Table 1.

Inhibition and modulation of microglia protects white matter integrity and cognitive function in rodent models of cerebral hypoperfusion

Treatment	Study	Proposed primary mechanism	Outcomes
Cardiotonic pill*	Lee et al. (2013)	Inhibition of microglial activation	Attenuated loss of white matter MBP Attenuated ERK and p38MAPK expression Attenuated inflammatory cytokines expression
Dimethyl fumarate	Fowler et al. (2018)	Modulation of microglia and macrophage	Attenuated white matter microglial/macrophage density Attenuated MIP-1α expression Rescued peak latency of evoked compound action potentials
Fingolimod	Qin et al. (2017)	Shifting microglia toward M2 polarization via STAT3 signaling	Attenuated white matter microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine expression Attenuated demyelination and disorganization of Ranvier nodes Promoted oligodendrocytogenesis Rescued working memory
Minocycline	Manso et al. (2018)	Inhibition of microglial proliferation	Reduced white matter microglial density and microglial proliferation Rescued peak latency of evoked compound action potentials
Minocycline	Miyanohara et al. (2018)	Inhibition of microglia and macrophage	Reduced white matter microglial density Rescued exploratory behavior
Knockout/knockdown	Study	Proposed primary mechanism	Outcomes
CX3CR1/Fractalkine-Receptor siRNA KD	Liu et al. (2015)	Inhibition of CX3CL1/CXCR1 neuron–microglia signaling cascade	Attenuated p38MAPK and PKC expression Attenuated inflammatory cytokine expression Reduced white matter lesion scores Rescued water maze escape latency
TRPM2 KO	Miyanohara et al. (2018)	Inhibition of TRPM-mediated activation of microglia	Attenuated loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes Attenuated increase of microglial density Attenuated increase of inflammatory cytokines Rescued exploratory and alternation behavior

MBP = myelin basic protein; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinases; p38MAPKs = p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; MIP-1α = macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; PKC = protein kinase C

*Herbal medicine composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Panax notoginseng, and Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertner