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;194:265–75. 10.1164/rccm.201604-0801CI [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005;26:319–338. 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, Johnson DC, van der Grinten CP, Brusasco V et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005;26:720–735. 10.1183/09031936.05.00034905 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Hanamoto S, Ohsuji T, Tsuyuguchi I, Kawabata S, Kimura K. Prediction formulas for pulmonary function tests expressed in linear and exponential form for healthy Japanese adults. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1992;30:2051–2060. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Kubota M, Kobayashi H, Quanjer PH, Omori H, Tatsumi K, Kanazawa M. Reference values for spirometry, including vital capacity, in Japanese adults calculated with the LMS method and compared with previous values. Respir Investig 2014;52:242–250. 10.1016/j.resinv.2014.03.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Durheim MT, Collard HR, Roberts RS, Brown KK, Flaherty KR, King TE Jr, et al. Association of hospital admission and forced vital capacity endpoints with survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of a pooled cohort from three clinical trials. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:388–396. 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00093-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Collard HR, King TE Jr, Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Changes in clinical and physiologic variables predict survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:538–542. 10.1164/rccm.200211-1311OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Nishiyama O, Yamazaki R, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Higashimoto Y, Kume H, et al. Physical activity in daily life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Respir Investig 2018;56:57–63. 10.1016/j.resinv.2017.09.004 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Sumikawa H, Johkoh T, Ichikado K, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, Fujimoto K, et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia and chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: analysis of CT appearance in 92 patients. Radiology 2006;241:258–266. 10.1148/radiol.2411050928 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Takei R, Arita M, Kumagai S, Ito Y, Noyama M, Tokioka F, et al. Impact of lymphocyte differential count > 15% in BALF on the mortality of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:67 10.1186/s12890-017-0412-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r001

Decision Letter 0

Shane Patman

3 Dec 2019

PONE-D-19-28502

Characteristics of repeated respiratory-related hospitalizations in patients with fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Nishiyama,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

The input of two content-specific expert reviewers was received on your original submission, with their comments outlined below. There are some significant concerns raised through the peer review process which in this instance you are being given an opportunity to consider should you wish to pursue re-submission.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Jan 17 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Shane Patman, PhD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.

1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

2. In the ethics statement in the manuscript and in the online submission form, please provide additional information about the patient records used in your retrospective study, including: a) whether all data were fully anonymized before you accessed them and b) the date range (month and year) during which patients' medical records were accessed.

3. Please include captions for your Supporting Information files at the end of your manuscript, and update any in-text citations to match accordingly. Please see our Supporting Information guidelines for more information: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/supporting-information.

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Partly

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: I Don't Know

Reviewer #2: No

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: Nishimura et al. describe the prognosis of patients with chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (f-IIP) and the reasons of their hospital admissions. The data of long-term follow-up for ten years in patients with fibrosing interstitial pneumonias is interesting, however, because of the obscure definitions and criteria of interstitial pneumonia, it is somewhat hard to understand the results and discussions of this study. Therefore, several concerns are necessary to be revised as described elsewhere.

Major comments:

1. The term “f-IIP” may not be commonly used, and the relationship between usually used “IIPs” and “fIIP” is unclear. Please add more information regarding the criteria used to make a diagnosis and categorization of chronic f-IIP. The definitions and criteria of ATS for interstitial pneumonia other than IPF may also be suitable for describing this categorization of patients with interstitial pneumonia. A table with the information of patients in each category and the results of RH is informative.

2. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia is always a difficult differential diagnosis of IPF. How did the authors exclude CHP? IN addition, was MDD applied for the diagnosis?

3. In the methods, it was hard to understand the entry and exclusion criteria of this study. The authors should thus make a flow chart while clearly showing the entry and exclusion criteria.

4. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used based on the frequency of RHs. However, according to Figure 2, it seemed as though each group had duplicate patients, and the total number of patients in each group should be 243 patients for Kaplan-Meier method.

5. IPF is not a focus of this study, and please concentrate on the focused disease entity, non-IPF interstitial pneumonias, in introduction and other sections, not on IPF.

Minor comments:

Page 7, Line 13

“For patients in whom a diagnosis was difficult to establish, the final diagnosis was made after careful discussion involving several specialists.”

-> Please add more precise information about “specialists” in a certain field.

Page 8, Line 15

The study period and entry and exclusion criteria should be described.

Reviewer #2: This is a retrospective study to investigate the association among patient characteristics, respiratory-related hospitalizations (RHs), and prognosis in patients with chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia (f-IIP). The authors concluded that pulmonary infection was the most common respiratory-related event associated with hospitalization in patients with f-IIP and the mortality rate in those patients with pulmonary infection increased with increased number of RHs. The study concept is interesting. However, there are several critical drawbacks with respect to study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, heterogeneity of IIPs included in this study, and statistical method.

Abstract

- “Chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (f-IIP) is a chronic and progressive lung disease.” This sentence is misleading because f-IIP is not a distinct disease but a group of interstitial lung diseases. The authors should amend this appropriately.

Introduction

- Page 4, line 16-17; “probably because physicians who do routine check-ups for IPF patients do not usually treat RHs in Western countries”

This is just the authors’ conjecture. The authors should cite some appropriate papers in this manuscript.

- Page 5, line 5-6; “Identification of the characteristics of IPF patients who require repeated RHs might be useful for prolonging their survival.”

How can the identification of the characteristics contribute to improvement of patients’ survival? The reviewer think that there is a logical gap between the identification and prolonging patients’ survival. More explanation on this should be given in the introduction part.

Methods

Patients

- The authors did not present inclusion criteria or exclusion criteria in the methods part. Furthermore, in the main body and Tables, there was no description with respect to ILD diagnoses included in this study.

- This study cohort consisted of a variety of ILDs and the treatment regimen was not consistent among the patients or diseases. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize the results of the study.

Diagnosis of acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection

- In this study, the definition of acute exacerbation (AE) of IPF was based on the 2016 international working group report, which was broader than former criteria. This 2016 definition accepts the concept of triggered-AE including infection. Therefore, in the present study, AE may have overlapped with pulmonary infection. I wonder how the authors distinguished between AE and pulmonary infection exhibiting bilateral consolidation and/or ground-glass opacities on HRCT.

Respiratory-related hospitalization

- Is “heart failure” an acute respiratory event? Please explain why it was included.

Assessment of survival

- Please define in-hospital mortality in this part and show the median (range or IQR) or mean (SD) days.

Results

- Figure 2 was based on the survival time from the date of the first, second, third, or ≥ fourth RH until the date of death or last visit, which is associated with a kind of lead-time bias. Furthermore, patients with multiple hospitalization probably belong to not only the 1st RH group but also ≥2nd RH groups. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and ≥4th RH groups were not independent. Therefore, these statistical methods are incorrect.

Discussion

- Page 21, line 9-11; “Preventing hospitalization of patients with f-IIP is crucial for prolonging their survival, especially for patients who have already been hospitalized once for a respiratory cause”.

This sentence sounds strange. Presumably, preventing an acute respiratory event is crucial.

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

PLoS One. 2020 Apr 24;15(4):e0232212. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

15 Jan 2020

Dear Dr. Patman:

Thank you for your kind and careful review of our manuscript that we submitted for publication. We have tried to address all of the reviewers' concerns. In addition, we made some grammatical change according to a native speaker’s check including the title.

To Reviewer #1

For the major comments

Response: We thank the reviewer for this valuable comment. According to the reviewer’s suggestion, we changed the explanation on inclusion and exclusion criteria as follows (P6,L5): “The definition of f-IIP was as follows: a chronic form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) that includes IPF and IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis. The diagnosis of IPF was based on recent guidelines [12]. Patients were excluded if they had other known causes of interstitial lung disease, as follows: domestic or occupational environmental exposure, connective tissue disease, and drug toxicity. Patients with IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis were patients who were found to have a pattern of probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or indeterminate UIP on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and were not subjected to surgical lung biopsy. Fig 1 shows the flow chart for exclusion and inclusion.”

We also added following information to Table 1 to clarify the breakdown: “Definitive IPF/others 138/105”. We also added the following (P10,L6): “Of 243 patients with f-IIP, 138 had received a definitive diagnosis of IPF; IPF was diagnosed from histopathological findings on a biopsy specimen in 15 patients and without findings from a surgical biopsy in 123 patients.”

2. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia is always a difficult differential diagnosis of IPF. How did the authors exclude CHP? In addition, was MDD applied for the diagnosis?

Response: We diagnosed CHP when corresponding histopathological findings were observed on SLB. We also diagnosed CHP in patients without SLB by chest HRCT findings, including abnormality with predominance in the upper lungs and predominant findings of air trapping on HRCT, and BALF findings of markedly elevated lymphocyte count. We performed MDD when SLB was obtained, but the diagnosis was finalized after discussion with selected pulmonologists when SLB was not obtained.

3. In the methods, it was hard to understand the entry and exclusion criteria of this study. The authors should thus make a flow chart while clearly showing the entry and exclusion criteria.

Response: According to the reviewer’s suggestion, we created a flow chart showing the exclusion and inclusion criteria (Fig. 1).

Response: Patients who underwent 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more hospitalizations during the study period were categorized into “After the first, second, third, or ≥ fourth hospitalization” groups. The last hospitalization we recognized in the study period was used for categorization in the Kaplan-Meier curves, so that none of the patients overlapped. We added the following sentence to explain this (P18,L2): “In this analysis, the last hospitalization we recognized in the study period was used for the categorization, so that no patients overlapped.”.

To avoid misunderstanding, we also added the following at the bottom of the Table 3: “Some patients overlap. For example, a patient who underwent 2 respiratory-related hospitalizations during the study period was included in the analyses of both the first and second hospitalization.”

We also added the number of patients at risk to Fig. 3.

5. IPF is not a focus of this study, and please concentrate on the focused disease entity, non-IPF interstitial pneumonias, in introduction and other sections, not on IPF.

Response: Thank you for your valuable comments. But actually, we wanted to focus mainly on IPF. We also think that the patients without a definitive diagnosis of IPF who had a probable or indeterminate UIP pattern on chest HRCT had a high possibility of having IPF in this study. So, we mainly discussed IPF in the Introduction and Discussion sections.

Minor comments:

Page 7, Line 13

“For patients in whom a diagnosis was difficult to establish, the final diagnosis was made after careful discussion involving several specialists.”

-> Please add more precise information about “specialists” in a certain field.

Response: We added the following sentence to explain this (P7,L12): “(pulmonologists, each with over 10 years of experience)”.

Page 8, Line 15

The study period and entry and exclusion criteria should be described.

Response: The study period was between January 2008 and December 2018. That information is in the Methods section (P6,L4). We added the following sentence to explain the inclusion and exclusion criteria (P8,L12): “All RHs during the study period were included in the study; however, nonrespiratory-related and any elective hospitalizations were excluded.”

We also added the following to note the period for total survival time (P9,L1): “Total survival was assessed through April 24, 2019.”.

To Reviewer #2.

Abstract

Response: According to the reviewer’s suggestion, we changed the sentence as follows (P2,L3): “Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease. Chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (f-IIP) is a group of fibrotic IIPs, and IPF is a type of chronic f-IIP.”

Introduction

- Page 4, line 16-17; “probably because physicians who do routine check-ups for IPF patients do not usually treat RHs in Western countries”

This is just the authors’ conjecture. The authors should cite some appropriate papers in this manuscript.

Response: Thank you for the valuable comment. To respond the reviewer’s comment, we deleted the following sentences: “The reasons for hospitalization, however, do not appear to have been clarified, probably because physicians who do routine check-ups for IPF patients do not usually treat RHs in Western countries. Patients usually undergo routine check-ups in interstitial lung disease center, however, they admit their local hospitals when acute exacerbation occur.”.

- Page 5, line 5-6; “Identification of the characteristics of IPF patients who require repeated RHs might be useful for prolonging their survival.”

Response: As the reviewer commented, we think there was a logical gap in the explanation. So, we changed the sentences as follows (P4,L16): “Identification of the characteristics of patients with IPF who require repeated RHs might lead to the development of appropriate prophylactic measures and treatments and a lengthened survival time.”

Methods

Patients

- This study cohort consisted of a variety of ILDs and the treatment regimen was not consistent among the patients or diseases. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize the results of the study.

We clarified the explanation of inclusion and exclusion criteria as follows (P6,L5). We created a new Fig. 1 to summarize it: “The definition of f-IIP was as follows: a chronic form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) that includes IPF and IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis. The diagnosis of IPF was based on recent guidelines [12]. Patients were excluded if they had other known causes of interstitial lung disease, as follows: domestic or occupational environmental exposure, connective tissue disease, and drug toxicity. Patients with IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis, who were found to have a pattern of probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or indeterminate UIP on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), were not subjected to surgical lung biopsy. Fig 1 shows the flow chart for exclusion and inclusion.”

We also added the following sentences to comment on the reviewer’s concern (P22,L4): “Moreover, given that the present study cohort might consist of patients with a variety of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases, and that the treatment regimen was not consistent among the patients or for each type of disease, caution is needed when generalizing the results.”

Diagnosis of acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection

Response: Thank you for your important comments. We wrote about the diagnostic criteria in the section “Diagnosis of acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection” and followed these criteria when distinguishing between AE and pulmonary infection. Therefore, obvious cases were easily categorized as AE or pulmonary infection. However, as the reviewer has commented, distinction was difficult in some cases, because some cases overlapped. In those cases, the final diagnosis was made after careful discussions with several specialists. However, we added the following sentences to comment on it as a study limitation (P22,L7). “Finally, distinguishing between acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection was difficult for some cases, even with considerable effort for the differential diagnosis. Acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection might even overlap in some cases.”

Respiratory-related hospitalization

- Is “heart failure” an acute respiratory event? Please explain why it was included.

Response: There are no standard criteria for an RH. But we included heart failure into RH based on a previous report (Moua T. Chest 2016;149:1205-1214).

Assessment of survival

- Please define in-hospital mortality in this part and show the median (range or IQR) or mean (SD) days.

Response: We added the following sentences to respond to the reviewer’s comment (P8,L18): “In-hospital mortality was defined as percentage of patients who died during the corresponding hospitalization without discharge (mean duration of hospitalization: 33.7±41.1, 26.4±19.4, 22.0±13.1, and 24.3±20.9 days at first, second, third, and ≥fourth hospitalizations, respectively).”

Results

Response: Patients who underwent 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more hospitalizations during the study period were categorized into “After the first, second, third, or ≥ fourth hospitalization” group. The last hospitalization we recognized in the study period was used for categorization in the Kaplan-Meier curves. So, none of the patients overlapped in the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. We added the following sentence to explain this (P18,L2): “In this analysis, the last hospitalization we recognized during the study period was used for categorization, so that none of the patients overlapped.”

To avoid misunderstanding, we also added the following at the bottom of the Table 3: “Some patients overlap. For example, a patient who underwent 2 respiratory hospitalizations during the study period was included in the analyses of both the first and second hospitalization.”

We also added the number of patients at risk to Fig. 3.

Discussion

This sentence sounds strange. Presumably, preventing an acute respiratory event is crucial.

Response: Changed as suggested as follows (P21.L4): “Preventing an acute respiratory event associated with f-IIP is crucial”.

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r003

Decision Letter 1

Shane Patman

11 Feb 2020

PONE-D-19-28502R1

Characteristics of patients with fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Nishiyama,

For this revised submission I was fortunate to be able to continue with the same two peer reviewers from the initial submission. Whilst both felt there had been some improvements to the manuscript, you will note below some significant ongoing concerns, particularly from Reviewer #2, for your attention.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Mar 27 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Shane Patman, PhD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: The authors have respond most of the comments, and only minor corrections are still necessary.

Minor comments

The newly created Figure 1 needs to be revised. Generally, the number of people is required in such a flowchart. For example, the author should list all of the collected patients and their numbers in the first row, and list the excluded patients and their numbers in the second row. I recommend not listing patients in the middle row.

However, the novelty of this paper is that the authors deal with f-IIP patients. This is because previous studies dealing with IPF patients have already been described in the literature. I suggest adding more several explanations of f-IIP in Introduction and Discussion parts.

Reviewer #2: The authors have modified the manuscript and responded to my comments partially. However, for some points, sufficient modification has not been done. Although the study concept is interesting, there are still several critical drawbacks with respect to study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, heterogeneity of IIPs included in this study, statistical method.

Page 6, line 5-7; “The definition of f-IIP was as follows: a chronic form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) that includes IPF and IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis.”

1. The authors defined a chronic form of IIP as f-IIP. However, “chronic” f-IIP appeared repeatedly in this manuscript. This is very strange description.

Page 6, line 9-12; “Patients with IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis were patients who were found to have a pattern of probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or indeterminate UIP on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and were not subjected to surgical lung biopsy.”

2. I am sure that the inclusion of patients with IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis in this study yields a significant problem because they were just undiagnosed. Such patients definitely include IIPs other than IPF. The proportions of patients with an IIP other than IPF (e.g., NSIP, DIP/RB-ILD, and unclassifiable IIP/ILD) who were included in this study must have affected the results of this study. Furthermore, it is unclear who classified HRCT images from patients into some HRCT patterns (probable UIP, indeterminate for UIP, and others), which also would have affected patient inclusion.

3. I wonder why this study included patients with IIP suggestive of IPF but without definitive diagnosis in addition to those with IPF and why excluded patients with chronic course of IIP who exhibited alternative diagnosis pattern on HRCT, including NSIP, DIP/RB-ILD, PPFE, and unclassifiable IIP/ILD. I think that this inclusion criteria creates a significant bias. If the authors wanted to clarify the clinical significance of RHs in IPF, this study should have included only patients with IPF. If the authors wanted to investigate the real world data of patients with chronic IIPs, this study should have included all patients with chronic IIPs.

Figure 1; Thank you for presenting study flow chart for exclusion and inclusion. However, I might have found some errors.

4. This figure is strange because the exclusion criteria appeared in the upstream of flow chart and the inclusion criteria in the downstream.

Figure 1; “Excluded if the hospitalization is not respiratory related or elective”

5. Is this description right? On the basis of this description, patients who had non-elective hospitalization are excluded from this study because “not respiratory related or elective” has the same meaning as “neither respiratory related nor elective”.

Page 9, line 3-4; “The total survival time from the first day of respiratory-related hospitalization”

6. This description is confusing. Does this mean survival time from the first day of the first respiratory-related hospitalization until last visit or death, or the survival time from the first day of “each” respiratory-related hospitalization until last visit or death (e.g., the survival time from the first day of the second respiratory-related hospitalization until last visit or death) ? This is a serious concern, which is related to my previous reviewer comment, because this definition is significantly associated with Figure 3.

Page 10, line 3 and Figure 2;

7. I was confused with this Figure. What do these transverse lines mean? Sufficient details are not given in this manuscript or figure legend.

8. “Hospital death” and “died of non-respiratory causes” appeared in this figure. Did these overlap?

Page 18, line 2-5 and Figure 3; “In this analysis, the last hospitalization we recognized during the study period was used for categorization, so that none of the patients overlapped. Survival after the first hospitalization was significantly better than the survival of patients after multiple hospitalizations.”

9. This is related to the previous review comment and my current question No 6. On the basis of the survival time from the first day of each RH (the first, second, third, or ≥fourth) until the date of death or last visit, this figure represents a kind of lead-time bias, which is misleading for readers.

10. The authors explained that none of the patients that were categorized into 4 groups (after 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hospitalization) overlapped. Does this mean that patients in the after 1st hospitalization group underwent RH only once during the study period? Did patients in the after 2nd, those in the after 3rd, and those in the after ≥ 4th hospitalization groups underwent RH just twice, just three times, and just four times, respectively, during the study period? If so, I wonder why there is the discordance between the numbers of patient shown in Figure 2 and those in Figure 3. For example, with respect to the after 1st hospitalization group, the number of patients in Figure 3 is 120. However, in Figure 2, the number of patient in 1st RH (n = 243) minus that in 2nd RH (n = 127) is 116.

Page 19, line 16-page 20, line 2; “However, there exists some doubt about the reasons for hospitalization and death in patients with IPF, because physicians who perform routine check-ups of IPF patients do not usually treat RHs in Western countries. Patients usually undergo routine check-ups at an interstitial lung disease center; however, each patient is admitted to his or her local hospital when an acute exacerbation occurs.”

11. This is just the authors’ conjecture. The authors should cite some appropriate papers in this manuscript. In the previous review, I made a similar comment.

Page 21, line 4-5; “Preventing an acute respiratory event associated with f-IIP is crucial for prolonging survival”

12. This statement is not supported by any data/demonstration in this study.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. 2020 Apr 24;15(4):e0232212. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

21 Feb 2020

Dear Dr. Patman:

Thank you for your kind and careful review of our submitted revised manuscript. We tried to address all of the reviewers' concerns. In addition, we revised the title somewhat.

To Reviewer #1:

Minor comments

Response: Revised as suggested.

Response: In accordance with the comments of another reviewer, we changed the “f-IIP” to “chronic IIP (c-IIP)” including in the title. However, to respond to the comments of the Reviewer #1, we added the following text to the Introduction (P5,L1) and the Discussion (P22,L4): “Patients with a chronic form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) other than IPF are common. They have characteristics suggestive of IPF but are without a definitive diagnosis because surgical lung biopsy was not performed for some reason. They should be classified as patients with unclassifiable IIP [12]. However, in general practice, it may be relevant to consider patients with IPF together with patients with unclassifiable fibrotic IIP” and “Actually, the patients with c-IIPs other than IPF who were included in the study corresponded to those with unclassifiable IIP, which was defined by an official 2013 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement [12]. The concept of unclassifiable IIP needs to be refined in the future.”

1. The authors defined a chronic form of IIP as f-IIP. However, “chronic” f-IIP appeared repeatedly in this manuscript. This is very strange description.

Response: Thank you for your valuable comments. We changed the term “fibrotic IIP (f-IIP)” to “chronic IIP (c-IIP) including in the title. Patients with c-IIP included those with an IPF diagnosis and those with probable UIP or an indeterminate pattern on chest HRCT. The latter 2 corresponds to unclassifiable IIP, as defined by the 22013 ATS/ERS IIP, because there were no patients who were pathologically diagnosed in the latter group of patients.

Response: We changed the term “f-IIP” to “c-IIP”. At the same time, the definition of c-IIP other than IPF was also changed as follows (P6,L8); “Patients with c-IIP other than IPF were patients who were found to have a pattern of probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or indeterminate UIP on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and were not subjected to surgical lung biopsy. Patients with an alternative diagnosis pattern on chest HRCT were excluded. HRCT patterns were categorized by pulmonologists with over 10 years of experience. For patients whose HRCT pattern was difficult to categorize, the final assessment was established after careful discussions between several specialists.”. Because we wanted to focus on IPF and IIP suggestive of IPF, patients with an alternative diagnostic pattern on chest HRCT were excluded from the study. However, we deleted the expression of “IPF and IIP suggestive of IPF” from the text in our manuscript to avoid confusion.

Response: Thank you for your valuable suggestion. As we responded to comment 2, the term “f-IIP” was changed to “c-IIP” to include all patients with chronic IIPs.

Figure 1; Thank you for presenting study flow chart for exclusion and inclusion. However, I might have found some errors.

4. This figure is strange because the exclusion criteria appeared in the upstream of flow chart and the inclusion criteria in the downstream.

Response: Changed as suggested. We also changed some expressions in Fig. 1 according to a native speaker’s recommendation.

Figure 1; “Excluded if the hospitalization is not respiratory related or elective”

Response: Changed as follows: “Excluded for nonrespiratory-related and/or elective hospitalizations”.

Page 9, line 3-4; “The total survival time from the first day of respiratory-related hospitalization”

Response: Thank you for your suggestion regarding this important definition. Survival time from each respiratory-related hospitalization is correct. So, we changed it as follows (P9,L6): “The total survival time from the first day of each respiratory-related hospitalization was also determined.”.

Page 10, line 3 and Figure 2;

7. I was confused with this Figure. What do these transverse lines mean? Sufficient details are not given in this manuscript or figure legend.

Response: We revised Fig 2. In addition, we added the following explanation (P10,L3): “As shown in Fig 2, of 243 patients who were hospitalized for the first time, 39 (16.0%) died in the hospital. Of 204 patients (84.0%) who were discharged, 15 (6.2%) were not followed-up, 50 (20.6%) were followed-up without any RH, 12 (4.9%) died of nonrespiratory-related causes, and 127 (52.3) underwent a second RH during the period of observation. Fig 2 also shows the distribution of patients after the second RH.”

8. “Hospital death” and “died of non-respiratory causes” appeared in this figure. Did these overlap?

Response: No, they did not overlap. “Death due to nonrespiratory cause” indicates patients who died of nonrespiratory-related causes after discharge. We revised Fig 2 and added a clarified explanation (P10,L3).

Response: To avoid misleading the readers, we added following (P20,L17): “although lead-time bias should be taken into account”.

Response: Thank you for your comments. We revised the numbers in Fig 3.

11. This is just the authors’ conjecture. The authors should cite some appropriate papers in this manuscript. In the previous review, I made a similar comment.

Response: We agree with the reviewer’s opinion. So, we deleted the relevant text.

Page 21, line 4-5; “Preventing an acute respiratory event associated with f-IIP is crucial for prolonging survival”

12. This statement is not supported by any data/demonstration in this study.

Response: We revised this expression as follows (P21,L1): “Preventing an acute respiratory event associated with c-IIP may be another challenge for the prolongation of survival,”.

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r005

Decision Letter 2

Shane Patman

17 Mar 2020

PONE-D-19-28502R2

Characteristics of patients with chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Nishiyama,

I have been fortunate in being able to continue with the same two expert peer reviewers for this latest cycle of review. Again positive changes to the manuscript have been noted, but the reviewers have a few minor recommendations for addressing, as outlined below.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by May 01 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Shane Patman, PhD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Partly

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: I Don't Know

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: The author only changed "f-IIP" to "c-IIP" in this revision. It is unclear why the authors have not used more common term such as "fibrosing interstitial lung disease (f-ILD)" with numerous previous literatures. Furthermore, the term" unclassifiable fibrotic IIP" seems to be unusual. The author would need to provide the details of them and several references to support the validity of these new terms.

Reviewer #2: I appreciate the authors’ responses. This manuscript has been improved. I think this manuscript will be acceptable after some corrections have been done.

1. The inclusion and exclusion criteria (Figure 1) is probably incorrect. I think that, in this study, the inclusion criteria is patients who were classified/diagnosed with a chronic form of ILD including IPF and were hospitalized for the first time during the study period (n=1028), and patients were excluded from this study if any of the following criteria were met: exhibiting alternative diagnosis pattern on HRCT (n=127); a diagnosis with a secondary cause of ILD (n=294); and nonrespiratory-related and/or elective hospitalizations (n=364). Consequently, 243 patients with c-IIP were enrolled in this study (138 patients with IPF and 105 with a chronic form of ILD who exhibited probable UIP or indeterminate for UIP on HRCT). Please amend.

2. Diagnosis of acute exacerbation: based on this definition, only patients with a chronic form of ILD who exhibited UIP pattern on HRCT can be diagnosed with acute exacerbation. However, this study included not only such patients but also those who exhibited probable/indeterminate for UIP on HRCT. Please amend this definition.

3. Respiratory-related hospitarization: “RH was defined as a nonelective hospitalization due to an acute respiratory event that included acute exacerbation of IPF.” “IPF” should be replaced by “c-IIP”.

4. I do suggest to have some external language editing done by a person familiar with this field.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. 2020 Apr 24;15(4):e0232212. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r006

Author response to Decision Letter 2

30 Mar 2020

Dear Dr. Patman:

Thank you for your kind and careful review of our submitted revised manuscript. We again tried to address all of the reviewers' concerns.

To Reviewer #1:

The author only changed "f-IIP" to "c-IIP" in this revision. It is unclear why the authors have not used more common term such as "fibrosing interstitial lung disease (f-ILD)" with numerous previous literatures. Furthermore, the term" unclassifiable fibrotic IIP" seems to be unusual. The author would need to provide the details of them and several references to support the validity of these new terms.

Response:

We changed “f-IIP” to “c-IIP” according to a suggestion of Reviewer 2. “Fibrosing ILD” includes ILD other than IIP, such as chronic hypersensitive pneumonitis and collagen vascular disease related ILD. Actually, we used the term c-IIP, because we wanted to include patients with IPF and IIP suggestive of IPF but without a definitive diagnosis. But, as Reviewer 2 suggested, the term c-IIP has not been validated. Therefore, we added the following sentences in the limitation part of the Discussion section citing several reports using similar terms (P23, L3): “We defined a patient with c-IIP as a patient with a diagnosis of IPF or with an HRCT pattern of probable or indeterminate for UIP. The term “c-IIP” has not been validated, although it has been used in several studies [22-23].”. And we changed a sentence as follows (P23, L8): “The concepts of c-IIP and unclassifiable IIP need further refinement.”

To Reviewer #2:

I appreciate the authors’ responses. This manuscript has been improved. I think this manuscript will be acceptable after some corrections have been done.

Response: Amended as suggested.

Response: We actually explained this in the previous manuscript as follows: “The diagnosis of acute exacerbation of c-IIP was made in reference to these criteria.”. However, we amended it to be easily understood as follows (P7, L6): “Acute exacerbation of c-IIP was defined in reference to a recent international working group report for acute exacerbation of IPF [14] as follows: 1) a previous or concurrent diagnosis of c-IIP; 2) acute worsening or development of dyspnea typically of less than 1 month’s duration; 3) HRCT finding of new bilateral ground-glass opacities and/or consolidation superimposed on a background consistent with the UIP, probable UIP, or indeterminate for UIP pattern; and 4) deterioration not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload.”.

Response: Revised as suggested.

4. I do suggest to have some external language editing done by a person familiar with this field.

Response: We requested external language editing again. Therefore, some grammatical revisions were made.

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r007

Decision Letter 3

Shane Patman

10 Apr 2020

Characteristics of patients with chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study

PONE-D-19-28502R3

Dear Dr. Nishiyama,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

Shortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the "Update My Information" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

With kind regards,

Shane Patman, PhD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: I Don't Know

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: I think that the authors have properly respond to the comments from the reviewers, and have modified their manuscript.

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232212.r008

Acceptance letter

Shane Patman

14 Apr 2020

PONE-D-19-28502R3

Characteristics of patients with chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalizations: A retrospective cohort study

Dear Dr. Nishiyama:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

For any other questions or concerns, please email plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.

With kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Assoc Prof Shane Patman

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Data

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(53.6KB, xlsx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

[pone.0232212.ref001] 1.Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:788–824. 10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref002] 2.Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D, Starko KM, Bradford WZ, King TE Jr, et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:963–967. 10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_part_1-200506210-00005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref003] 3.Song JW, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim DS. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur Respir J 2011;37:356–363. 10.1183/09031936.00159709 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref004] 4.Brown AW, Fischer CP, Shlobin OA, Buhr RG, Ahmad S, Weir NA, et al. Outcomes after hospitalization in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a cohort study. Chest 2015;147:173–179. 10.1378/chest.13-2424 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref005] 5.Cottin V, Schmidt A, Catella L, Porte F, Fernandez-Montoya C, Le Lay K, et al. Burden of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Progression: A 5-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0166462 10.1371/journal.pone.0166462 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref006] 6.Moua T, Westerly BD, Dulohery MM, Daniels CE, Ryu JH, Lim KG. Patients With Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease Hospitalized for Acute Respiratory Worsening: A Large Cohort Analysis. Chest 2016;149:1205–1214. 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.026 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref007] 7.Natsuizaka M, Chiba H, Kuronuma K, Otsuka M, Kudo K, Mori M, et al. Epidemiologic survey of Japanese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and investigation of ethnic differences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;190:773–779. 10.1164/rccm.201403-0566OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref008] 8.Jeon K, Chung MP, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Koh WJ, et al. Prognostic factors and causes of death in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2006;100:451–457. 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.06.013 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref009] 9.Ley B, Collard HR, King TE Jr. Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:431–440. 10.1164/rccm.201006-0894CI [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref010] 10.Yamazaki R, Nishiyama O, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Higashimoto Y, Kume H, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of IPF Patients Hospitalized for Pulmonary Infection: A Japanese Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016;11:e0168164 10.1371/journal.pone.0168164 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref011] 11.Nishiyama O, Saeki S, Yamazaki R, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Kume H, et al. Characteristics and association with survival of respiratory-related hospitalization in Japanese idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Respir Investig 2019;57:415–421. 10.1016/j.resinv.2019.03.005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref012] 12.Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE Jr., Lynch DA, Nicholson AG, et al. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Update of the International Multidisciplinary Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:733–748. 10.1164/rccm.201308-1483ST [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref013] 13.Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL, Richeldi L, Ryerson CJ, Lederer DJ, et al. Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;198:e44–e68. 10.1164/rccm.201807-1255ST [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref014] 14.Collard HR, Ryerson CJ, Corte TJ, Jenkins G, Kondoh Y, Lederer DJ, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An international working group report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;194:265–75. 10.1164/rccm.201604-0801CI [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref015] 15.Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005;26:319–338. 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref016] 16.Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, Johnson DC, van der Grinten CP, Brusasco V et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005;26:720–735. 10.1183/09031936.05.00034905 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref017] 17.Hanamoto S, Ohsuji T, Tsuyuguchi I, Kawabata S, Kimura K. Prediction formulas for pulmonary function tests expressed in linear and exponential form for healthy Japanese adults. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1992;30:2051–2060. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref018] 18.Kubota M, Kobayashi H, Quanjer PH, Omori H, Tatsumi K, Kanazawa M. Reference values for spirometry, including vital capacity, in Japanese adults calculated with the LMS method and compared with previous values. Respir Investig 2014;52:242–250. 10.1016/j.resinv.2014.03.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref019] 19.Durheim MT, Collard HR, Roberts RS, Brown KK, Flaherty KR, King TE Jr, et al. Association of hospital admission and forced vital capacity endpoints with survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of a pooled cohort from three clinical trials. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:388–396. 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00093-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref020] 20.Collard HR, King TE Jr, Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Changes in clinical and physiologic variables predict survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:538–542. 10.1164/rccm.200211-1311OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref021] 21.Nishiyama O, Yamazaki R, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Higashimoto Y, Kume H, et al. Physical activity in daily life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Respir Investig 2018;56:57–63. 10.1016/j.resinv.2017.09.004 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref022] 22.Sumikawa H, Johkoh T, Ichikado K, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, Fujimoto K, et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia and chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: analysis of CT appearance in 92 patients. Radiology 2006;241:258–266. 10.1148/radiol.2411050928 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0232212.ref023] 23.Takei R, Arita M, Kumagai S, Ito Y, Noyama M, Tokioka F, et al. Impact of lymphocyte differential count > 15% in BALF on the mortality of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:67 10.1186/s12890-017-0412-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Characteristics of patients with chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia undergoing repeated respiratory-related hospitalizations: A retrospective cohort study

Ryo Yamazaki

Osamu Nishiyama

Sho Saeki

Hiroyuki Sano

Takashi Iwanaga

Yuji Tohda

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Methods

Patients

Fig 1. Flow chart of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Diagnosis of acute exacerbation and pulmonary infection

Pulmonary function tests

Data collection

Respiratory-related hospitalization

Assessment of survival

Statistical analysis

Results

Fig 2. Hospitalization flow chart.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients before the first hospitalization.

Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients before the first hospitalization by cause.

Table 3. Causes of the hospitalization and mortality of each hospitalization.

Fig 3. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of each respiratory-related hospitalization identified by ordinal number.

Discussion

Supporting information

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Shane Patman

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Shane Patman

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

Shane Patman

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 2

Decision Letter 3

Shane Patman

Roles

Acceptance letter

Shane Patman

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases