Abstract
Objective:
Investigate marked variability in fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns before delivery and its association with neonatal morbidity and abnormal arterial cord gases.
Study Design:
Prospective cohort of laboring patients at term. Composite neonatal morbidity (respiratory distress, mechanical ventilation, suspected sepsis, meconium aspiration syndrome, therapeutic hypothermia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, seizure and death) and abnormal arterial cord gases (pH<7.10, lactate ≥4 mmol/L, base deficit < −12 mEq/L) were assessed with multivariable logistic regression.
Result:
390 (4.5%) neonates had marked variability in FHR patterns before delivery. There was no difference in composite neonatal morbidity (aRR 1.22; 95%CI 0.91-1.63), though neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns were more likely to have respiratory distress (aRR 1.85; 95%CI 1.25-2.70). There was an increased risk of composite abnormal arterial cord gases (aRR 1.66; 95%CI 1.47-1.88).
Conclusion:
Marked variability in FHR patterns was not associated with composite neonatal morbidity but was associated with abnormal arterial cord gases.
INTRODUCTION
Electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns is ubiquitously used to monitor fetal well-being in the United States during labor1,2. The 3-tiered Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human and Development (NICHD) system for categorizing FHR patterns is used to identify those neonates at risk of developing neonatal acidemia and subsequent morbidity3 (Table 1). One ongoing challenge in obstetrics is balancing the indeterminate fetal risk with category II monitoring versus maternal risk of operative delivery1,2,4. Furthermore, >80% of fetuses will experience a category II tracing during labor2.
Table 1.
Three-Tier Fetal Heart Rate Interpretation Systema
| Category I |
| Category I fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings include all of the following |
|
| Category II |
| Category II FHR tracings include all FHR tracings not categorized as Category I or Category III. Category II tracings may represent an appreciable fraction of those encountered in clinical care. Examples of Category II FHR tracings include any of the following: |
| Baseline rate |
|
| Baseline FHR variability |
|
| Accelerations |
|
| Periodic or episodic decelerations |
|
| Category III |
| Category III FHR tracings include either |
| Absent baseline FHR variability and any of the following |
|
| Sinusoidal pattern |
Modified from Macones GA et al. The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop report on electronic fetal monitoring: update on definitions, interpretation, and research guidelines. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(3):661-666.
Defined as neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns at any time point in the 120 minutes before delivery
Within the FHR tier system, category II remains the largest category of FHR with the greatest degree of uncertainty as it pertains to intrapartum well-being. One specific example of a category II feature with very limited research is marked variability in FHR patterns5-10. FHR variability is thought to be a reflection of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system3. The existing literature demonstrates that moderate variability reliably in FHR patterns predicts the absence of damaging degrees of hypoxia-induced metabolic acidemia at the time it is observed11. The significance of marked variability in FHR patterns, however, may be a normal variant or an exaggerated autonomic response to transient interruption of fetal oxygenation. For example, marked variability in FHR patterns have been observed with seizures in human and sheep studies after a terminal hypoxic event12. Clarifying the significance of marked variability in FHR patterns may aid clinicians when balancing the fetal risk of acidosis/morbidity versus maternal risk of operative delivery, particularly during a category II FHR pattern.
Given the widespread use of FHR but limited literature on the significance of marked variability in FHR patterns, our objective was to investigate the incidence before delivery and to examine the risk of neonatal morbidity and abnormal arterial cord gases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a planned secondary analysis of a single-center, prospective cohort study of all consecutive women in labor at term with a singleton, non-anomalous infant from 2010 through 20157. The objective of the primary study was to describe the frequency of FHR patterns seen in labor using modern nomenclature and to test the hypothesis that visually interpreted patterns are associated with acidemia and morbidity in term infants. The Washington University School of Medicine Human Research Protection Office approved this study prior to enrollment (IRB number 201102438). Universal continuous FHR patterns and arterial umbilical cord gases including lactate at delivery are collected as standard of care at our institution. Patients were included in this study if they had sufficient FHR patterns, defined as at least 30 minutes of FHR patterns in the 120 minutes prior to delivery. This definition enabled generalizability and prevented exclusion of cases where clinical events (e.g. epidural placement, precipitous labor) precluded optimization of continuous monitoring. Excluded were women who were not in labor, not at term gestation, had a multi-fetal gestation, did not have continuous FHR recording, and neonates from whom umbilical artery blood samples were not obtained.
The primary outcomes were a composite 1) neonatal morbidity and 2) abnormal arterial cord gases. Composite neonatal morbidity consisted of ≥ 1 of the following: Respiratory distress, mechanical ventilation, suspected sepsis, meconium aspiration syndrome, therapeutic hypothermia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, seizure, and death. Respiratory distress was defined as nasal flaring, subcostal and intercostal retractions, and need for supplemental oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation > 95% without a specified duration of time. Composite abnormal arterial cord gases was defined as ≥ 1 of the following: umbilical artery (UA) pH<7.10, UA lactate ≥4 mmol/L, UA base deficit < −12 mEq/L. UA lactate is universally collected at our institution secondary to the association with neonatal morbidity13,14 as well as venous blood gases to ensure validity. UA artery and vein samples were collected by trained and experienced providers. Using historical data from our institution, the accuracy of this collection is >90%13,15. An UA pH of < 7.10 was selected as an attempt to identify term fetuses who have developed abnormal pH. Information regarding maternal characteristics, antenatal care, labor outcomes, and neonatal diagnoses were collected from medical records by trained research staff.
FHR patterns in the final 120 minutes prior to delivery were interpreted in 10-minute epochs by trained obstetric research nurses with high inter-observer and intra-observer reliability7. Epochs of 10-minutes were selected based on the NICHD definitions of fetal heart parameters. The obstetric research nurses performed blinded assessments of 30 FHR tracings after every 500 patients during the course of the study, with a range of kappa of 0.83-0.95.7 FHR recordings were obtained with external and internal monitors, as clinically indicated. Five elements of the FHR were extracted using strict and unambiguous definitions from the NICHD criteria. Marked variability in FHR patterns was defined as fluctuations in FHR amplitude of > 25 beats per minute based on 10-minute epochs, excluding accelerations and decelerations from baseline. Baseline clinical characteristics between neonates with and without marked variability in FHR patterns were compared using x2 or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U test or Student t test for continuous variables, as appropriate. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each of the outcomes of interests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for pertinent confounding variables, which were identified by those variables that had at least a 10% effect size on the RR or were clinically relevant as confounders. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 for Windows.
RESULTS
Of the 14,450 enrolled in the primary study, 5,870 were excluded (2,861 preterm births, 1,505 cesarean prior to labor, 530 had insufficient FHR, 298 major anomalies, 294 multiple gestation, 373 lacked umbilical artery pH and 9 were incarcerated) leaving a final cohort of 8,580. Among the final cohort of 8,580, 390 (4.5%) or approximately 1 in 20 neonates had marked variability in FHR patterns at any time point in the 120 minutes prior to delivery while 8,190 (95.5%) did not (Figure 1). Acidemia defined as UA pH <7.10 was rare and occurred in 149 (1.7%) of the neonates. Of those neonates with acidemia, 10/149 (6.7%) of neonates had marked variability in FHR patterns before delivery while 139/149 (93.3%) did not (Figure 1). Neonates who had marked variability in FHR patterns were born to women who were younger, more likely to be nulliparous and obese, compared to neonates without marked variability in FHR patterns (Table 2). Neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns were also more likely to be born to women who had their labor induced and deliver via an operative or cesarean section. Neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns were more likely to have a lower UA pH, higher UA pCO2, higher UA bicarbonate, and more UA base deficit compared to those neonates born without marked variability in FHR patterns. There were no differences in neonatal Apgar scores regardless of the presence or absence of marked variability in FHR patterns (Table 2).
Figure 1.
Flowchart of study participants
a Marked variability in FHR patterns was defined as fluctuations in FHR amplitude of > 25 beats per minute based on 10-minute epochs, excluding accelerations and decelerations from baseline in the last 120 minutes
bAcidemia defined as umbilical artery pH <7.10
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics among women and neonates with and without marked variability in FHR patterns in the last 120 minutes before delivery (N=8,580)a
| Characteristic | Marked Variability in FHR patternsb (n= 390) |
No Marked Variability in FHR patterns (n= 8190) |
P-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, years | 25.0 ± 6.0 | 25.8 ± 5.9 | 0.01 |
| Maternal age ≥ 35, years | 29 (7.4) | 735 (9.0) | 0.30 |
| Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 39.2 ± 1.3 | 38.9 ± 1.2 | <0.01 |
| Nulliparous | 215 (55.1) | 3456 (42.2) | <0.01 |
| Race | 0.26 | ||
| African American | 267 (68.5) | 5298 (64.7) | |
| Caucasian | 79 (20.3) | 1862 (22.7) | |
| Latina | 23 (5.9) | 590 (7.2) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.5 ± 7.9 | 32.2 ± 7.3 | <0.01 |
| Labor | <0.01 | ||
| Spontaneous | 190 (48.7) | 4603 (56.2) | |
| Induction | 200 (51.3) | 3587 (43.8) | |
| Any hypertensive disorder | 68 (17.4) | 1394 (17.0) | 0.83 |
| Gestational diabetes | 6 (1.5) | 255 (3.1) | 0.08 |
| Pregestational diabetes mellitus | 4 (1.0) | 119 (1.5) | 0.49 |
| Oligohydramnios | 10 (2.6) | 122 (1.5) | 0.23 |
| Prior cesarean | 36 (9.2) | 725 (8.9) | 0.80 |
| Prostaglandin use | 79 (20.3) | 1449 (17.7) | 0.20 |
| Foley bulb use | 51 (13.1) | 928 (11.3) | 0.29 |
| Oxytocin use | 14 (3.6) | 351 (4.3) | 0.03 |
| Birthweight, grams | 3281 ± 441 | 3241 ± 464 | 0.09 |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal | 247 (63.3) | 6458 (78.9) | <0.01 |
| Operative vaginal | 42 (10.8) | 370 (4.5) | <0.01 |
| Cesarean | 101 (25.9) | 1362 (16.3) | <0.01 |
| Umbilical Arterial Cord Gases | |||
| pH | 7.2 ± 0.07 | 7.3 ± 0.06 | <0.01 |
| pCO2 | 57.1 ± 9.8 | 54.6 ± 9.8 | <0.01 |
| HCO3 | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | <0.01 |
| Base deficit | −3.9 ± 2.6 | −3.0 ± 2.6 | <0.01 |
| Apgar <7 at 5 minutes | 13 (3.3) | 195 (2.4) | 0.23 |
Data are number (percent) or mean ± standard deviation
Excludes preterm births, cesarean prior to labor, insufficient FHR, major anomalies, multiple gestation, no UA pH and incarcerated women
Defined as neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns at any time point in the 120 minutes before delivery
P values based on Student t test, Fisher’s exact test, and X2
Of the 8,580 neonates in our cohort, 757 (8.8%) had the composite neonatal morbidity while 2,212 (25.8%) had the composite abnormal arterial cord gases. After adjusting for advanced maternal age and obesity, neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns in the 120 minutes prior to delivery did not have increased risk of the composite neonatal morbidity (11% vs 8.7%, adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.22, 0.91-1.63) but they did have increased risk of composite abnormal arterial cord gases (41.5% vs 25%, aRR 1.66, 1.47-1.88) (Table 3). Among the individual components of the composites, neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns had increased risk for respiratory distress (7.2% vs 3.7%, adjusted risk ratio 1.85, 95% CI 1.26-2.70). The increased risk of composite abnormal arterial cord gases was largely driven by elevated lactate (41.5% vs 25.0%, aRR 1.66, 1.47-1.88). Additionally, after adjusting for operative delivery, maternal age and obesity, neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns continued to have increased risk of respiratory distress (aRR 1.56, 1.07-2.27) and elevated UA lactate (aRR 1.61, 1.43-1.83). There was no difference in the other individual components of the composite outcomes (Table 3).
Table 3.
Association between neonatal morbidity and abnormal arterial cord gases among neonates with and without marked variability in FHR patterns in the last 120 minutes before delivery (N=8,580)a
| Markedb Variability in FHR patterns (n= 390) |
No Marked Variability in FHR patterns (n= 8190) |
Unadjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Risk Ratioc (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite neonatal morbidityd | 43 (11.0) | 714 (8.7) | 1.26 (0.95, 1.69) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.63) |
| Respiratory distress | 28 (7.2) | 304 (3.7) | 1.93 (1.33, 2.81) | 1.85 (1.26, 2.70) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 3 (0.8) | 47 (0.6) | 1.34 (0.42, 4.29) | 1.34 (0.42, 4.30) |
| Meconium aspiration syndrome | 3 (0.8) | 19 (0.2) | 3.32 (0.98, 11.16) | 3.14 (0.93, 10.56) |
| Suspected sepsis | 34 (8.7) | 593 (7.2) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.68) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) |
| Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy | 0 (0.0) | 35 (0.4) | -- | -- |
| Therapeutic hypothermia | 1 (0.3) | 41 (0.5) | 0.51 (0.07, 3.71) | 0.48 (0.07, 3.50) |
| Seizures | 0 (0.0) | 18 (0.2) | -- | -- |
| Neonatal death | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | -- | -- |
| Composite abnormal arterial cord gase | 162 (41.5) | 2050 (25.0) | 1.66 (1.47, 1.88) | 1.66 (1.47, 1.88) |
| Base deficit (<−12) | 3 (0.8) | 54 (0.7) | 1.16 (0.36, 3.73) | 1.16 (0.36, 3.69) |
| Acidemia (pH < 7.10) | 10 (2.6) | 139 (1.7) | 1.51 (0.80, 2.85) | 1.50 (0.80, 2.84) |
| Elevated lactate (≥ 4) | 162 (41.5) | 2043 (25.0) | 1.65 (1.46, 1.87) | 1.66 (1.47, 1.88) |
Data are number (percent)
Excludes preterm births, cesarean prior to labor, insufficient FHR, major anomalies, multiple gestation, no UA pH and incarcerated women
Defined as neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns at any time point in the 120 minutes before delivery
Adjusted for advanced maternal age and obesity
Includes death, therapeutic hypothermia, mechanical ventilation, respiratory distress, meconium aspiration syndrome, seizures, suspected sepsis, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Includes base deficit < −12, umbilical artery acidemia pH < 7.10, or elevated lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L
Marked variability in FHR patterns occurred more frequently as delivery became closer over the 120 minutes (Figure 2). There was no significant relationship with when marked variability in FHR patterns occurred and neonatal acidemia during the 120 minutes prior to delivery. This remained true for any individual 10-minute epoch or when grouped in 30 minute increments prior to delivery (Table 4). Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis, regardless of internal or external fetal monitoring (i.e. fetal scalp electrode 19 versus 130 of 149 neonates with acidemia, respectively) there was no association with between marked variability in FHR patterns and acidemia over time.
Figure 2.
Time marked variability in FHR patterns occurred by 10-minute epochs in the last 120 minutes before delivery (N=390)
Table 4.
Relationship between time marked variability in FHR patterns occurred and neonatal acidemia in the last 120 minutes before delivery (N=8,850)a
| Time of Marked Variability in FHR Patterns Prior to Delivery, minutesb (n=390) |
Acidemia (n= 10) |
No Acidemia (n=380) |
P-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|
| 91-120 | 1 (0.7) | 50 (0.6) | 0.59 |
| 61-90 | 2 (1.3) | 73 (0.9) | 0.38 |
| 31-60 | 2 (1.3) | 113 (1.3) | 0.99 |
| ≤30 | 7 (4.7) | 211 (2.5) | 0.11 |
Data are in number (percent) and grouped epochs are not mutually exclusive
Excludes preterm births, cesarean prior to labor, insufficient FHR, major anomalies, multiple gestation, lacked umbilical artery pH and incarcerated women
Defined as neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns at any time point in the 120 minutes before delivery
Fisher exact tests
DISCUSSION
Marked variability in FHR patterns is a rare component of FHR patterns occurring in 1 in 20 neonates during the 120 minutes prior to delivery in term neonates. Marked variability in FHR patterns was not associated with a composite neonatal morbidity. However, neonates with marked variability in FHR patterns in the 120 minutes prior to delivery had increased risk of respiratory distress and composite abnormal arterial cord gases that was largely driven by elevated UA lactate. Furthermore, there was no association over time between when marked variability in FHR patterns occurred in the 120 minutes prior to delivery and acidemia.
Our study builds on limited literature on marked variability in FHR patterns. Triebwasser et. al demonstrated that neonates who underwent an operative delivery for non-reassuring fetal status had higher rates of marked variability in FHR patterns prior to initiation of the operative delivery compared to neonates undergoing operative delivery for other indications8. Siira et. al found that fetal heart variability as a continuous variable initially increased, but then decreased, in acidotic fetuses compared to controls in the last hour of monitoring before delivery. They suggested that the presence or absence of marked variability in FHR patterns, rather than timing of occurrence before delivery, is important for fetuses with acidemia5. Similar to our results, Liu et. al found an association between marked variability in FHR patterns and term neonatal respiratory morbidity (aOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.5-5.0)6. Our findings are congruent and build upon this previous research of marked variability in FHR patterns.
The association between marked variability in FHR patterns, neonatal anaerobic metabolism and neonatal respiratory morbidity is biologically plausible. Marked variability in FHR patterns may represent an increased sympathetic response in the neonate due to a stressful intrapartum event (e.g. cord compression, meconium) that has not occurred with enough frequency or intensity to cause overt acidemia. Rather, it results in increased activity of the anaerobic pathway where lactate is synthesized as a byproduct. The rate of lactate synthesis is dependent on the activity of the anaerobic pathway and may be increased due to enhanced epinephrine activity (e.g. higher sympathetic nervous system response) or systemic illness16. Additionally, elevated lactate used in our composite outcome is a strong predictor for neonatal morbidity at term.13,14 In vitro17 and in vivo18-23 studies have demonstrated an association between compromised lung tissue and elevated lactate both in animal and human studies. A net lactate production has been shown to lead to vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterioles in humans which at the time of delivery may impair oxygen exchange at the level of the alveoli resulting in respiratory distress in the neonate24,25. It is plausible that this pathway may be at work in term infants with marked variability in FHR patterns in the 120 minutes prior to delivery even after controlling for known risk factors of elevated lactate (e.g. maternal obesity and operative delivery).
Limited research exists to guide clinicians and intrapartum management in the presence of marked variability in FHR patterns. Increasingly, research supports that not all category II tracings should be managed the same and that there is a wide spectrum of category II tracings that require careful interpretation7,26-28. For example, the primary study by Cahill et. al found that total deceleration area is the most predictive FHR feature for acidemia and when combined with fetal tachycardia, significant neonatal morbidity. Furthermore, once the deceleration area threshold is reached, the number of cesareans needed-to-be performed to potentially prevent 1 case of acidemia and neonatal morbidity is 5 and 6 respectively. Our findings do not support that marked variability in FHR patterns as an isolated characteristic is predictive of neonatal acidemia or composite neonatal morbidity. For example, many existing algorithms to help clinicians weigh risks and benefits for expedited delivery in category II tracings such as the one outlined by Clark et. al do not take marked variability in FHR patterns into account26. Meanwhile, another management algorithm by Downs et. al suggests that you may observe or consider conservative measures (e.g. maternal position, discontinue oxytocin, administer oxygen, amnioinfusion, evaluate for infection, etc.) when marked variability in FHR patterns is encountered28.
While intrapartum management of marked variability in FHR patterns was not clarified through this study, our study highlights the need for continued research of marked variability in FHR patterns in conjunction with other FHR patterns, particularly given the potential risk of respiratory issues following delivery. This information may be useful in hospitals with limited resources that may not have pediatricians or ancillary staff readily available for immediate respiratory support of the neonate at the time of delivery. Additional research is needed to validate and examine other FHR patterns such as relationship to uterine contractions, maternal pushing, and decelerations in combination with marked variability in FHR patterns as it relates to neonatal acidemia and neonatal morbidity.
The study’s greatest strength is that it highlights and focuses on marked variability in FHR patterns as an under investigated and poorly described FHR characteristic within category II tracings. However, our study also has several limitations. First, our study examines the association between a rare FHR event and even more rare neonatal outcomes. This may underestimate the true risks of marked variability in FHR patterns on neonatal morbidity and acidemia as acidemia occurred in only 139 (1.6%) of neonates in our cohort. Second, our study is a secondary analysis from a single center which may represent biased internal interpretation and management of the FHR recordings that may not be universally applied. Third, there may be other maternal or intrapartum confounders not measured in our study cohort (e.g. drugs, other FHR patterns such as decelerations, relationship to contractions, maternal effort, fetal position in maternal pelvis) that may confound the associations we described. While our study builds on and supports a potential pathway between marked variability in FHR patterns, elevated lactate, and respiratory distress in term neonates, no practice changes should be implemented based on our findings and its limitations at this time.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, marked variability in FHR patterns occurred in approximately 1 in 20 neonates before delivery and was not associated with increased risk of composite neonatal morbidity. However, marked variability in FHR patterns was associated with an increased risk of respiratory distress and elevated UA cord blood lactate.
Acknowledgments
Funding: This work was funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (R01HD061619-01, PI Cahill). Dr Cahill was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Faculty Physician Scholar, which partially supported this work. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH or Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Footnotes
Poster Presentation: Presented at the 39th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine, February 15th, 2019 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Financial Disclosure: The authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest. Each author has indicated that he or she has met the journal’s requirements for authorship.
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