Abstract
乳牙根管治疗是针对乳牙牙髓炎及乳牙根尖周炎的一种常规治疗方法,其过程包含完善的根管预备、根管消毒和根管充填,以去除感染,控制炎症,消除疼痛,防止对继承恒牙产生病理性影响,延长患牙的保存时间。本文通过回顾乳牙根管治疗的研究历史,总结了乳牙根管解剖学形态、根管预备、根管消毒、根管充填及抗生素应用等乳牙根管治疗相关方面研究的新进展。
Keywords: 乳牙, 根管治疗, 乳牙根管解剖形态, 机用镍钛器械, 根管充填材料
Abstract
Primary tooth root canal therapy is a treatment performed on primary teeth diagnosed with pulpitis or periapical periodontitis. This procedure requires perfect instrumentation, disinfection, and filling of root canals to eliminate infection, control inflammation, relieve pain, prevent pathological effects on inherited permanent tooth, and prolong primary tooth preservation. This paper reviews the research history on primary tooth root canal treatment and summarizes the progress on primary tooth root canal treatment, including anatomical morphology, root canal preparation, root canal disinfection, root canal filling, and application of antibiotics.
Keywords: primary tooth, root canal therapy, root canal anatomy, Ni-Ti rotary instrumentation, root canal filling material
儿童生长发育过程中,保留乳牙至恒牙正常替换对其咀嚼、发音、颌骨发育及外貌等至关重要[1]。乳牙早失可能导致继承恒牙萌出异常、邻牙倾斜、咬合关系紊乱、咀嚼功能降低,甚至全身性疾病[2]。当乳牙牙髓受到感染时,常通过乳牙牙髓治疗来保存患牙,以达成生理性脱落[3]。乳牙牙髓治疗有多种方法:保留活髓的治疗方法有间接盖髓术、直接盖髓术、牙髓切断术等;弥散性牙髓感染、牙髓坏死以及根尖周病变的乳牙,首选根管治疗。
根据乳牙牙髓感染程度的不同,乳牙根管治疗可分为乳牙根管治疗术和乳牙牙髓摘除术。前者主要是针对牙髓已经坏死,有(或无)瘘管形成等症状的根尖周炎,是一种非活髓治疗方法;后者主要针对冠部牙髓感染进入根管内牙髓组织,表现为牙髓充血症状,患牙有(或无)疼痛史,但根管内部无坏死(化脓)的患牙[4]。由于乳牙根管治疗术和乳牙牙髓摘除术操作过程和治疗目的一致,因此统称为乳牙根管治疗[5] 。乳牙根管治疗即是通过清除根管内感染物质,根管成型,根管消毒以及利用可吸收材料进行根管充填来消除疼痛,控制炎症,促进病变愈合,使乳牙能正常替换并引导恒牙正常萌出的治疗方法[6]。近年来,随着乳牙牙髓病变及根尖周病变认识加深,乳牙根管治疗的研究已经广泛展开并有了显著的成果,本文对近年来乳牙根管治疗的研究进展进行综述。
1. 乳牙根管的解剖特点
研究乳牙根管形态的方法有组织切片、镍钛锉探查、X线片、透明牙技术等,但均存在不足之处:组织切片样本量少,不够直观,来源困难;镍钛锉探查及X线平片具有不确定性,容易遗漏根管[7]–[8]。随着技术革新,锥形束计算机断层扫描技术(cone beam computed tomography,CBCT)、微计算机断层扫描技术(micro-computed tomography,micro-CT)等成为研究乳牙根管系统的常用方法[9]。
通过CBCT技术对乳牙根管系统进行研究,发现乳牙根管的基本规律如下。1)乳前牙一般为单根管。2)上颌乳磨牙大部分有3个牙根,远颊根和腭根常融合;近颊根可能有1~2个根管,远颊根和腭根都只有1个根管。3)下颌乳磨牙的近中根常见2个根管,远中根常见1个根管,也有2个根管;近中根最常见Vertucci's types Ⅳ类结构根管,远中根最常见Ⅰ类结构根管;少数存在5个根管[10]。
2. 乳牙根管治疗的适应证
随着对乳牙牙髓炎及根尖周炎认识的加深,牙髓切断术的应用越来越广,乳牙根管治疗的适应证也有所改变[11]。根据美国儿童牙科协会(American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry,AAPD)的研究,乳牙根管治疗适应证如下:1)自发疼痛史;2)不可逆性牙髓炎、牙髓坏死、根尖周炎;3)行冠髓切断后仍然流血不止;4)生理性或病理性牙根外吸收不超过根尖1/3,至少有2/3牙根[12]。若乳牙根尖周炎破坏范围较大波及恒牙胚,广泛性牙根内吸收或者外吸收超过1/3时,应根据情况拔除乳牙,进行后续相关治疗,以利于继承恒牙正常萌出[13]。
3. 乳牙根管治疗相关技术、器械、材料的改进
3.1. 乳牙根管一次治疗和多次治疗
乳牙根管一次治疗是一次性完成根管预备、根管消毒、根管充填和牙体充填,适用于牙髓感染而未累及根尖周组织的情况。多次治疗是第1次根管预备后髓腔及根管内封入消毒药物,诊间封药1~2周后复诊,第2次检查无明显临床症状时,根管消毒后进行根管充填;若症状仍存在,则需要多次换药直到症状消失,再行根管充填;适用于牙髓感染累及根尖周炎,伴有牙龈脓疱、窦道等情况[14]。传统观点认为,牙髓坏死,疼痛明显,伴有牙龈脓疱、窦道等情况时进行根管治疗,多次治疗的成功率相对较高[8]。然而近年来有研究指出,即使是根尖周受累及的患牙,一次治疗与多次治疗的预后差异并无统计学意义;一次性治疗不仅更节省时间并减少治疗费用,还能减少焦虑儿童的压力,乳牙根管治疗更倾向于一次完成[15]。
3.2. 根管长度的确定
根管工作长度是指从牙冠参照点到根尖牙本质牙骨质界的距离。由于乳牙根管较粗,根尖孔大,并且可能伴随生理性或病理性吸收,因此确定乳牙根管工作长度是临床工作的难点。根管治疗时,如果误判根管工作长度可能导致根管过度预备而损伤恒牙胚;如果担心恒牙胚受损导致根管预备不足,会造成根管内感染机会增加。
手感法或者X线片是传统的估计根管工作长度的方法,也是乳牙根管治疗常用的根管工作长度测定方法。由于乳牙根管系统的解剖特点,手感法的准确度有限;患儿配合度不如成人,头部移动可能影响X线片的准确性。
目前临床普遍关注的RootZX根测仪是采用双频交流信号按比值法原理生产的,主要是通过显示根管在根尖处的狭窄部位即根尖基点来测量根管长度;原理是通过测量2个不同频率的电流经过根管的电阻比值,经微处理器分析后,显示锉尖在根管内的位置。RootZX根测仪在儿童口腔科具有可行性,其原理在于乳牙根管吸收在三维空间上并不一致,根管测量仪通常以吸收快、空间上略短的一侧为准。与X线片相比,无论乳牙根是否发生吸收,根测仪所获得根管长度的准确率较X线片高;一定程度上减少了患者对X线的摄入量;此外,根测仪操作简便、测定迅速,较易获得患儿配合[16]–[18]。在乳牙的牙根稳定期,结合影像学和根测仪的结果来判断乳牙根管的工作长度可以得到更准确的结果。虽然目前的研究[19]–[20]显示,根测仪可以用于牙根生理性吸收的乳牙,但仍需更多的数据来证明根尖吸收程度与根测仪检测根管工作长度准确性之间的关系。
3.3. 机用镍钛器械的应用
手用器械预备乳牙根管时,所需时间较长,容易导致儿童和临床医生疲劳[21]。近年来,机用镍钛器械的应用逐渐普及。镍钛器械采用记忆金属制作,具有柔韧性高、弹性模量低、抗磨损与抗扭曲折断等特点,对于不同的根管形态有良好的适应性,器械的超弹性以及合理的设计可预防根管预备中根管偏移、台阶形成等不良反应的发生[22]。
机用镍钛系统,如Protaper、Mtwo、Kedo-S、萨尼S3等,已广泛用于恒牙根管预备,乳牙根管预备的机用镍钛器械也处于大量研究和实验阶段。与手用器械比较,机用镍钛器械进行乳牙根管预备时可使根管中上部充分展开,避免形成台阶及根尖堵塞,缩短预备时间,提高预备效率,有利于根管冲洗、消毒和充填,还可防止器械滑脱对患儿造成伤害[23]。研究[24]–[25]发现,机用镍钛机械预备较手用器械预备根管引起的术后疼痛更少,残屑推出根尖孔发生率更少,远期预后更好。
3.4. 激光的应用
激光在口腔疾病治疗中的应用越来越普遍,该方法操作方便,使用安全,无噪音,术后反应轻微,患者舒适度高,特别适合儿童口腔科的舒适化治疗。激光作为辅助治疗手段可以有效提高治疗效果,获得更为长期和稳定的预后[26]。
研究[27]–[28]发现,Er: YAG激光+次氯酸钠和(或)乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)用于根管预备过程中去除细菌微生物和根管壁上的玷污层的作用效果较单独使用次氯酸钠和(或)EDTA进行根管冲洗的效果更好。AAPD认为,Er, Cr: YSGG激光、Er: YAG激光可用于乳牙根管治疗,在根管预备过程中辅助根管冲洗,有利于杀灭细菌,溶解坏死组织,清除根管壁上的玷污层,减轻疼痛和炎症[29]–[30]。
3.5. 根管冲洗药物
由于乳牙根管解剖形态的特殊性,根管机械预备通常并不能完全去除感染物质,因此根管冲洗在乳牙根管治疗中非常重要。
乳牙根管治疗常用的冲洗药物包括过氧化氢、氯已定、次氯酸钠、EDTA、臭氧水、MTAD(a mixture of tetracycline isomer, an acid and a detergent)溶液等[31]–[32]。传统的乳牙根管治疗是利用过氧化氢及生理盐水交替冲洗根管,但过氧化氢对根尖刺激性较强,易引起皮下气肿。1%次氯酸钠可快速杀灭各种致病菌和病毒,并能去除根管内坏死组织产物。2%氯已定对革兰阳性菌和白色念珠菌有较强的杀菌能力[33]。AAPD推荐使用1%次氯酸钠和(或)2%氯己定溶液进行乳牙根管冲洗,能够快速杀灭细菌,去除代谢产物以及坏死组织,有效地提高乳牙根管治疗成功率。
3.6. 根管消毒药物
理想的根管消毒药物可较全面地控制根管的混合感染,对根尖周组织无刺激,无细胞毒性,有较好的杀菌作用,使用方便[34]。传统的乳牙根管消毒药物包括甲醛甲酚和樟脑酚,但两者对根尖周组织刺激性大,易诱发根尖周组织的过敏反应,不良反应较多,临床已逐渐弃用[35]。
目前,氢氧化钙糊剂、氯己定凝胶、三联抗生素糊剂(甲硝唑、环丙沙星、米诺环素)在临床上的应用较为普遍[36]。氢氧化钙糊剂具有杀菌活性较强,生物安全性好,刺激性小,有持续消毒作用,使用方便等优点。氯己定凝胶具有较长时间的杀菌活性。氯己定和氢氧化钙结合用于根管消毒的效果优于单独使用其中一种[37]。与其他根管消毒药物相比,三联抗生素糊剂抗菌能力更强,抗菌谱更广,用于乳牙慢性根尖周炎的根管消毒具有良好的治疗效果[38]。除此之外,壳聚糖凝胶及克林霉素等药物用于根管消毒的研究也越来越多见[39]–[40]。
3.7. 根管充填材料
传统的乳牙根管充填材料有氧化锌丁香油糊剂、氧化锌碘仿糊剂、氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂(Vitapex)和抗生素糊剂等。目前,儿童口腔科应用最多的是Vitapex糊剂,具有消毒、防腐、杀菌,促进根尖周组织愈合等作用,有较高的临床和影像学成功率[41]–[42]。虽然有研究[43]发现,Vitapex糊剂和氧化锌丁香油糊剂在乳牙根管治疗成功率方法的差异没有统计学意义;但Vitapex糊剂有专门的加压输送器,更易进入弯曲或细小的根管,并且不需调配,极大地减少了操作时间,更适用于儿童口腔科治疗。Vitapex糊剂的缺点如下:1)吸收速率快于乳牙根管的吸收,会导致根尖部形成细菌通道,引起牙根内吸收[44]–[45];2)可造成乳牙滞留,引起继承恒牙异位萌出[46]–[48]。目前,国内外尚未见降解速度与牙根吸收速度一致的材料[49],因此更优良的乳牙根管充填材料亟待研究和开发。
3.8. 术后预成冠修复
儿童乳磨牙预成冠能恢复咬合与邻接关系,达到良好的龈缘延伸、边缘封闭效果,可以防止充填物的脱落和继发龋的产生,提高乳牙根管治疗成功率和患牙保存率,降低错
畸形的发生率并促进颌面部的正常发育[50]–[51]。乳前牙的透明树脂冠可改善乳牙摘除术后牙齿可能出现的颜色变化,恢复患牙外形,改善美观,帮助发音,提高患儿的自信心。因此,乳牙根管治疗后应常规使用预成冠对患牙进行修复。
4. 乳牙根管治疗中抗生素的全身应用
无论是成人还是儿童,全身应用抗生素都受到持续而广泛的关注。过度使用抗生素易出现耐药性并促进耐药菌株的产生,而口腔科医生的处方中存在泛用及误用抗生素的情况[52]。
乳牙根管治疗中不需要常规应用抗生素。根管治疗和急性根管感染可能引起菌血症,但没有明确的证据表明根管内细菌会引起进一步全身感染,所以抗生素的使用应严格限制。当感染只是局限在牙髓或牙周组织中,患儿没有感染的体征(如发烧、面部肿胀)时,不推荐使用抗生素。抗生素的使用应仅局限于发热、严重的面部肿胀及发生术后感染可能会造成严重后遗症的患者[53]。
5. 乳牙根管治疗预后
乳牙根管治疗疗效判定标准如下。1)成功:无自觉症状,瘘道闭合,无叩痛,咀嚼功能良好,术后6个月X线片显示根尖周暗影消失;2)失败:出现牙根病理性吸收;自觉症状无减轻,原瘘道未闭或并发急性根尖周炎,X线片显示根尖暗影未缩小[54]。对于乳牙根管治疗失败的患牙,需寻找并分析原因,根据情况判断是否需要及时拔除。
6. 儿童口腔健康指导
乳牙牙髓病变及根尖周病变主要由龋坏引起。目前我国儿童家长对口腔卫生服务的利用水平有所提升。儿童口腔健康指导包括以下几个方面。1)从致病因素细菌方面:注重口腔卫生;2)宿主方面:涂氟、窝沟封闭、预防性树脂充填、牙列矫治;3)食物方面:合理膳食,增加有关营养物质,使用蔗糖替代品;4)时间方面:限制进食频率。针对儿童龋病发展快且自觉症状不明显的特点,应定期进行检查,早发现早干预对于儿童龋病的预防和治疗尤为重要。
7. 小结
乳牙牙髓病和根尖周病可导致乳牙早失和错
畸形等问题,影响咀嚼、美观、发音、继承恒牙的萌出和牙周组织的健康,严重者可影响患儿的身心健康[55]。临床医生在进行乳牙根管治疗时,必须掌握乳牙根管系统的解剖特征,正确选择适应证,通过严格的根管预备、根管消毒和根管充填,最大限度地去除根管内感染物质,防止根管治疗后再感染的发生,消除疼痛,尽可能保存乳牙至其替换期。近年来,乳牙根管治疗的研究受到广泛关注,目前在根管长度的测量、机用镍钛器械的应用、激光的应用等方面都取得了一定程度的突破,随着未来研究的深入,乳牙根管治疗成功率必将大幅度提高。
Funding Statement
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81771033);国家卫生和计划生育委员会儿童口腔国家临床重点专科建设项目(0040305401313)
Supported by: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771033); National Key Clinical Specialist Construction Program of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Pediatric Dentistry (0040305401313).
Footnotes
利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。
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