If You Build It They Will Come…and Stay: A Community-Based Family Medicine Program

Abstract

Introduction

In response to a government request to address physician shortages in underserved communities, the University of Toronto (U of T) established the Family Medicine Residency Program (FMRP) at the Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre (RVH) in Barrie, Ontario, Canada. Prior to establishing the FMRP, approximately 21% of Barrie residents did not have a family physician. This study investigated residents’ training experiences, strengths and opportunities for improvement of a community FMRP, reasons why graduates choose to work in Barrie after graduation, and graduates’ practice setting and location.

Methods

RVH graduates from 2011–2016 (N=45) were invited to participate. Semistructured one-on-one interviews sought insight into graduates’ experience in the program. We collected online survey data to gather demographic information. We determined current practice location using a government-funded data set and the public registry of the provincial licensing body.

Results

Analysis of qualitative data provided insights into an overwhelmingly positive educational experience that contributed to graduates choosing to stay and work in Barrie. Participants noted the wide range of hands-on training opportunities as a strength of the program. They perceived that the program added value to the local community by increasing capacity to provide care to an underserved patient population. Tracking data demonstrated that two-thirds of graduates continued to work in the RVH region after graduation.

Conclusions

The successful establishment of a new university-affiliated FMRP in an underserved community provides a strong mechanism to recruit physicians. Training in this setting provided excellent educational experiences to residents, who felt prepared to enter independent practice upon completion of training.

Introduction

In response to a government request to address physician shortages in underserved communities, the University of Toronto (U of T) Department of Family and Community Medicine (DFCM) established a community-based Family Medicine Residency Program (FMRP) at the Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre (RVH) in Barrie, Ontario, Canada in 2009. RVH was one of five community hospitals where the DFCM opened new FMRPs, a process supported by rigorous academic research, affiliation agreements, and strong community investment and engagement.¹

RVH is a regional health center located 60 miles north of Toronto. In 2007, prior to establishing the FMRP, the city estimated that 30,000 of its approximately 145,000 residents did not have a family physician. RVH also serves the nearly half million people of the surrounding Simcoe Muskoka region. RVH is part of one of the largest interprofessional family health teams in Ontario, providing primary health care to the community, with 93 family physicians and a roster of approximately 150,000 patients.

Prior to establishment of the FMRP, RVH provided elective opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate medical learners. Today, RVH provides core family medicine training to 18 residents and 9 to 12 undergraduate clinical clerks per year.

Research has shown that physicians are more likely to settle in communities where they are educated and trained.^2–6 Therefore, U of T and RVH viewed the FMRP and the city’s participation in residency training as a strategy for the community to address local physician recruitment needs.

Our research aimed to answer the question “What do the experiences of RVH FMRP graduates suggest for the successful expansion of community-based residency programs in an underserviced community?”

Methods

We undertook a multimethods study to explore the experiences of RVH graduates, with the aim of identifying the program’s strengths, distinctive features, and opportunities for improvement. The U of T Research Ethics Board approved the study. As this was a small total cohort, all RVH FMRP graduates from 2011 to 2016 (N=45) were invited to participate.

The study consisted of three parts:

1. Online survey data was collected to solicit details of consenting participants’ educational background, sociodemographic characteristics, current medical practice, job satisfaction, and future plans.

2. We conducted semistructured one-on-one interviews to gain insight into graduates’ experience in the program. We applied principles of purposive, maximum variation sampling to ensure that any potentially significant gaps in the sample would be identified and addressed in the analysis. An independent qualitative researcher (L.R.) conducted this work to mitigate against potential bias. Interviews were digitally recorded for verbatim transcription. L.R. checked all transcripts against the sound files for accuracy and corrected where necessary. Corrected transcripts were entered into HyperResearch software for qualitative data analysis and coded for anticipated and emergent themes. We developed a coding framework, and undertook open, axial, and selective coding iteratively to produce a descriptive, thematic analysis of findings. The analysis used constant comparison, including searches for disconfirming evidence.^7,8

   The high response rate yielded sufficient variation and there were no concerns about aspects of experience in the program missing from the data. Consistency of responses across the interviews was suggestive of thematic saturation.

3. Current practice location was determined using a government-funded data set and the public registry of the provincial licensing body.

Results

Survey Data

Thirty graduates completed the survey:

• The majority (84%) were Canadian medical graduates (CMGs; 81.9% of all Barrie residents were CMGs, as were 83.2% of U of T Greater Toronto Area [GTA] residents).

• Respondents were 62% male (compared to 50% of Barrie residents and 31% of U of T GTA residents).

• Respondents growing up in a small town or rural environment represented 48%, compared to 21% who reported growing up in a large city.

• Comprehensive primary care was being delivered by 53% of graduates; 37% worked primarily in a hospital setting (emergency room, medicine/inpatient unit), and 7% were in advanced family medicine training (Figure 1).

• Job satisfaction was 93% (28/30 satisfied/very satisfied, Figure 2); only 17% indicated that they would very likely change their job setting in the next 5 years.

Figure 1.

2011–2016 Graduates’ Main Practice Setting (n=30)

Figure 2.

2011–2016 Graduates’ Job Satisfaction (n=30)

Qualitative Data

We conducted 19 semistructured telephone interviews:

• Thirteen (68.4%) had been in practice 1 to 5 years, three (15.8%) were new to practice (less than 1 year) and three (15.8%) were in enhanced skills training.

• Seven (36.8%) indicated they worked in Barrie, five (26.3%) worked in Barrie and other locations, six (31.6%) worked in small towns and cities, and one (5.3%) worked in another province.

Data analysis provided insights into an overwhelmingly positive educational experience with a wide range of learning opportunities, participants’ reasons for choosing to train in Barrie and/or to stay and practice in Barrie, and some areas were identified for improvement (Table 1).

Table 1.

Sample Feedback From Participants on Their Experience at RVH (n=19)

Topic	Sample Resident Comments
Reasons for choosing Barrie	Both my husband and I, our families are from this part of Ontario so we wanted to come down this way. Small town feel despite being a relatively big city … close access to lots of outdoor stuff, that’s what appealed to me. I liked the horizontal training … the opportunity to have my own roster. To be doing comprehensive care and looking after my patients the entire time was much more attractive versus the block system.
Strength of the program	I don’t regret anything and I don’t feel like I missed anything … speaking with my peers who were downtown … I think I had a better experience … Just the learning opportunities I was able to have and the one-on-one relationship with the staff … people sought me out to do interesting things or … to give me additional opportunities to do things I was interested in. In medical school … when there’s only one baby to be delivered and there’s a family medicine resident and an obstetrics resident, the obstetrics resident did it. When there was only one surgery to be done, the surgery resident did it, not the family medicine resident … whereas in Barrie … any good learning opportunity is yours for the taking. You weren’t the resident seeing Dr X’s patients, I was their doctor … If there’s something very sensitive, some of the patients were uncomfortable because they’d formed a bond with Dr X for years. Sometimes then, the resident misses out on those opportunities, whereas I was it. Almost all of them would say things like, “Hey, we love doing this. We learn as much from you residents as you learn from us” … It really makes you feel good about what you’re doing … [it was] a very collegial atmosphere in which the preceptors respected the residents just as much as we respected our preceptors.
Outcome of training in Barrie	I stayed in Barrie because I did my residency here, for sure. I liked all the different physicians and different people I met and I liked the community and so it was an easy decision for me to just stay here afterwards. It felt like it would be professionally very hard to go somewhere else … Networking is a huge part and you create friendships amongst the medical staff … I already knew the family health team … and I knew there was lots of need for family doctors … there was absolutely no reason to leave. There were patients that I started seeing and I saw them for the whole two years. And, actually, a bunch of those patients, I took on as patients when I transferred here to practice. So, I actually have still about 100 patients that I followed five years ago and I’m still following now. Well there’s probably 20 physicians who are now here who would not have been here otherwise. I never would have come to Barrie if I didn’t do residency here. And from a direct service standpoint, I work walk-in clinics … and I see more patients who need to be seen because I have a resident with me. The Family Medicine Teaching Unit takes on pretty much any patient that applies and there’s a whole bunch of patients in Barrie that lack a family physician … And I think the care they get at the FMTU is top notch. You’ve been managing very difficult patients for two years, so you get out and do your locums or family practice and it just feels like you’re just continuing on what you’ve been doing … It really gives you that confidence. From every aspect I felt like I had been doing it all myself already. Checking my labs, following up with patients, feeling that responsibility … so, for the core, comprehensive family medicine piece, I felt quite prepared.
Opportunity for change	The teachers who were the best came prepared with something in mind that they wanted to teach around … and then were also flexible to bringing in cases from that day or from our experience into the conversation … It was less effective when they just sat down and were like, “What do you want to talk about today?” … You hear some good stories maybe that way but don’t have as many take-away points from it. Some of the specialists were unsure as to how much independence to provide … So some maybe didn’t provide quite enough experience and I was functioning more sometimes as a clerk … and sometimes were providing too much and wanted you to do things that probably were not appropriate … We were always encouraged … to let people know, in either direction, what would be more appropriate … so it was a gradually decreasing problem. Even though some physicians definitely made an effort to talk about things like billing and stuff, I feel like it needs to be formalized a little bit better during the two years … Despite some of the help I had with billing … I still felt like a deer in the headlights when I first started working. I think the horizontal model is a great model to learn under safely because you have the option to see small volumes initially and then build that up. But in no way, at the end of a two-year residency, was I seeing anything close to the volume that is expected in, A: a clinical practice or, B: even financially feasible to pay off debt.

Reasons for Choosing Barrie

Participants chose to do their residency in Barrie for a variety of pedagogical, geographic, and personal reasons. Many were drawn to the program structure, which gave residents comprehensive responsibility for their own small roster of patients.

One of the things that really attracted me to the program was the horizontal curriculum and the fact that you got your own roster of patients and you followed them throughout the two years.

This aspect of the program was seen as better preparation for independent practice than would be available in a block system where residents see their preceptor’s patients.

Wanting to live in a smaller city and being near family were additional motivations.

Strengths of the Program

Overall, the quality of teaching in the family medicine program was described as consistently high. Strengths of the program included hands-on training opportunities, facilities, and administrative support. The peer group culture in the FMRP was universally seen as cooperative and collegial, with a marked absence of competitiveness.

The Outcome of Training in Barrie

Participants felt extremely welcomed in Barrie, by both the city and the medical community, and most had formed a sense of attachment to the local community. This factored into their decision-making about where to practice postresidency.

I never thought I would live in the Barrie area or stay in the Barrie area and that’s where I’m finding myself now. I think part of it is because I’ve learned the system, learned of the community resources … I feel like it was easy to stay …

They saw the program adding value to the community primarily by increasing the number of physicians to provide care to an underserved patient population.

We have at least 2,000 people that wouldn’t have family doctors otherwise. So I think it’s tremendously helpful to the community.

Many also felt that the program had consolidated their interest in comprehensive family medicine and in working in smaller communities.

Opportunities for Change

While many participants indicated that they hoped the program would retain its essential structure and character in the future, they also identified a number of opportunities for change.

One such opportunity was to achieve greater consistency in the delivery of various aspects of the program, eg, more consistency in preceptors’ approach to end-of-day wrap-up sessions, and more consistency in the quality of off-service specialist rotations.

Another area for improvement related to increasing preparedness for independent practice was provision of more practice management training, and increased patient volumes during residency.

I think the only thing that changed really with independent practice is that the number of patients you see in the day increased. … So going from seeing maybe ten patients a day to, all of a sudden, seeing thirty, was definitely a big leap.

Finally, some welcomed the prospect of an enhanced research and quality improvement culture within the program.

With respect to feedback, one participant noted:

One of the things the program was really great at was our feedback and I feel like a lot of the changes that we had suggested have already been made.

Government Database Information

Tracking data for graduates demonstrated that two-thirds of the RVH graduates (n=42^*) continued to work in the RVH region after graduation. In total, three-fourths of the graduates were working in the RVH or another underserved northern region of the province (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

2011–2016 Graduates’ Practice Location (n=42)

Discussion

The experiences of RVH family medicine graduates suggest that this program has much to offer as a model for the expansion of community-based family medicine programs, in particular the delivery of a horizontal curriculum where residents have their own minipractice and the hands-on experience available in a community hospital across all rotations. The picture that emerged was of a close-knit, collegial environment that offered rich learning opportunities. Interview participants indicated that their experiences in the program were a major factor in their career choice postresidency and they felt prepared for independent practice when they graduated. Feedback from residents, such as about the quality of wrap-up sessions and the need for more practice management training, contributed to important program improvements.

The FMRP was established to help address the physician shortage in Barrie. While we found that some study participants were already connected to the community, others indicated that they decided to stay as a result of their experience. Our administrative data findings suggest that the establishment of the FMRP has been an important physician recruitment strategy as two-thirds of graduates from the first six graduating classes continued to work in the RVH region. In addition, we found that 93% of RVH graduates who completed the survey indicated that they were very satisfied or satisfied with their work.

Our findings suggest that establishment of this community-based FRMP in Barrie provided the opportunity for both residents from the area, as well as others with an interest in living in smaller communities, to experience excellent training in this location and to see their way to establishing a practice there.

A study limitation is that a natural inclination to choose to go to, or stay in, an underserved community may potentially be a more significant recruitment factor than the experience in the program. Our findings do not eliminate the possibility that establishing an unsuccessful program in an underserved community might also help with physician recruitment to that community.

Next steps include longer-term tracking of graduates’ practice location to see whether they stay in Barrie long-term. Our findings suggest that establishing a new community hospital-based FMRP affiliated with an academic university program provides a strong mechanism to recruit physicians and improve access to family physicians in underserved areas. Further studies are needed to build upon these findings.