Increasing Chlamydia Testing Rates via Targeted Outreach

Abstract

Background and Objectives

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Annual chlamydia screening of asymptomatic, sexually active women age 16 to 24 years and in older women who are at increased risk for infection is recommended. This study built on prior work in which our university-based family medicine clinic implemented quality improvement (QI) interventions in 2016 and 2017 to increase our chlamydia screening rate. Our primary aim in the current study was to increase the screening rate by 10%. Our secondary aim was to determine the number of patient contacts that yielded maximum test rates.

Methods

For the most recent QI cycle, we conducted a prospective cohort study from December 2017 through March 2018. Using the FOCUS-PDSA model, a resident-led, interdisciplinary QI team developed the aims and implemented an intervention to streamline patient outreach. We also retrospectively analyzed data from the previous QI cycle to determine the number of tests obtained after each patient contact.

Results

Chlamydia testing increased from 54% to 56.3% between December 2017 and March 2018. The majority of tests were completed by four patient contacts; additional contacts yielded few additional tests.

Conclusions

Persistent outreach increases chlamydia screening rates. This QI project could be replicated in other clinical settings to improve the screening of chlamydia or other diseases.

Introduction

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States.¹ It causes pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.^2,3 Annual chlamydia screening is recommended for asymptomatic, sexually active women age 16 to 24 years and older women at increased risk for infection.⁴ Despite the availability of noninvasive testing and effective treatment, rates of STI screening remain low.²

Our university-based family medicine clinic formed a Quality Improvement (QI) team to improve chlamydia screening rates through targeted outreach. Our primary aim was to increase the screening rate by 10% by March 2018, starting from a baseline rate of 54% prior to December 2017. Our secondary aim was to evaluate trends in testing relative to the number of outreaches.

Methods

An interdisciplinary team of clinicians, medical assistants, front office staff, and public health providers met monthly throughout the year in order to improve chlamydia screening within our clinic. The team reviewed baseline chlamydia screening rates and developed an aim statement with a measurable outcome, defined goal, and time frame. We then developed a process chart of our clinic workflow to complete chlamydia screening (Figure 1). Next, we created a fishbone diagram that identified variation at each step of the process (Figure 2). The team proposed interventions using a nominal group technique.⁵ By consensus, we selected an intervention based on feasibility and impact.

Figure 1.

Process Diagram, Cycle 1 (2016–2017)

Figure 2.

Fishbone Diagram, Cycle 1 (2016–2017)

Patients with overdue screening were not necessarily being seen in clinic. Thus, we developed a process to generate a list of patients from our electronic medical record who were overdue for chlamydia screening each month. We utilized this list for targeted outreach. Each month of the pilot intervention (December 2016 through May 2017), one medical assistant generated the list of patients overdue for screening, sent an informational letter (Figure 3) via secure patient portal, and ensured there was an order for the test. We tracked screening rates monthly, including months without outreach efforts, then repeated the outreach intervention the following year (December 2017 through March 2018).

Figure 3.

Informational Letter

For the second aim, we reviewed data from the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 QI cycles to quantify the number of times patients were contacted, chlamydia screening rates, and the time of testing relative to outreaches. We calculated the number of patient outreaches prior to completed testing.

The University of Utah Institutional Review Board exempted this project (IRB #00116258).⁶

Results

The number of eligible patients meeting inclusion criteria changed each month. Therefore, the number of patients contacted with each attempt varied. The average number of eligible patients per month during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 QI cycles was 60.6 women (range: 49–75) and 60.2 (range: 51–68), respectively. The average age of eligible women during both cycles was 22 years.

During the first cycle, annual chlamydia testing increased from 58.4% in December 2016 to 66.4% by May 2017. Between cycles (May–November 2017), screening decreased 12.4% to a rate of 54.0%. After the second cycle, the testing rates reached 56.3% by March 2018, a 2.3% increase (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Run Chart of Eligible Patients Undergoing Chlamydia Screening by Month

For the secondary analysis, 604 patient records were reviewed: 303 from the 2016–2017 cycle, and 301 from the 2017–2018 cycle. During the 2016–2017 cycle, 26 patients obtained chlamydia testing: 14, 7, 4, 1, and 0 respectively after the first five attempts (Table 1). The number of completed tests did not increase further after four contacts. One hundred ninety-one electronic outreach messages were sent. Of these, 150 (78.5%) patients read the message; 41 (21.5%) did not. Percentages of patients reading the messages were 33.5%, 31.4%, 10.5%, and 3.1% after the first through fourth attempts, respectively (Table 2).

Table 1.

Impact of Patient Outreaches (Number of Monthly Outreaches Until Testing Completed)

Outreach Attempts	Total Number of Monthly Outreaches (Letter or Electronic Message)	Number of Completed Chlamydia Tests	Percent of Target Population That Completed Chlamydia Test/Monthly Outreach
2016–2017
First	141	14	9.90
Second	100	7	7.00
Third	39	4	10.30
Fourth	19	1	5.30
Fifth	4	0	0.00
Total	303	26	32.40
2017–2018
First	88	9	10.20
Second	96	7	7.30
Third	54	2	3.70
Fourth	33	0	0.00
Fifth	19	1	5.30
Sixth	11	0	0.00
Total	301	19	6.30

Table 2.

Number of Patients Who Read or Did Not Read Electronic Message by Number of Outreach Attempts: Cycle 1 (2016–2017) and Cycle 2 (2017–2018)

Cycle 1—Read
	January 1, 2017	February 1, 2017	March 1, 2017	April 1, 2017	Total	Total (%)
First attempt	26	18	12	8	64	33.5
Second attempt	21	18	10	11	60	31.4
Third attempt		4	8	8	20	10.5
Fourth attempt			2	4	6	3.1
Total	47	40	32	31	150
Cycle 1—Not Read
First attempt	6		2	4	12	6.3
Second attempt	7	11	6	3	27	14.1
Third attempt		1		1	2	1.0
Total	13	12	8	8	41
Total Read + Not Read					191
Cycle 2—Read
	November 1, 2017	December 1, 2017	January 1, 2018	February 1, 2018	March 1, 2018	Total	Total (%)
First attempt	4			4	2	10	6.3
Second attempt	19	8	10	6	3	46	29.1
Third attempt	2	5	8	7	3	25	15.8
Fourth attempt	3	2	3	2	4	14	8.9
Fifth attempt	1	2	1	3	2	9	5.7
Sixth attempt	1	1	1	2	1	6	3.8
Total	30	18	23	24	15	110
Cycle 2—Not Read
First attempt						0	0.0
Second attempt	8	2	7	6		23	14.6
Third attempt	1	2	1	6	4	14	8.9
Fourth attempt			2	2	2	6	3.8
Fifth attempt	1	1			1	3	1.9
Sixth attempt			1		1	2	1.3
Total	10	5	11	14	8	48
Total Read + Not Read						158

During the 2017–2018 cycle, 19 patients completed the screening: 9, 7, 2, 0, 1, and 0 after the first five outreach attempts (Table 1). One hundred fifty-eight electronic messages were sent. Of these, 110 (69.6%) patients read the message; 48 (30.4%) did not. Percentage of patients reading the messages were 6.3%, 29.1%, 15.8%, 8.9%, 5.7%, and 3.8% after the first through sixth outreach attempts, respectively (Table 2).

Discussion

We did not achieve our primary aim to increase the proportion of chlamydia screening by 10%. However, the chlamydia testing rates improved and exceeded the national and local rates of 49.8% and 32.8%, respectively.⁷ The testing rates declined between the two QI cycles when the outreach intervention was not being applied. The majority of patients read the electronic messages suggesting that this is a useful tool to communicate with the target audience. While most testing was completed within one or two reminders, additional reminders (up to five outreaches) achieved an increased total number of completed tests. This was accomplished without a significant increase in staff workload, as we had simplified our outreach.

A barrier to patient outreach is staff time. We streamlined the outreach process to less than 5 minutes: designated staff generates the list of patients overdue for testing, and sends a message to each individual’s patient portal encouraging them to be screened. Patient orders had been a barrier, requiring staff to ensure orders were available for eligible patients. This barrier was removed when, subsequent to the last QI cycle (2017–2018), team members developed a protocol for standing chlamydia screening orders for patients meeting the United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria across the university-based health care system.

This QI project had several limitations, including the single clinic setting, small sample size, inability to capture outside testing, and a moving target of the eligible population. Different patients qualified for or fell out of the target pool daily, based on birth date and whether their annual testing was due, yet we collected data and performed outreach only monthly. Despite these limitations, this project demonstrated increased testing during each intervention period. Future QI endeavors should augment efforts to improve the sustainability and efficacy of outreach.

The interventions successfully implemented in our university-based family medicine clinic demonstrated clinical improvement in chlamydia screening outreach for a young adult woman within the primary care settings. The QI project could be replicated in other clinical settings to reduce the burden of Chlamydia trachomatis infection or to improve the screening of other STDs.