To the Editor:
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by a novel coronavirus first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in December 2019. On January 23, 2020, the city of Wuhan with 11 million residents was placed on a city-wide quarantine, and by January 29, 2020, all 31 provinces in China announced the public health emergency. Psychological distress in the general population has been reported in China during the COVID-19 quarantine [1]. The healthcare system in Wuhan was quickly overwhelmed as tens of thousands of people with flu-like symptoms swarmed the hospitals. Frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) in Wuhan have been under tremendous pressure and risk of contracting COVID-19 since the beginning of the quarantine. As of February 12, 2020, 21,569 HCWs from other cities in China have been deployed to support emergency response efforts in Wuhan [2], while 1716 HCWs have contracted COVID-19 and 5 have died [3]. Two nurses deployed to Wuhan described the situation as “more difficult and extreme than [they] could ever have imagined” and they were “suffering psychologically.” [4] These experiences are consistent with the reports on increased psychological symptoms and conditions in HCWs during and after the SARS epidemic [[5], [6], [7]]. However, few studies have examined psychological symptoms in frontline HCWs during an outbreak.
To examine the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on frontline HCWs in Wuhan, we collected data between February 13–17, 2020 through a smartphone-based survey. Participants were frontline HCWs from two Wuhan-based hospitals (n = 200) and HCWs in the outreach team (n = 110) deployed to Wuhan from two outside hospitals. Participants reported their demographic characteristics, residence of origin, job type, prior experience with emergency response, whether family members or friends had contracted COVID-19 (Wuhan HCW only), psychological and material/supply preparedness, perceived ability to help patient (self-efficacy), sleep quality, perceived stress via Perceived Stress Scale (PSS [8]), depression via Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II [9]), and anxiety via Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI [10]). Details about the procedure and measures are included in Appendix A. All procedures involving human participants were approved by the institutional review board at the Shanghai Mental Health Center.
To examine the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on frontline HCWs in Wuhan, we collected data between February 13–17, 2020 through a smartphone-based survey. Participants were frontline HCWs from two Wuhan-based hospitals (n = 200) and HCWs in the outreach team (n = 110) deployed to Wuhan from two outside hospitals. Participants reported their demographic characteristics, residence of origin, job type, prior experience with emergency response, whether family members or friends had contracted COVID-19 (Wuhan HCW only), psychological and material/supply preparedness, perceived ability to help patient (self-efficacy), sleep quality, perceived stress via Perceived Stress Scale (PSS [8]), depression via Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II [9]), and anxiety via Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI [10]). Details about the procedure and measures are included in Appendix A. All procedures involving human participants were approved by the institutional review board at the Shanghai Mental Health Center.
Table 1 shows the demographic variables. The response rate was 30% for Wuhan/local HCWs (n = 60) and 67% for non-Wuhan/outreach HCWs (n = 74). Compared to Wuhan HCWs, outreach HCWs had higher education attainment, were more prepared psychologically and supply-wise, and were generally better adjusted in terms of having better sleep quality, lower perceived stress, and lower depressive symptoms (all ps < .05).
Table 1.
Sample Demographics and Descriptive Statistics.
| Total (n = 134) |
Local/Wuhan (n = 60) |
Outreach/Non-Wuhan (n = 74) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) or N (%) | M (SD) or N (%) | M (SD) or N (%) | p | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 36.00 (8.05) | 37.65 (9.72) | 34.66 (6.1) | * |
| Female | 81 (60.5) | 41 (68.3) | 40 (54.1) | |
| Types of healthcare worker | ||||
| support staff | 32 (23.9) | 16 (26.7) | 16 (21.6) | |
| nurses | 55 (41.0) | 20 (33.3) | 35 (47.3) | |
| doctors | 47 (35.1 | 24 (40.0) | 23 (31.1) | |
| Education | *** | |||
| associate degree or below | 43 (32.1) | 36 (60.0) | 7 (9.4) | |
| college degree | 65 (48.5) | 17 (28.3) | 48 (64.9) | |
| postgraduate | 26 (19.4) | 7 (11.7) | 19 (25.7) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| married | 115 (85.8) | 50 (83.3) | 65 (87.8) | |
| not married | 19 (14.2) | 10 (16.7) | 9 (12.2) | |
| Prior experience with emergency response | ||||
| yes | 14 (10.4) | 7 (11.7) | 7 (9.5) | |
| no | 120 (89.6) | 53 (88.3) | 67 (90.5) | |
| Knowledge, training, and mental health | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | |
| Lacking knowledge about emergency response | 1.15 (0.79) | 1.18 (0.95) | 1.12 (0.64) | |
| Lacking knowledge about COVID-19 | 0.88 (0.67) | 0.77 (0.70) | 0.97 (0.64) | |
| Lacking psychological preparedness | 2.26 (2.35) | 3.08 (2.67) | 1.59 (1.81) | *** |
| Lacking material preparedness | 3.25 (2.55) | 4.50 (2.67) | 2.24 (1.94) | *** |
| Poor sleep quality | 3.71 (2.93) | 4.63 (2.95) | 2.96 (2.70) | ** |
| Perceived stress (PSS) | 13.81 (6.34) | 15.40 (6.69) | 12.53 (5.77) | ** |
| Depression (BDI-II) | 5.76 (7.04) | 7.27 (7.51) | 4.54 (6.44) | * |
| Anxiety (BAI) | 4.96 (8.13) | 5.85 (7.50) | 4.24 (8.59) |
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Appendix B shows the prevalence of elevated depressive (BDI-II scores ≥ 14) and anxiety symptoms (BAI scores ≥ 8): 12.7% and 20.1% of HCWs had at least mild depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. More than half (59.0%) had moderate to severe levels of perceived stress (PSS scores ≥ 14). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were more common among women, Wuhan HCWs, those who were less psychologically prepared, lacking psychological preparedness, lacking perceived self-efficacy help patients, and lacking family support, as well as those with poor sleep quality. After adjusting for age, gender, and residence of origin, logistic regression results show that a lack of perceived psychological preparedness, perceived self-efficacy to help the patients, family support; greater perceived stress; or having poor sleep quality were associated with both elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms. Lacking knowledge about COVID-19, higher education attainment, having family or friends infected the virus were also associated with elevated anxiety symptoms. Fear of getting infected for themselves and colleagues were ranked as the top sources of stress and anxiety. Getting medical and daily living supplies were top-ranked in terms of HCWs' current needs (Appendix C).
Appendix B shows the prevalence of elevated depressive (BDI-II scores ≥ 14) and anxiety symptoms (BAI scores ≥ 8): 12.7% and 20.1% of HCWs had at least mild depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. More than half (59.0%) had moderate to severe levels of perceived stress (PSS scores ≥ 14). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were more common among women, Wuhan HCWs, those who were less psychologically prepared, lacking psychological preparedness, lacking perceived self-efficacy help patients, and lacking family support, as well as those with poor sleep quality. After adjusting for age, gender, and residence of origin, logistic regression results show that a lack of perceived psychological preparedness, perceived self-efficacy to help the patients, family support; greater perceived stress; or having poor sleep quality were associated with both elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms. Lacking knowledge about COVID-19, higher education attainment, having family or friends infected the virus were also associated with elevated anxiety symptoms. Fear of getting infected for themselves and colleagues were ranked as the top sources of stress and anxiety. Getting medical and daily living supplies were top-ranked in terms of HCWs' current needs (Appendix C).
To our knowledge, this study is among the first to report the psychological symptoms of Chinese frontline HCWs in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with prior evidence [[5], [6], [7]], our results suggest frontline HCWs in Wuhan during the peak of the outbreak were under moderate to severe stress and many reported elevated anxiety and depression. Wuhan HCWs (vs. outreach), demonstrated greater vulnerability for stress and depression. This study's limitations include relatively small sample sizes; using single-item ratings; low response rate for Wuhan HCWs; potential selection bias (e.g., responders might be healthier and experience more symptoms than non-responders); and lack of information on HCW work hours and workload. Nevertheless, our results suggest frontline HCWs should be closely monitored as a high-risk group for depression and anxiety, and given proper training (e.g., COVID-19 knowledge, stress management, self-care) before deployment; some require psychological interventions. Greater protection gear supplies, on-going monitoring and provision of psychological support, strong family support may also increase frontline HCWs' resilience to stress and psychological symptoms during a public health emergency.
The following are the supplementary data related to this article.
Appendix A. Supplemental Material
Appendix B. Supplemental Table 1
Appendix C. Supplemental Table 2
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.011.
Declaration of competing interest
None.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Appendix A. Supplemental Material
Appendix B. Supplemental Table 1
Appendix C. Supplemental Table 2