Table 1.
Treatment | Study | Proposed primary mechanism | Outcomes |
Cardiotonic pill* | Lee et al. (2013) | Inhibition of microglial activation |
Attenuated loss of white matter MBP Attenuated ERK and p38MAPK expression Attenuated inflammatory cytokines expression |
Dimethyl fumarate | Fowler et al. (2018) | Modulation of microglia and macrophage |
Attenuated white matter microglial/macrophage density Attenuated MIP-1α expression Rescued peak latency of evoked compound action potentials |
Fingolimod | Qin et al. (2017) | Shifting microglia toward M2 polarization via STAT3 signaling |
Attenuated white matter microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine expression Attenuated demyelination and disorganization of Ranvier nodes Promoted oligodendrocytogenesis Rescued working memory |
Minocycline | Manso et al. (2018) | Inhibition of microglial proliferation |
Reduced white matter microglial density and microglial proliferation Rescued peak latency of evoked compound action potentials |
Minocycline | Miyanohara et al. (2018) | Inhibition of microglia and macrophage |
Reduced white matter microglial density Rescued exploratory behavior |
Knockout/knockdown | Study | Proposed primary mechanism | Outcomes |
CX3CR1/Fractalkine-Receptor siRNA KD | Liu et al. (2015) | Inhibition of CX3CL1/CXCR1 neuron–microglia signaling cascade |
Attenuated p38MAPK and PKC expression Attenuated inflammatory cytokine expression Reduced white matter lesion scores Rescued water maze escape latency |
TRPM2 KO | Miyanohara et al. (2018) | Inhibition of TRPM-mediated activation of microglia |
Attenuated loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes Attenuated increase of microglial density Attenuated increase of inflammatory cytokines Rescued exploratory and alternation behavior |
MBP = myelin basic protein; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinases; p38MAPKs = p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; MIP-1α = macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; PKC = protein kinase C
*Herbal medicine composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Panax notoginseng, and Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertner