Abstract
Background
Postoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (post-LMR) change (LMRc) reflects the dynamic change of balance between inflammatory reaction and immune reaction after curative operation. An elevated preoperative LMR (pre-LMR) has been shown to be a prognostic factor in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the clinical value of the LMRc remains unknown.
Methods
674 patients in ESCC undergoing curative operation were enrolled in this study. LMRc (LMRc = pre‐LMR–post‐LMR) was counted on the basis of data within one week before and after operation. The median of LMRc was chosen to be the optimal cut-off value to evaluate the prognostic value of LMRc.
Results
Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that LMRc ≤ 1.59 was significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS) (P = 0.003) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.008). Multivariate analysis suggested that LMRc could serve as an independent prognostic predictor for both OS (P = 0.006, HR = 0.687, 95% CI 0.526-0.898) and DFS (P = 0.003, HR = 0.640, 95% CI 0.476-0.859).
Conclusions
LMRc is a promising prognostic predictor for predicting the worse clinical outcome in patients with ESCC undergoing curative operation.
1. Background
The incidence of esophageal cancer is increasing, with an estimated 572,000 new cases globally in 2018. In China, esophageal carcinoma is the fifth most common carcinoma and the fourth leading cause of carcinoma mortality [1]. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for 90% of all cases in China [2, 3]. Despite intensive study aimed at developing therapies, the overall prognosis of patients including those with curative resection remains poor [4, 5]. Further studies are needed to identify new prognostic or predictive biomarkers that could help stratify patients for treatment.
Systemic inflammation plays a striking part in cancer development and progression [6]. Plentiful studies report that inflammatory biomarkers, for example, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), could be an independent prognostic factor in various cancers [7–11].
The treatment such as surgery and chemotherapy could cause change; therefore, the change of inflammatory biomarkers has been paid attention to recently. The dynamic change of NLR could be a better prognostic predictor in several cancers including gastric cancer [12], lung cancer [13], and kidney cancer [14]. Change in LMR could predict the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer [15]. The change of PLR was an independent prognostic predictor for clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [16]. However, whether the dynamic change of systemic inflammatory biomarkers in patients with ESCC is associated with clinical outcome remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the clinical outcome of ESCC and the dynamic change of systemic inflammatory response, including the change of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLRc), the change of lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMRc), and the change of platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLRc). The present study is aimed at evaluating whether LMRc has a significant relationship with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with ESCC.
2. Methods
2.1. Patient Selection
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of consecutive patients with ESCC at the Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China, which had received curative resection between Feb. 2008 and Feb. 2015. The eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed resectable ESCC. Individuals were excluded from the present study if they have received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before the surgery. The laboratory data, including preoperative neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and blood platelet, was obtained by preoperative examination one week before surgery and postoperative evaluation one week after surgery. As a result, 674 patients with newly diagnosed ESCC were enrolled in the present research. Follow-up was performed until Aug. 2016. Our research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
The endpoints of this study were OS, which was calculated from the time of diagnosis to the time of any cause of death and DFS that was between diagnosis and occurrence of local recurrence or distant metastases. NLRc (NLRc = pre‐NLR–post‐NLR), LMRc (LMRc = pre‐LMR–post‐LMR), and PLRc (PLRc = pre‐PLR–post‐PLR) were analyzed as continuous variables, which are expressed as median and interquartile range. All clinical features were counted as categorical variables, which are presented as numbers and percentage. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the relationship between LMRc and clinical features in patients with ESCC. The median of NLRc, LMRc, and PLRc were chosen to be the optimal cut-off value. OS and DFS were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed by the log-rank test. The Kaplan-Meier curve and the log-rank test were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 7 software. The hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval, and P value were estimated using COX regression analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS, version 19.0, statistical software. All the statistical analysis was two sided, and P < 0.05 was regarded as statistical significance.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
We enrolled 674 patients with ESCC who had received curative resection between Feb. 2008 and Feb. 2015. The median age of all individuals was 61 years (range: 35-81 years). The patients with less than 60 years were 310 (46.0%), and the patients with more than 60 years were 364 (54.0%). 576 (85.5%) cases were male, and 98 (14.5%) cases were female. There were 115 (17.1%) with stage 1a-1b, 226 (33.5%) with stage 2a-2b, and 333 (49.4%) with stage 3a-3c. There were 293 (43.5%) cases without lymph node metastasis, and 381 (56.5%) cases with lymph node metastasis. There were 468 (69.4%) patients without vessel invasion, and 206 (30.6%) patients with vessel invasion. 251 (37.2%) patients have nerve infiltration, while 423 (62.8%) patients have no nerve infiltration. Table 1 summarizes the clinical features of all patients in ESCC undergoing curative surgical resection, which was, in some cases, followed by adjuvant therapies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of 674 ESCC patients according to LMR change.
| Characteristics | N = 674 (%) | LMRc | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1.59 (N = 337) (%) | >1.59 (N = 337) (%) | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 576 (85.5) | 307 (91.1) | 269 (79.8) | <0.001 |
| Female | 98 (14.5) | 30 (8.9) | 68 (20.2) | |
| Age | ||||
| ≤60 years | 310 (46.0) | 146 (43.3) | 164 (48.7) | 0.164 |
| >60 years | 364 (54.0) | 191 (56.7) | 173 (51.3) | |
| Pathology grade | ||||
| Well | 49 (7.4) | 23 (7.0) | 26 (7.8) | 0.304 |
| Middle | 446 (67.5) | 231 (70.0) | 215 (65.0) | |
| Poorly | 164 (24.8) | 76 (23.0) | 88 (26.6) | |
| Undifferentiated | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) | |
| Depth of tumor | ||||
| T1a–1b | 64 (9.5) | 29 (8.6) | 35 (10.4) | 0.670 |
| T2 | 129 (19.1) | 63 (18.7) | 66 (19.6) | |
| T3 | 481 (71.4) | 245 (72.7) | 236 (70.0) | |
| Lymph node metastasis | ||||
| N0 | 293 (43.5) | 150 (44.5) | 143 (42.4) | 0.142 |
| N1 | 212 (31.5) | 101 (30.0) | 111 (32.9) | |
| N2 | 117 (17.4) | 53 (15.7) | 64 (19.0) | |
| N3 | 52 (7.7) | 33 (9.8) | 19 (5.6) | |
| Pathological stage | ||||
| 1a–1b | 115 (17.1) | 56 (16.6) | 59 (17.5) | 0.949 |
| 2a–2b | 226 (33.5) | 113 (33.5) | 113 (33.5) | |
| 3a–3c | 333 (49.4) | 168 (49.9) | 165 (49.0) | |
| Vessel invasive | ||||
| Yes | 206 (30.6) | 101 (30.0) | 105 (31.2) | 0.738 |
| No | 468 (69.4) | 236 (70.0) | 232 (68.8) | |
| Nerve infiltration | ||||
| Yes | 251 (37.2) | 125 (37.1) | 126 (37.4) | 0.936 |
| No | 423 (62.8) | 212 (62.9) | 211 (62.6) | |
| Treatment regimen | ||||
| S | 457 (67.8) | 224 (66.5) | 233 (69.1) | 0.757 |
| S+postoperative C | 155 (23.0) | 81 (24.0) | 74 (22.0) | |
| S+postoperative CRT | 62 (9.2) | 32 (9.5) | 30 (8.9) | |
| Hospital time | ||||
| ≤14 days | 560 (83.1) | 265 (78.6) | 295 (87.5) | 0.002 |
| >14 days | 114 (16.9) | 72 (21.4) | 42 (12.5) | |
| NLRc | ||||
| Median | -3.02 (-4.64–-1.69) | -2.26 (-3.93–-0.95) | -3.78 (-5.39–-2.49) | <0.001 |
| LMRc | ||||
| Median | 1.59 (0.71-2.69) | 0.71 (0.05-1.19) | 2.68 (2.02-3.54) | <0.001 |
| PLRc | ||||
| Median | -104.89 (-162.16–-54.85) | -100.65 (-159.19–-38.38) | -108.64 (-163.21–-72.47) | 0.003 |
3.2. Differences in OS and DFS according to LMRc
We chose the median as the cut-off value of -3.02 for NLRc, 1.59 for LMRc, and -104.89 for PLRc. We found that patients with lower LMRc (LMRc ≤ 1.59) were more likely to be male (P < 0.001), have increased hospital time (≥14 days) (P = 0.002) and lower dynamic change for NLR (P < 0.001), LMR (P < 0.001), and PLR (P = 0.003). Lower LMRc (LMRc ≤ 1.59) predicts worse clinical outcomes for OS (P = 0.003) and DFS (P = 0.008) (Figure 1). Lower NLRc and lower PLRc have no significant relationship with OS and DFS (data not shown). Spearman's analysis showed that LMRc were correlated with sex (P < 0.001) and hospital time (P = 0.019) (Table 2).
Figure 1.
Overall survival and disease-free survival analysis according the LMRc (a, b).
Table 2.
Spearman's analysis of correlation between LMR change and clinicopathological features.
| Variables | LMRc | |
|---|---|---|
| Spearman correlation | P value | |
| Sex | -0.198 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | -0.056 | 0.144 |
| Pathology grade | 0.019 | 0.619 |
| Depth of tumor | -0.04 | 0.3 |
| Lymph node metastasis | -0.009 | 0.811 |
| Pathological stage | -0.02 | 0.604 |
| Vessel invasive | 0.014 | 0.725 |
| Nerve infiltration | -0.004 | 0.91 |
| Treatment regimen | -0.041 | 0.291 |
| Hospital time (days) | -0.09 | 0.019 |
Univariate analysis indicated lower LMRc, pathology grade, depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, vessel invasive, and nerve infiltration as poor prognostic factors for OS (Table 3). In the multivariate analysis, we identified LMRc (P = 0.006), pathology grade (P = 0.020), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), and nerve infiltration (P = 0.002) as independent prognostic factors for OS (Table 3).
Table 3.
Overall survival analyses according to LMR change in 674 patients with ESCC.
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| NLRc | 1.013 | 0.972-1.055 | 0.542 | |||
| LMRc | 0.670 | 0.515-0.870 | 0.003 | 0.687 | 0.526-0.898 | 0.006 |
| PLRc | 1.000 | 0.998-1.001 | 0.485 | |||
| Sex | 1.249 | 0.841-1.855 | 0.270 | |||
| Age (years) | 1.000 | 0.983-1.017 | 0.999 | |||
| Pathology grade | 1.566 | 1.228-1.998 | <0.001 | 1.357 | 1.049-1.757 | 0.020 |
| Depth of tumor | 1.506 | 1.173-1.933 | 0.001 | 1.385 | 0.994-1.930 | 0.055 |
| Lymph node metastasis | 1.738 | 1.528-1.978 | <0.001 | 1.746 | 1.416-2.154 | <0.001 |
| Pathological stage | 1.897 | 1.538-2.342 | <0.001 | 0.811 | 0.555-1.186 | 0.280 |
| Vessel invasive | 1.770 | 1.356-2.310 | <0.001 | 1.172 | 0.875-1.570 | 0.287 |
| Nerve infiltration | 1.841 | 1.419-2.390 | <0.001 | 1.535 | 1.164-2.025 | 0.002 |
| Treatment regimen | 1.012 | 0.9-1.137 | 0.847 | |||
| Hospital time (days) | 1.007 | 0.997-1.016 | 0.169 | |||
For DFS, in the multivariate analysis that included LMRc, pathology grade, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, nerve infiltration, and treatment regimen proven to be significant factors in a univariate analysis, we found that LMRc, pathology grade, lymph node metastasis, nerve infiltration, and treatment regimen could be independent prognostic predictors (for LMRc: HR = 0.640; 95% CI 0.476-0.859; P = 0.003; Table 4).
Table 4.
Disease-free survival analyses according to LMR change in 674 patients with ESCC.
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| NLRc | 1.013 | 0.976-1.060 | 0.591 | |||
| LMRc | 0.677 | 0.507-0.905 | 0.008 | 0.640 | 0.476-0.859 | 0.003 |
| PLRc | 1.000 | 0.998-1.001 | 0.617 | |||
| Sex | 1.210 | 0.788-1.858 | 0.383 | |||
| Age (years) | 0.992 | 0.973-1.010 | 0.376 | |||
| Pathology grade | 1.652 | 1.264-2.157 | <0.001 | 1.515 | 1.140-2.014 | 0.004 |
| Depth of tumor | 1.144 | 0.902-1.450 | 0.266 | |||
| Lymph node metastasis | 1.598 | 1.377-1.853 | <0.001 | 1.534 | 1.222-1.926 | <0.001 |
| Pathological stage | 1.558 | 1.257-1.932 | <0.001 | 0.824 | 0.595-1.140 | 0.242 |
| Vessel invasive | 1.292 | 0.949-1.760 | 0.104 | |||
| Nerve infiltration | 1.623 | 1.213-2.170 | 0.001 | 1.580 | 1.160-2.150 | 0.004 |
| Treatment regimen | 1.385 | 1.233-1.556 | <0.001 | 1.284 | 1.133-1.45 | <0.001 |
| Hospital time (days) | 1.000 | 0.989-1.012 | 0.975 | |||
4. Discussion
In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that lower LMRc (LMRc ≤ 1.59) represents a novel independent poor prognostic biomarker in patients with ESCC undergoing curative resection. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that systemic inflammatory response, particularly NLR, LMR, and PLR, could be an independent prognostic predictor in a variety of carcinomas including ESCC [9, 17, 18]. The dynamic change of systemic inflammatory biomarkers reflects the change between the inflammation response and immune response in patients after treatments. Recently, some studies concentrated on the relationship between the dynamic change of systemic response and clinical outcome in patients after therapies. Postoperative elevation of NLR predicts poor clinical outcome in some cancers such as gastric cancer [12], lung cancer [13], and kidney cancer [14]. A retrospective study with 65 patients following esophageal resection proved that a higher NLRc predicts complications [19]. LMRc represents the prognostic factor in patients with lung cancer who received chemotherapy [15]. PLRc was associated with prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [16]. To the best of our knowledge, in patients with ESCC, up to now, a potential prognostic value has not been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic significance of NLRc, LMRc, and PLRc regarding two different endpoints.
We found that lower LMRc (LMRc ≤ 1.59) was significantly associated with gender (male) and hospital time (≥14 days). The incidence and mortality rates in male are 2-fold to 3-fold than those in female globally [1]. The eligibility criteria were consecutive patients with newly diagnosed ESCC who received curative surgical resection. There is a possibility that LMRc is related to gender. The relationship between LMRc and hospital time indicated that lower LMRc might be in a bad condition after surgery. Patients with lower LMRc may have complications, including fever or infection. Therefore, lower LMRc had significant longer hospital time after operation.
To date, research has emerged that shows inconsistent results about the prognostic value of microvascular invasion in patients with ESCC [20].The prognostic value of microvascular invasion in ESCC was investigated in various studies, and many suggested microvascular invasion as a crucial prognostic factor in ESCC and is related to adverse prognosis [21–24], whereas some did not reach any conclusive results indicating that microvascular invasion is correlated to the clinical outcome of ESCC [25, 26]. In the present study, we did not find that microvascular invasion could be an independent prognostic indicator. However, LMRc was an independent prognostic predictor for OS and DFS using multivariate analysis. These findings may contribute to explaining why lower LMRc are associated with hospital time (≥14 days). In our study, we found that NLRc and PLRc had no significant association with OS or DFS. Future studies about different clinical laboratories and races are needed to prove the findings. This study may impact the treatment practice for ESCC.
Although the molecular mechanism behind this prognostic significance remains hypothetical, published research side with our clinical findings. Monocytes, which constitute about 5% of the circulating leukocyte pool, play a crucial part in innate immunity [27]. Tumors are infiltrated with immune competent cells reflecting the antitumor response. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are derived from monocytes, are recruited to the microenvironment by chemotactic factors [28]. TAMs play a promising role in angiogenesis, invasion, and worse clinical outcome in various cancers [29–31]. Therefore, the absolute monocyte count may represent formation or presence of TAMs. On the one hand, TAMs promote tumor through stimulating the growth of cancer cells, promoting migration and metastasis [32]. Moreover, TAMs, which produce enzymes and inhibitors digesting the extracellular matrix, contribute to tumor invasion and migration [33, 34]. On the other hand, TAMs suppress the immune response by secreting chemokine that recruit T cell subsets without cytotoxic function [35]. A growing number of clinical research support the protumor role of TAMs in cancers, showing that TAMs could be an independent prognostic predictor in various cancers [36]. To reinforce the prognostic value of monocytes, we combined them with lymphocyte. Lymphocytes, particularly cytotoxic lymphocytes, function as the host defense against cancer cells and are applied in immunotherapy [37, 38]. Lymphocytopenia is a well-known result of a systemic inflammatory response accompanying malignant diseases [37]. The advantage of the present study is the large sample size. However, some shortcomings have to be taken into account, mostly based on the retrospective study and a single-center design.
5. Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first report indicating that LMRc is a novel independent prognostic factor in patients with ESCC undergoing curative resection. Large-scale prospective research are needed to prove our findings.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (contract/grant number: 81602615), General research program of Health Department of Zhejiang Province (contract/grant numbers: 2016KYA40, 2016KYB048, and 2020KY480), Zhejiang Youth Talents Project (contract/grant number: 2019RC026), and Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (contract/grant number: 2018C37130). We thank all the included patients and the investigators, including the clinicians and laboratory technicians in our study.
Abbreviations
- post-LMR:
Postoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio
- LMRc:
Postoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio change
- pre-LMR:
Preoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio
- ESCC:
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- OS:
Overall survival
- DFS:
Disease-free survival
- NLR:
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
- LMR:
Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio
- PLR:
Platelet to lymphocyte ratio
- NLRc:
The change of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
- PLRc:
The change of platelet to lymphocyte ratio
- HR:
Hazard ratio
- 95% CI:
95% confidence interval
- P:
Probability.
Data Availability
The datasets used in the present research are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethical Approval
All procedures in our research were based on the ethical standards of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The present research approval was obtained from the ethics committee at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital.
Consent
All participants gave written informed consent.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' Contributions
QS designed the study and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. JW collected material and data and was involved in the statistical interpretation of the data. SW and HJ collected material and data and performed statistical analysis. SC drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used in the present research are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.