Abstract
Background
We aim to investigate the rate of spontaneous sputum conversion and reversion in patients with Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) lung disease.
Methods
Among 241 patients diagnosed with MABC lung disease between July 2012 and December 2018, 126 patients with persistent sputum positivity for ≥ 6 months without treatment were enrolled at a tertiary referral center in South Korea. Patients were subdivided into two groups, depending on whether or not treatment was initiated within 2 years of diagnosis. The rates of spontaneous sputum culture conversion and reversion was investigated in patients who did not receive treatment within 2 years.
Results
The mean age of 126 patients was 62.9 years. During a mean follow-up duration of 3.2 years, 33 (26.2%) patients received treatment within 2 years of diagnosis. Among the remaining 93 patients not receiving treatment within 2 years, spontaneous sputum conversion occurred in 24 (25.8%) patients during a mean follow-up duration of 3.7 years after diagnosis. No significant differences were observed in time to conversion between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense lung diseases. The Cox regression analysis showed that malignancy as a comorbid disease and the lower number of lobes involved were independent predictors of spontaneous sputum conversion. After spontaneous sputum conversion, reversion occurred in 27.8% patients at a median of 18.2 months after conversion.
Conclusions
Among patients with MABC lung disease who did not receive treatment for at least 2 years after diagnosis, approximately one-fourth experienced spontaneous conversion. However, not a few patients experienced reversion after spontaneous conversion.
Introduction
Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is a rapidly growing mycobacterium associated with several diseases in humans, of which lung disease is the most common [1]. It is the second most common cause of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease in many countries including South Korea, after Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) [2,3]. MABC comprises three different subspecies, namely, M. abscessus subsp. abscessus (hereafter referred to as M. abscessus) and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense (hereafter referred to as M. massiliense), and M. abscessus subsp. bolletii (hereafter referred to as M. bolletii), which has been determined on the basis of gene sequence analysis [4]. In South Korea, M. bolletii represents only 1% of the clinical strains of MABC, whereas M. abscessus and M. massiliense account for approximately half of the causative organims of MABC [5,6]. Although the virulence of M. abscessus and M. massiliense may not differ in terms of disease progression rate [6], treatment outcomes are much better in patients with M. massiliense lung disease than in those with M. abscessus lung disease [5,7].
One peculiar feature of MAC lung disease is that a substantial portion of untreated patients with stable course can experience spontaneus sputum conversion. Previously, we showed that spontaneous conversion of sputum cultures occurred in approximately half the 93 untreated patients with MAC lung disease [8]. Furthermore, we observed that spontaneous sputum conversion occurred in 106 (52.2%) of 203 patients with noncavitary nodular bronchiectatic (NC-NB) type disease who had not received treatment, during a median follow-up duration of 5.0 years [9]. Another study in South Korea found that 34% of patients with NTM lung disease who did not receive treatment showed spontaneous culture conversion [10]. This tendency of spontaneous conversion is one of the main reasons for not recommending immediate treatment initiation for many patients with indolent and mild NC-NB-type MAC lung disease.
Although MABC is the second most common causative agent of NTM lung disease in South Korea, there has been no research regarding whether spontaneous culture conversion specifically occurs in patients with MABC lung disease. In addition, if spontaneous culture conversion does occur in patients with MABC lung disease, its predictors and clinical course after spontaneous culture conversion remain to be elucidated. We therefore aimed to investigate these issues in this study.
Materials and methods
Study subjects
Patients were enrolled from Asan Medical Center, which is a 2,700-bed referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea. Between July 2012 and December 2018, 241 patients were identified who met the American Thoracic Society criteria for MABC lung disease. After excluding patients (i) who received treatment within 6 months of diagnosis, (ii) whose follow-up duration after diagnosis was <6 months, (iii) with insufficient data, including those for sputum examinations, (iv) who had received surgical resection, and (v) with spontaneous conversion occurring within 6 months of diagnosis, the medical records of the remaining patients with persistent sputum positivity for ≥6 months were retrospectively analyzed in July 2019. Only patients in whom spontaneous sputum examinations were performed at least once every 6 months were included in the analysis.
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Asan Medical Center (IRB No.: 2019–0938). The board waived the requirement for informed consent because of the retrospective nature of the analysis.
Patient group
Patients with persistent sputum positivity for ≥6 months without treatment were first classified into two groups based on whether or not the patients received treatment within 2 years of diagnosis. A cut-off period of 2 years was chosen because a previous study in South Korea reported that patients with MABC lung disease initiated treatment, on an average, approximately 2 years after diagnosis [6].
The sputum culture conversion rate was investigated for patients who did not receive treatment within 2 years of diagnosis. We defined spontaneous sputum conversion as three consecutive negative cultures spanning at least a 2-month period, with the time of conversion defined as the date of the first negative culture [11]. Among patients who experienced spontaneous sputum conversion, we analyzed if reversion occurred in those who were followed up for ≥6 months after conversion. Reversion was defined as two consecutive positive MABC cultures after sputum conversion [11].
Radiologic evaluation
Radiographic anomalies upon chest computed tomography at the time of diagnosis were classified into NC-NB and other radiologic types (the sum of fibrocavitary, cavitary nodular bronchiectatic, and unclassifiable type), of which each radiologic type was previously defined [12,13]. The extent of infiltration was determined according to the number of lobes involved. Lingula division was regarded as a separate lobe, leading to a total of six lung lobes that were considered for analysis [9].
Microbiological examination
Expectorated sputum or bronchoscopy samples were cultured in both solid (Ogawa medium; Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, South Korea) and liquid (BACTEC 960 Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube; Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) mediums. Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smears were prepared via Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Positive liquid cultures and colonies on solid medium were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the Seeplex TB detection system (Seegen, Seoul, Korea) to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and NTM. The species of NTM isolates were identified via PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods based on the rpoB gene or via reverse blot hybridization assays of rpoB [14]. Differentiation between M. abscessus and M. massiliense was performed based on analysis of the erm(41) gene detected by PCR [15].
Drug susceptibility test (DST) was performed using the broth microdilution method [16]. Due to the poor solubility of azithromycin at its high concentrations, determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin is considered to be difficult, so instead the MIC of clarithromycin was used to represent the MIC of azithromycin. The MIC of clarithromycin was determined on days 3 and 14 after incubation; MABC isolates were considered susceptible (MIC ≤ 2 μg/mL at days 3 and 14), resistant (MIC ≥ 8 μg/mL at day 3), or inducibly resistant (susceptible at day 3 but resistant at day 14) to clarithromycin [16].
Statistical analyses
All data are presented as means (± standard deviations) or medians [interquartile range (IQR)] for continuous variables, and numbers (%) for categorical variables. Data were compared via Student’s t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. All tests were two-sided and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The spontaneous conversion rates after diagnosis between the two species and radiologic types were compared using Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to predict spontaneous conversions. The variables used in the Cox analysis were those that had a statistical significance level of <0.05 in the univariate analysis. All data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Results
Study subjects
Eligibility screening identified 126 patients with MABC lung disease with persistent sputum positivity for ≥6 months (Fig 1), of which 59 had M. abscessus lung diseases and the remaining 67 had M. massiliense lung diseases. The mean age of the patients was 62.9 years, and 64.3% were female. NC-NB type was the most common radiological type that was noted in 67.5% (85/126) of patients. During a mean follow-up duration of 3.2 ± 1.7 years, 33 (26.2%) patients received treatment within 2 years of diagnosis, whereas the remaining 93 (73.8%) did not. The mean follow-up durations after diagnosis were indifferent for patients who did and who did not receive treatment within 2 years (3.3 ± 1.6 and 3.1 ± 1.7 years, respectively; P = 0.579) Except for the higher rates of lung disease with cavity and radiologic type other than NC-NB in the patients who received treatment within 2 years, the clinical characteristics of the two groups were generally comparable (Table 1).
Fig 1. Study flow chart.
MABC, Mycobacterium abscessus complex.
Table 1. Clinical characteristics of 126 patients with Mycobacterium abscessus complex lung disease based on whether treatment was initiated within 2 years of diagnosis.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 126) | Treatment within 2 years (n = 33) | No treatment within 2 years (n = 93) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.9 ± 10.9 | 63.6 ± 11.7 | 62.6 ± 10.6 | 0.677 |
| Female gender | 81 (64.3%) | 19 (57.6%) | 62 (66.7%) | 0.349 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.8 ± 2.6 | 20.4 ± 2.3 | 21.0 ± 2.7 | 0.247 |
| Current or past smoker | 30 (23.8%) | 10 (30.3%) | 20 (21.5%) | 0.308 |
| Diagnosis made by bronchoscopy | 9 (7.1%) | 2 (6.1%) | 7 (7.5%) | > 0.99 |
| Previous history of TB treatment | 44 (34.9%) | 12 (36.4%) | 32 (34.4%) | 0.840 |
| Previous history of NTM treatment | 0.465 | |||
| Mycobacterium avium complex | 31 (24.6%) | 8 (24.2%) | 23 (24.7%) | |
| Mycobacterium kansasii | 3 (2.4%) | 1 (3.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
| Mycobacterium abscessus complex | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (3.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Mycobacterium fortuitum | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (3.0%) | 0 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Bronchiectasis | 38 (30.2%) | 6 (18.2%) | 32 (34.4%) | 0.081 |
| Malignancy | 13 (10.3%) | 3 (9.1%) | 10 (10.8%) | > 0.99 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 12 (9.5%) | 3 (9.1%) | 9 (9.7%) | > 0.99 |
| Chronic liver disease | 11 (8.7%) | 4 (12.1%) | 7 (7.5%) | 0.477 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (7.9%) | 2 (6.1%) | 8 (8.6%) | > 0.99 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 7 (5.6%) | 3 (9.1%) | 4 (4.3%) | 0.379 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2 (1.6%) | 0 | 2 (2.2%) | > 0.99 |
| Use of immunosuppressant | 2 (1.6%) | 0 | 2 (2.2%) | > 0.99 |
| Etiology | 0.854 | |||
| Mycobacterium abscessus | 59 (46.8%) | 15 (45.5%) | 44 (47.3%) | |
| Mycobacterium massiliense | 67 (53.2%) | 18 (54.5%) | 49 (52.7%) | |
| Isolation of other microbiological organisms | ||||
| Other NTM species | 29 (23.0%) | 9 (27.3%)* | 20 (21.5%)† | 0.499 |
| Bacterial or Fungal organisms | 20 (15.9%) | 5 (15.2%)‡ | 15 (16.1%)§ | 0.865 |
| Radiologic type | 0.023 | |||
| Noncavitary nodular bronchiectatic | 85 (67.5%) | 17 (51.5%) | 68 (73.1%) | |
| Other radiologic types¶ | 41 (32.5%) | 16 (48.5%) | 25 (26.9%) | |
| Pulmonary function test (n = 93) | ||||
| Prebronchodilator FEV1 (% pred) | 73.7 ± 23.2 | 71.2 ± 27.4 | 74.6 ± 21.4 | 0.525 |
| Prebronchodilator FVC (% pred) | 77.8 ± 17.3 | 73.4 ± 16.1 | 79.4 ± 17.6 | 0.131 |
| Positive AFB smear at treatment initiation | 76 (60.3%) | 24 (72.7%) | 52 (55.9%) | 0.090 |
| The presence of cavity | 32 (25.4%) | 13 (39.4%) | 19 (20.4%) | 0.032 |
| Number of involved lobes | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 0.071 |
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviations or number (%).
TB, tuberculosis; NTM, nontuberculous mycobacterium; AFB, acid-fast bacilli; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; % pred: percentage of predicted value; FVC: forced vital capacity.
*Isolated species in detail were as follows: Mycobacterium avium (n = 7), Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 2)
†Isolated species in detail were as follows: Mycobacterium avium (n = 11), Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 6), Mycobacterium chelonae (n = 2), Mycobacterium fortuitum (n = 1)
‡Isolated microbiologic organisms in detail were as follows: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 1)
§Isolated microbiologic organisms in detail were as follows: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 7), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3), Aspergillus fumigatus (n = 3), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1), Acinetobacter baumanni (n = 1)
¶Cavitary nodular bronchiectatic (n = 18), fibrocavitary (n = 14) and unclassifiable type(n = 9)
DST was performed for 99 patients (51 M. abscessus and 48 M. massiliense). Among the 99 patients, one M. massiliense isolate was resistant to clarithromycin. Of the remaining 98 isolates susceptible to clarithromycin, inducible resistance was observed in 84.3% (43/51) of isolated M. abscessus strains and 6.4% (3/47) of M. massiliense strains.
Spontaneous sputum conversion and predictor
Analysis of 93 patients who received no treatment within 2 years revealed that spontaneous sputum conversion occurred in 24 (25.8%) of these patients during a mean follow-up duration of 3.7 ± 1.7 years, whereas the remaining 69 (74.2%) patients had persistent sputum culture positivity during a mean follow-up duration of 2.9 ± 1.6 years. For all 93 patients, sputum specimens were collected, on an average, 8.3 ± 5.7 times per patient during the follow-up period for AFB culture. Specimens were collected 6.5 ± 6.1 times for the 24 patients with spontaneous conversion and 8.9 ± 5.5 times for the 69 patients with persistent sputum positivity (P = 0.075). Fig 2 shows the Kaplan–Meier estimates of the cumulative rates of sputum culture conversion according to the radiologic type; the sputum culture conversion rates in the two groups were similar. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the time to spontaneous sputum culture conversion between M. abscessus and M. massiliense lung diseases by Kaplan–Meier analysis (P = 0.590, Fig 3).
Fig 2. Kaplan–Meier estimates of the cumulative rates of sputum culture conversion between noncavitary nodular bronchiectatic type and other radiologic types (fibrocavitary, cavitary nodular bronchiectatic, and unclassifiable types) (P = 0.187 by Gehan–Breslow test).
Fig 3. Kaplan–Meier analysis of the comparison of time to spontaneous sputum culture conversion between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense lung diseases (P = 0.590 by Gehan–Breslow test).
As shown in Table 2, there were significant differences in terms of malignancy as a comorbid disease, radiologic type, and the number of lobes involved in MABC lung disease between the two groups according to the spontaneous conversion. Cox regression analysis showed that malignancy (adjusted HR, 2.664; 95% CI, 1.038–6.834; P = 0.042) and the number of involved lobes (adjusted HR, 0.677; 95% CI, 0.489–0.937; P = 0.019) were independent predictors of spontaneous sputum conversion among these patients (Table 3).
Table 2. Clinical characteristics of 93 patients with Mycobacterium abscessus complex lung disease who did not receive treatment within 2 years of diagnosis based on spontaneous sputum conversion.
| Characteristics | Spontaneous sputum conversion (n = 24) | Persistent sputum positivity (n = 69) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.4 ± 11.1 | 63.0 ± 10.5 | 0.522 |
| Female gender | 15 (62.5%) | 47 (68.1%) | 0.615 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.1 ± 2.7 | 21.4 ± 5.1 | 0.781 |
| Current or past smoker | 7 (29.2%) | 13 (18.8%) | 0.289 |
| Diagnosis made by bronchoscopy | 3 (12.5%) | 4 (5.8%) | 0.369 |
| Previous history of TB treatment | 8 (33.3%) | 24 (34.8%) | 0.898 |
| Previous history of NTM treatment | 0.689 | ||
| Mycobacterium avium complex | 5 (20.8%) | 18 (26.1%) | |
| Mycobacterium kansasii | 0 | 2 (2.9%) | |
| Mycobacterium abscessus complex | 0 | 1 (1.4%) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Bronchiectasis | 7 (29.2%) | 25 (36.2%) | 0.530 |
| Malignancy | 6 (25.0%) | 4 (5.8%) | 0.017 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 2 (8.3%) | 7 (10.1%) | > 0.99 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 (8.3%) | 6 (8.7%) | > 0.99 |
| Chronic liver disease | 4 (16.7%) | 3 (4.3%) | 0.070 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (4.3%) | > 0.99 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.452 |
| Use of immunosuppressant | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 0.065 |
| Etiology | 0.264 | ||
| Mycobacterium abscessus | 9 (37.5%) | 35 (50.7%) | |
| Mycobacterium massiliense | 15 (62.5%) | 34 (49.3%) | |
| Isolation of other microbiological organisms | |||
| Other NTM species | 6 (25.0%)* | 14 (20.3%)† | 0.629 |
| Bacterial or Fungal organisms | 4 (16.7%)‡ | 11 (15.9%)§ | > 0.99 |
| Radiologic type | 0.017 | ||
| Noncavitary nodular bronchiectatic | 22 (91.7%) | 46 (66.7%) | |
| Other radiologic types¶ | 2 (8.3%) | 23 (33.3%) | |
| Pulmonary function test (n = 67) | |||
| Prebronchodilator FEV1 (% pred) | 79.4 ± 22.4 | 73.0 ± 21.1 | 0.291 |
| Prebronchodilator FVC (% pred) | 83.2 ± 21.9 | 78.2 ± 15.9 | 0.309 |
| Positive AFB smear at treatment initiation | 10 (41.7%) | 42 (60.9%) | 0.103 |
| The presence of cavity | 2 (8.3%) | 17 (24.6%) | 0.140 |
| Number of involved lobes | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 0.001 |
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviations or number (%).
TB, tuberculosis; NTM, nontuberculous mycobacterium; AFB, acid-fast bacilli; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; % pred: percentage of predicted value; FVC: forced vital capacity.
*Isolated species in detail were as follows: Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 3), Mycobacterium avium (n = 2), Mycobacterium chelonae (n = 1)
†Isolated species in detail were as follows: Mycobacterium avium (n = 9), Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 3), Mycobacterium chelonae (n = 1), Mycobacterium fortuitum (n = 1)
‡Isolated microbiologic organisms in detail were as follows: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1)
§Isolated microbiologic organisms in detail were as follows: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5), Aspergillus fumigatus (n = 3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), Acinetobacter baumanni (n = 1)
¶Cavitary nodular bronchiectatic (n = 11), fibrocavitary (n = 8) and unclassifiable type (n = 6)
Table 3. Analyses of factors affecting spontaneous sputum conversion in 93 patients with noncavitary nodular bronchiectatic type Mycobacterium abscessus complex lung disease.
| Predictor | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | aHR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Noncavitary nodular bronchiectatic type | 3.262 (0.766–13.890) | 0.110 | 1.503 (0.337–6.708) | 0.593 |
| Malignancy | 3.074 (1.219–7.756) | 0.017 | 2.664 (1.038–6.834) | 0.042 |
| Number of involved lobes | 0.658 (0.480–0.902) | 0.009 | 0.677 (0.489–0.937) | 0.019 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; aHR, adjusted HR
Reversion after spontaneous conversion
Among the 24 patients who had spontaneous conversion, the follow-up duration after conversion was at least 6 months in 18 patients. Among these patients, reversion occurred in 5 (27.8%) patients at a median of 18.2 months (IQR, 13.2–35.4) after spontaneous sputum conversion (Fig 1). After spontaneous conversion, sputum AFB examination was performed 3.8 ± 1.6 and 4.2 ± 2.7 times during mean follow-up durations of 2.7 ± 1.5 and 2.9 ± 1.7 years for 13 patients with persistent conversion and five patients with reversion, respectively. All 18 patients spontaneously produced sputum without induction. No significant differences were observed in terms of baseline characteristics between the two groups (S1 Table). Fig 4 shows the changes in radiological imaging of one patient who experienced spontaneous conversion and reversion.
Fig 4. The changes in radiological imaging of one patient who experienced spontaneous conversion and reversion.
(A) Chest computed tomography at the time of diagnosis of a 55 year-old man with Mycobacterium abscessus complex lung disease showing irregular centrilobular nodules with segmental distribution in the right upper lobe. (B) Follow-up chest computed tomography conducted approximately 16 months after diagnosis showing markedly improved radiological changes. The patient did not receive any treatment during the follow-up period and his sputum examination revealed spontaneous conversion. (C) Approximately 2 years later after spontaneous conversion, chest computed tomography showing redevelopment of centrilobular nodules in the right upper lobe. The growth of Mycobacterium abscessus complex was noted in the follow-up sputum examination.
Discussion
In contrast to MAC lung disease, in which spontaneous sputum conversion is known to occur in a considerable portion of patients [9,17], there is limited information of the clinical course in MABC lung disease patients who did not receive treatment. Although Moon et al. previously reported that spontaneous culture conversion occurred in 157 of 459 (34%) patients with NTM lung disease, the proportion of patients with MABC lung disease that had spontaneous culture conversion is unknown because they reported the conversion rate of patients with NTM lung disease for both MAC and MABC lung diseases together [10]. The most important finding of the present study was that, among patients with MABC lung disease with persistent sputum positivity for ≥6 months who did not receive treatment for at least 2 years after diagnosis, approximately 25% experienced spontaneous sputum conversion. The development of reversion in at least one-fourth of patients with spontaneous conversion is another important finding that we have found.
The treatment of MABC lung disease is challenging because of the necessity for prolonged intravenous therapy and frequent side effects [18,19]. In spite of this difficulty, the culture conversion rate for MABC lung diseases has been poor and reported to be 41.2% in a previous meta-analysis study, although it was signiticantly higher in M. massiliense than in M. abscessus [20]. The poorer treatment outcome of M. abscessus is related to a functional erm(41) gene, which confers inducible macrolide resistance [21]. In this regard, the findings of the present study imply that watchfully waiting for the possibility of spontaneous improvement could be a useful strategy for MABC lung disease management, particularly if the patient’s condition and the extent of disease does not require immediate treatment. Furthermore, this strategy can be considered if the extent of MABC lung disease inflitration is not substantial; the rate of spontaneous conversion was higher in cases with fewer lobes involved (Table 2).
Another notable finding of the present study was that there was no difference in the times from diagnosis to sputum conversion between M. abscessus and M. massiliense (Fig 3), which is consistent with a previous report that showed the rate of disease progression were indifferent between these two species during the follow-up period [6]. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in etiologic subspecies (M. abscessus vs. M. massiliense) between the patients with spontaneous sputum conversion and those with persistent positivity (Table 2). In addition, the proportion of MABC isolates with inducible resistance was similar between the two groups. All these findings suggested that the clinical course, such as spontaneous conversion or time to disease progression, was similar between the two subspecies.
Several factors could explain the phenomenon of spontaneous culture conversion in the patients with MABC lung disease. First, successful eradication by the induction of the host immune response could result in transient infection in patients with MABC lung disease [22], particularly in those with less severe lung involvement. In addition, considering one of the sources of MABC infection is the environment, such as from household plumbing systems [2,23,24], temporary exposure to such environmental sources could be another plausible explanation. Lastly, because local human-to-human transmission of MABC through fomite or long-lived infectious aerosols is possible [25], temporary exposure in a hospital environment may lead to a transient and spontaneously improved lung disease. However, it should be noted that not a few patients with MABC lung disease experienced reversion after spontaneous conversion in the present study. A previous report has also shown that 17% (26/157) of patients with spontaneous culture conversion redeveloped NTM lung disease caused by a different NTM species [10]. These findings imply that continuous and lifetime follow-up is necessary for patients with NTM lung disease, even those who experience spontaneous sputum conversion.
Of the 241 patients with MABC lung disease in this study, 32.4% (78/241), including 42 who received treatment within 6 months after diagnosis, 33 who received treatment within 2 years, and 3 who underwent surgical resection, received treatment for MABC lung disease within 2 years. This rate of 32.4% is lower than that shown in previous studies reported in other centers of South Korea. For example, Koh et al. reported that 93 of 167 patients (55.6%) with M. abscessus lung disease underwent antibiotic treatment [12]. Moreover, another study revealed that disease progression that required treatment was noted in 37.5% (21/56) of patients with M. abscessus lung diseases and 38.9% (21/54) of those with M. massiliense lung diseases [6]. Although the reason for this discrepancy is uncertain, a plausible explanation could be that the period in which patients were diagnosed with lung disease was different in each study. That is, the time of diagnosis for enrolled patients was between 2002 and 2012 in one study [12] and 2006 and 2015 in another [6]. Compared with these studies, we selected subjects whose diagnosis was made between July 2012 and December 2018. Considering studies showing unsatisfactory treatment outcomes (approximately 50% rate of culture conversion), even with the prolonged course of multiple antibiotic therapies, were published in 2009 [26] and 2011 [27], the attending physician during the study period may be reluctant to initiate treatment for patients with MABC lung disease.
Among our study subjects, malignancy and the lower number of lobes involved were independent predictors of spontaneous sputum conversion. The possible reason for the higher number of patients with spontaneous conversion who had malignancy as a comorbid disease was that the transient MABC infection that was associated with a weakened immunity owing to the malignancy itself or anti-cancer therapy [28] spontaneously improved as the immunity recovered after the cessation of the treatment of the malignancy. In addition, it was plausible that the mean number of lobes involved was significantly lower in patients with spontaneous conversion because spontaneous conversion is most likely to occur in patients who had a milder disease.
MABC manifests as two distinct phenotypic colony morphotypes: smooth and rough [29,30]. Considering MABC lung disease caused by the rough morphotype, as opposed to the smooth type, shows a more chronic and invasive phenotype [31,32], and is more refractory to antibiotic therapy [12], it is possible that the rates of spontaneous sputum culture conversion and reversion could be associated with the morphotype of MABC. However, we did not identify the macroscopical colony morphotype of MABC isolates in the majority of our patients because this information was not routinely reported in our center during the study period. We were able to identify the colony morphotype in only 3 of the 33 patients who received treatment within 2 years; 1 patient had the rough morphotype, and 2 had the smooth colony morphotype.
The present study had other several limitations of note. Most prominently, the analysis was conducted at a single referral center with a limited number of patients. Small number of patients included in the present study limited the statistical power of the analysis and the interpretation of the findings In addition, decisions regarding treatment initiation, follow-up interval, and requests for sputum examination were mainly made by the attending physician, without a pre-established protocol. Third, we did not differentiate between M. bolletii from M. abscessus. However, M. bolletii is a very rare subspecies of MABC in South Korea [33]. Fourth, we did not genotype the isolates, so we were unable to distinguish between relapse and reinfection in patients who experienced reversion. Finally, the phenotypic azithromycin susceptibility against the MABC isolates was not provided in our clinical routine testing.
In conclusion, we found that approximately one-fourth of patients with MABC lung disease who did not receive treatment for at least 2 years after diagnosis experienced spontaneous conversion, suggesting that a watchfully waiting approach, without immediate treatment initiation, could be acceptable for some patients with MABC lung disease with a stable clinical course. However, continuous follow-up is needed for these patients because not a few patients could have reversion after spontaneous sputum conversion.
Supporting information
(DOCX)
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its supporting information file.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (No. 2019R1F1A1059190) for Kyung-Wook Jo. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
References
- 1.Nessar R, Cambau E, Reyrat JM, Murray A, Gicquel B. Mycobacterium abscessus: a new antibiotic nightmare. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012; 67: 810–818. 10.1093/jac/dkr578 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Prevots DR, Marras TK. Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria: a review. Clin Chest Med. 2015; 36: 13–34. 10.1016/j.ccm.2014.10.002 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Stout JE, Koh WJ, Yew WW. Update on pulmonary disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Int J Infect Dis. 2016; 45: 123–134. 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Griffith DE, Brown-Elliott BA, Benwill JL, Wallace RJ Jr. Mycobacterium abscessus. "Pleased to meet you, hope you guess my name …”. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; 12: 436–439. 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201501-015OI [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Koh WJ, Jeon K, Lee NY, Kim BJ, Kook YH, Lee SH, et al. Clinical significance of differentiation of Mycobacterium massiliense from Mycobacterium abscessus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183: 405–410. 10.1164/rccm.201003-0395OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Park J, Cho J, Lee CH, Han SK, Yim JJ. Progression and treatment outcomes of lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64: 301–308. 10.1093/cid/ciw723 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Lyu J, Kim BJ, Kim BJ, Song JW, Choi CM, Oh YM, et al. A shorter treatment duration may be sufficient for patients with Mycobacterium massiliense lung disease than with Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease. Respir Med. 2014; 108: 1706–1712. 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.09.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Hwang JA, Kim S, Jo KW, Shim TS. Natural history of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in untreated patients with stable course. Eur Respir J. 2017; 49: 1600537 10.1183/13993003.00537-2016 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Kwon BS, Lee JH, Koh Y, Kim WS, Song JW, Oh YM, et al. The natural history of non-cavitary nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Respir Med. 2019; 150: 45–50. 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.02.007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Moon SM, Jhun BW, Baek SY, Kim S, Jeon K, Ko RE, et al. Long-term natural history of non-cavitary nodular bronchiectatic nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2019; 151: 1–7. 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.03.014 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.van Ingen J, Aksamit T, Andrejak C, Bottger EC, Cambau E, Daley CL, et al. Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement. Eur Respir J. 2018; 51: 1800170 10.1183/13993003.00170-2018 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Koh WJ, Jeong BH, Kim SY, Jeon K, Park KU, Jhun BW, et al. Mycobacterial characteristics and treatment outcomes in Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64: 309–316. 10.1093/cid/ciw724 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Koh WJ, Moon SM, Kim SY, Woo MA, Kim S, Jhun BW, et al. Outcomes of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease based on clinical phenotype. Eur Respir J. 2017; 50: 1602503 10.1183/13993003.02503-2016 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Wang HY, Bang H, Kim S, Koh WJ, Lee H. Identification of Mycobacterium species in direct respiratory specimens using reverse blot hybridisation assay. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014; 18: 1114–1120. 10.5588/ijtld.14.0140 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Simmon KE, Pounder JI, Greene JN, Walsh F, Anderson CM, Cohen S, et al. Identification of an emerging pathogen, Mycobacterium massiliense, by rpoB sequencing of clinical isolates collected in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1978–1980. 10.1128/JCM.00563-07 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Woods GL, Brown-Elliott BA, Conville PS, Desmond EP, Hall GS, Lin G, et al. Susceptibility testing of Mycobacteria, nocardiae, and other aerobic actinomycetes: approved standard. 2nd ed Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2011. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Kwon YS, Koh WJ, Daley CL. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2019; 82: 15–26. 10.4046/trd.2018.0060 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Koh WJ, Stout JE, Yew WW. Advances in the management of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium abscessus complex. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014; 18: 1141–1148. 10.5588/ijtld.14.0134 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Novosad SA, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM, Mackey K, Winthrop KL, M. abscessus Study Team. Treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22: 511–514. 10.3201/eid2203.150828 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Diel R, Ringshausen F, Richter E, Welker L, Schmitz J, Nienhaus A. Microbiological and clinical outcomes of treating non-mycobacterium avium complex nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2017; 152: 120–142. 10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.166 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Choi GE, Shin SJ, Won CJ, Min KN, Oh T, Hahn MY, et al. Macrolide treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense infection and inducible resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 186: 917–925. 10.1164/rccm.201111-2005OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Orme IM, Ordway DJ. Host response to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of current clinical importance. Infect Immun. 2014; 82: 3516–3522. 10.1128/IAI.01606-13 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Falkinham JO 3rd. Nontuberculous mycobacteria from household plumbing of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17: 419–424. 10.3201/eid1703.101510 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Hamilton LA, Falkinham JO. Aerosolization of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus from a household ultrasonic humidifier. J Med Microbiol. 2018; 67: 1491–1495. 10.1099/jmm.0.000822 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Bryant JM, Grogono DM, Rodriguez-Rincon D, Everall I, Brown KP, Moreno P, et al. Emergence and spread of a human-transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium. Science. 2016; 354: 751–757. 10.1126/science.aaf8156 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Jeon K, Kwon OJ, Lee NY, Kim BJ, Kook YH, Lee SH, et al. Antibiotic treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease: a retrospective analysis of 65 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 180: 896–902. 10.1164/rccm.200905-0704OC [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Jarand J, Levin A, Zhang L, Huitt G, Mitchell JD, Daley CL. Clinical and microbiologic outcomes in patients receiving treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52: 565–571. 10.1093/cid/ciq237 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Vento S, Lanzafame M. Tuberculosis and cancer: a complex and dangerous liaison. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12: 520–522. 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70105-X [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Howard ST, Rhoades E, Recht J, Pang X, Alsup A, Kolter R, et al. Spontaneous reversion of Mycobacterium abscessus from a smooth to a rough morphotype is associated with reduced expression of glycopeptidolipid and reacquisition of an invasive phenotype. Microbiology. 2006; 152: 1581–1590. 10.1099/mic.0.28625-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Caverly LJ, Caceres SM, Fratelli C, Happoldt C, Kidwell KM, Malcolm KC, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus morphotype comparison in a murine model. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0117657 10.1371/journal.pone.0117657 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Sanguinetti M, Ardito F, Fiscarelli E, La Sorda M, D’Argenio P, Ricciotti G, et al. Fatal pulmonary infection due to multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39: 816–819. 10.1128/JCM.39.2.816-819.2001 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Catherinot E, Roux AL, Macheras E, Hubert D, Matmar M, Dannhoffer L, et al. Acute respiratory failure involving an R variant of Mycobacterium abscessus. J Clin Microbiol. 2009; 47: 271–274. 10.1128/JCM.01478-08 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Jeong BH, Kim SY, Jeon K, Huh HJ, Ki CS, Lee NY, et al. The first Korean case of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease caused by mycobacterium abscessus subspecies bolletii in a patient with bronchiectasis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2014; 76: 30–33. 10.4046/trd.2014.76.1.30 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
(DOCX)
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its supporting information file.