Dear Editors,
Although Covid-19 is expected to wreak havoc on mental health issues (Bao et al., 2020), there is little evidence of it, especially outside of China. Early evidence published in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has explored the distress in adults population by their Covid-19 infection status in China (Zhang et al., 2020). Such research during the Covid-19 pandemic is critical to identify people to prioritize mental health assistance (Zandifar and Badrfam, 2020).
One of the countries most affected by Covid-19 is Iran. The Covid-19 crisis in Iran has been compounded by the decade-long US-led sanctions (Zhang and Jahanshahi, 2016). “All aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are directly and indirectly hampered, and the country (Iran) is falling short in combating the crisis. Lack of medical, pharmaceutical, and laboratory equipment such as protective gowns and necessary medication has been scaling up the burden of the epidemic and the number of casualties” (Takian et al., 2020). We provide the first empirical evidence on distress and its predictors of Iranian under the Covid-19 pandemic.
We surveyed Iranian adults on March 25–28, 2020, when the situation was dire; e.g. on March 27, about 300 people died due to methanol poisoning in a desperate hope to kill the virus by any alcohol in an Islamic state. On March 28, prisoners in several prisons were distressed enough that they clashed with guards, set prisons on fire, and somehow escaped.
Given the dire situation and the lockdown in Iran, we delivered the survey online across all 31 provinces in Iran. The survey, approval at Tsinghua University, received 1058 responses from all 31 Iranian provinces. The survey questions are summarized in Table 1 . In particular, Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) is an index designed to capture specific phobias and stress disorders specific to Covid-19. CPDI was originally developed in Chinese, and we had the index translated from its English version to Persian (see English and Persian versions in the appendix).
Table 1.
Descriptions of the participants and OLS regression results on CPDI (Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index) (n = 1058).
| Variable |
Description |
Regression parameters |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count (%) | Coef. | P | Lower 95% C.I. |
Upper 95% C.I. | |
| Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) | 58.99 | 0.000 | 29.14 | 88.83 | |
| Normal range (4–27) | 412 (38.9%) | ||||
| Mildly to moderately distressed (28–51) | 497 (47.0%) | ||||
| Severely distressed (52–100) | 149 (14.1%) | ||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 569 (53.8%) | reference group | |||
| Male | 489 (46.2%) | −3.62 | 0.000 | −5.61 | −1.63 |
| Age | |||||
| 18–25 years old | 137 (12.9%) | 0.81 | 0.170 | −0.35 | 1.98 |
| 26–35 years old | 364 (34.4%) | ||||
| 36–45 years old | 358 (33.8%) | ||||
| 46–55 years old | 161 (15.2%) | ||||
| 56–65 years old | 33 (3.1%) | ||||
| Over 65 years old | 5 (0.05%) | ||||
| Education level | |||||
| Junior high school or less | 24 (2.3%) | 0.37 | 0.286 | −0.31 | 1.05 |
| Senior high school | 30 (2.8%) | ||||
| High school diploma | 122 (11.5%) | ||||
| 2-year college degree | 97 (9.2%) | ||||
| Bachelor degree | 411 (38.8%) | ||||
| Master degree | 258 (24.4%) | ||||
| PhD | 116 (11.0%) | ||||
| Number of children | |||||
| 0 | 422 (39.9%) | −1.07 | 0.048 | −2.14 | −0.01 |
| 1 | 250 (23.6%) | ||||
| 2 | 305 (28.8%) | ||||
| 3 | 61 (5.8%) | ||||
| 4 or more | 20 (1.9%) | ||||
| Infected by Covid-19 | |||||
| Unsure | 182 (17.2%) | reference group | |||
| No | 869 (82.1%) | −8.91 | 0.000 | −11.26 | −6.57 |
| Yes | 7 (0.07%) | −9.43 | 0.090 | −20.34 | 1.48 |
| Exercise hours per day in the past week | |||||
| 0 h | 666 (62.9%) | −2.14 | 0.000 | −3.23 | −1.06 |
| 1 h | 320 (30.2%) | ||||
| 2 h | 46 (4.3%) | ||||
| 3 h | 12 (1.1%) | ||||
| 4 h | 4 (0.04%) | ||||
| 5 h or more | 10 (0.09%) | ||||
| Work situation | |||||
| Stopped working due to Covid-19 | 281 (26.6%) | reference group | |||
| Worked at office | 179 (16.9%) | −2.63 | 0.059 | −5.36 | 0.10 |
| Worked from home | 408 (38.6%) | −2.87 | 0.012 | −5.11 | −0.63 |
| No work before and during outbreak | 190 (18.0%) | −3.44 | 0.023 | −6.42 | −0.47 |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 140 (13.2%) | reference group | |||
| Employed | 757 (71.5%) | −3.89 | 0.020 | −7.17 | −0.60 |
| Student | 111 (10.5%) | −5.29 | 0.020 | −9.74 | −0.85 |
| Retired | 50 (4.7%) | −5.19 | 0.071 | −10.83 | 0.45 |
The mean (SD) score of CPDI was 34.54 (14.92), higher than the CPDI of 23.65 (15.45) reported in China from January 31 to February 10, 2020 (Qiu et al., 2020). The difference in the mean values between Iranian and Chinese samples is 10.9 (t = 22.7; p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 10.0–11.8). Based on the cut-off values of CPDI, respectively 47.0% and 14.1% of the Iranian adults experienced mild to moderate and severe psychological distress, compared to 29.3% and 5.1% respectively in China.
In Iran, females experienced more distress (β = −3.62, p = 0.000), similar to China. Participants’ age (β = 0.81, p = 0.170) and education level (β = 0.37, p = 0.286) did not predict distress as in China (Zhang et al., 2020). Adults with more children (β = −1.07, p = 0.048) or exercised more (β = −2.14, p = 0.000) felt less distress. Adults who were unsure whether they had Covid-19 reported higher distress than those who reported Covid-19 negative (β = −8.91, p = 0.000). There is no significant difference between those who were Covid-19 positive and the rest, possibly due to the small number (7) of positive Covid-19 cases in the sample. Adults who suspended working reported higher distress than those who telecommuted (β = −2.87, p = 0.012), at the office (β = −2.63, p = 0.059), or who were not working even before Covid-19 (β = −3.44, p = 0.023). The unemployed reported higher distress than the employed (β = −3.89, p = 0.020) and students (β = −5.29, p = 0.020).
Our findings suggest that the predictors of distress may vary across countries. While gender and exercise hours predicted distress in both Iran and China, age and education predicted distress in China but not in Iran. Moreover, Iranian adults who worked from home, at the office, or had not worked during and before Covid-19 all reported lower distress that those who suspended working. In comparison, in China, only individuals who went to workplace reported significantly lower distress than those who suspended working (Zhang et al., 2020).
The differences in the predictors of distress during the Covid-19 pandemic across Iran and China are understandable, as countries vary in their medical systems, the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), cultures, labor and employment conditions, the policies of lockdown, the ease of working from home and maintaining a living in a pandemic, and the information in both mainstream and social media, to name just a few. The results therefore suggest we need to identify useful predictors of mental health in individual countries during the Covid-19 pandemic.
We provide the first empirical evidence of the distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results suggest adults in Iran are experiencing more distress than adults in China, with level of distress predicted by different factors, suggesting future research needs to examine mental health and the predictors in individual countries to effectively identify those who are more susceptible mentally during the Covid-19 pandemic.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi: Investigation, Resources, Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing. Maryam Mokhtari Dinani: Investigation. Abbas Nazarian Madavani: Investigation. Jizhen Li: Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition. Stephen X. Zhang: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Supervision.
Acknowledgement
we acknowledge the support by Tsinghua University-INDITEX Sustainable Development Fund (TISD201904).
Footnotes
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.081.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
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