Abstract
A screening method for the separation and identification of more than fifty NPS is proposed. The method is based on fast gas-chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (FAST-GC/MS-TOF). Thanks to the shorter and narrower capillary column and to the rapid acquisition of the TOF detector a huge number of compounds are separated in a very short time of analysis (10 min). Only a few peaks were overlapped. The possibility to apply deconvolution by the software of the GC/MS-TOF instrument allowed the unequivocal identification also for the superimposed peaks. Linearity and LOD was studied and the method was applied to 63 cases of powders seized by the judicial authority at the airport of Milano Malpensa in Northern Italy in the period 2014–2017.
Keywords: NPS, GC/MS-TOF, Cannabinoids, Cathinones, Judicial seizures
1. Introduction
New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are designer drugs which have been recently growing in popularity; they are also known as “legal highs”, that is synthetic materials designed to evade regulations on drugs of abuse and they are seen by users as a safe and ‘legal’ alternative to conventional drugs. Due to the constant modification of their chemical structure and rapid spread on the Internet, NPSs have become a serious social problem [[1], [2], [3]]. Among these substances synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, piperazines, and tryptamines are included [4,5]. The pharmacological activity of these substances is related to the interaction with monoaminergic targets. In the case of stimulants (cathinones) the transport of dopamine or adrenaline is inhibited. On the other hand, in the case of amphetamine-like cathinones the release of monoamines is induced. The activity of entactogens is exerted by the enhancement of serotonin release, while hallucinogens act as agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor. Synthetic cannabinoids interact with the CB1 and/or CB2 receptors as THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), but their grater potency leads to a higher risk of overdosing. Synthetic cathinones are also very dangerous because users often show violent behaviour [6,7]. Due to the potential danger for human health and to the fact that new analogues appear on the market every year, NPS arise new challenges for health care providers and judicial authorities. In these frame the availability of analytical methods capable of identifying in a rapid and simple way the most of these drugs of abuse is of utmost importance [1,[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]]. To this end, we developed an efficient and rapid fast gas-chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (FAST-GC/MS-TOF) method able to separate and identify a number of NPS belonging to different structural classes. Fast GC employs smaller diameter columns reducing run times for gas chromatography. Smaller columns have much greater efficiency due to increased mass transfer (there is less gas to travel through before interacting with the other side of the column). Because narrower columns have greater efficiency, the total length of the column can be decreased to achieve the same efficiency as a longer but less efficient and wider column.
The development of screening methods for NPS is very important because in Italy most synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones are illegal on the basis of the current law; they are scheduled in the list of the prohibited substances as analogues of 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanone, 3-benzoyl indole, 3-phenylacetyl indole, 3-(1 naphtoyl)indole, indazole-3-carboxamide and indole-3-carboxamide. The method was effectively applied to 63 cases of powders seized by the judicial authority at the airport of Malpensa in northern Italy in the period 2014–2017.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Reagents
Ethyl acetate, methanol and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) were purchased from Fluka Analytical (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
3-(1-butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)1-(p-tolyl)-propan-1-one (Internal Standard 1, IS1), 3-(butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(6-methoxy-naphtalen-2-yl)-propan-1-one (Internal Standard 2, IS2), 3-butyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphtoyl)indole were prepared starting from the compounds synthesized by the Prof. Valoti and Prof. Pallavicini research group [19,20].
2.2. Standards
Standard used in the study are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
List of standard solutions provided by Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS, Rome, Italy), prepared starting from synthesized compounds or seized powders with the permission of the judicial authority.
| NPS | Concentration and solvent | Provenience |
|---|---|---|
| 1-Naphyrone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| 4-Fluoromethcathinone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| 4-Methylethcathinone (4-MEC) | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| 4-Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone) | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| AM-694 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| AM-2201 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| AM-2233 (2-Iodophenyl)(1-((1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Buphedrone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Butylone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| CB-13 1-Naphthalenyl[4-(pentyloxy)-1-naphthalenyl]methanone | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| CP-47,497 2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]- 5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| CP-47,497-C8-homolog rel-2-[(1S,3R)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-5-(2-methylnonan-2-yl)phenol | 100 μg/mL, methanol | ISS |
| Dimethylcathinone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Ethcathinone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Ethylone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL, methanol | ISS |
| JWH-007 1-Pentyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| JWH-016 (1-butyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenyl-methanone | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| JWH-018 Naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| JWH-019 (1-hexyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenyl-methanone | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| JWH-073 1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| JWH-081 (4-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| JWH-098 2-Methyl-1-pentyl-3-(4-methoxynaphthoyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| JWH-122 (4-Methyl-1-naphthyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| JWH-147 (1-Hexyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)(1-naphthyl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| JWH-200 [1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| JWH-203 1-pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| JWH-210 (4-ethylnaphthalen-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; methyl acetate | ISS |
| JWH-250 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| JWH-251 1-pentyl-3-(2-methylphenylacetyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; methyl acetate | ISS |
| JWH-302 1-pentyl-3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| JWH-307 (5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-pentyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| JWH-398 (4-Chloro-1-naphthyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| MDAI 5,6-metilendiossi-2-amminoindano | 100 μg/mL; ethanol | ISS |
| MDPV Hydrochloride 3,4-metilenediossipirovalerone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Methcathinone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Methylone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Pentylone Hydrochloride | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| Pravadoline (WIN 48,098) | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| RCS-4 1-pentyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; acetonitrile | ISS |
| RCS-8 1-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| β-Pentedrone | 100 μg/mL; methanol | ISS |
| diphenylamine | 660 μg/mL; methanol | Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) |
| 3-(1-butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)1-(p-tolyl)-propan-1-one (IS1) | 100 μg/mL; methanol | Synthesized |
| 3-(butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(6-methoxy-naphtalen-2-yl)-propan-1-one(IS2) | 100 μg/mL; methanol | Synthesized |
| 3-butyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphtoyl)indole (4′-methyl-JWH-073) | 100 μg/mL; methanol | Synthesized |
| 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 4-Methylethcathinone (4-MEC) | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 4-Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone) | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 5-APB 1-Benzofuran-5-ylpropan-2-amine | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 5-APDB 5-(2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 5-MAPB+ 5-EAPB 1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine + 1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 5-MeO-DALT N, N-di allyl-5-methoxy tryptamine | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| 6-APB 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| BK-2CB Ethanone, 2-amino-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| Brephedrone | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| MDPV Methylenedioxypyrovalerone | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| Methylone | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| Methoxetamine | 4 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| Pentedrone | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
| Thiothinone | 1 mg/mL; methanol | Seized |
Different mixtures of NPS and internal standards were prepared in methanol: each analyte had a concentration of 100 μg/mL.
2.3. Analysis of seized samples
All the seized samples in the present study were confiscated by the judicial authority, between 2014 and 2017, at the airport of Milano Malpensa in Northern Italy. Plant-based, tablets and powder seized samples were extracted or directly solubilized in pure methanol. They were gently shaken by rotating mixer, sonicated for 10 min and then centrifuged at 4000 RPM. An aliquot of the clean supernatant was withdrawn and 0.5 μL injected in GC/MS-TOF. In order to get the maximum information of each sample they were analysed both with and without derivatization.
Prior GC/MS-TOF analysis cathinones were also characterized by FTR-ATR (Fig. 1S).
Fig. 1.
FAST-GC/MS-TOF analysis of the mixture of 26 synthetic cannabinoids. A: CP-47,497 (RT: 5.29); B: IS1 (RT: 5.42); C: CP-47,497-C8 HOMOLOG (RT: 5.53); D: JWH-251 (RT: 5.93); E: JWH-203 (RT: 6.13); F: JWH-250 (RT: 6.16); G: RCS-4 (RT: 6.29); H/I: AM-694/JWH-073 (RT: 6.62); L: JWH-016 (RT: 6.74); M: JWH-018 (RT: 6.87); N/O/P: 3-butyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphtoyl)indole/JWH-007/JWH-307 (RT: 7.05); Q: JWH-019 (RT: 7.20); R: AM-2201 (RT: 7.30); S: JWH-122 (RT: 7.40); T: RCS-8 (RT: 7.53); U/V: JWH-398/CB-13 (RT: 7.60); Z: AM-2233 (RT: 7.63); W: Pravadoline (RT: 7.81); Y: JWH-081 (RT: 8.11); IS 2/JWH-098 (RT: 8.34); X: JWH-200 (RT: 9.00).
2.4. GC/MS-TOF
The analyses were performed on a Dani Master GC system, with a split-splitless injection system and a Dani Master TOF Plus detector (Dani Instruments, Cologno Monzese, Italy) operated in electron ionization (EI) mode (70 eV). The GC was equipped with a Rxi®-5 ms (Crossbond®,5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane, 10 m × 0.10 mm i.d., film thickness 0.15 μm) capillary column (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). The GC/MS conditions employed were: split ratio 100:1; solvent delay 60 s; injector temperature, 250 °C; interface transfer line, 250 °C; ion source, 200 °C; oven temperature program, initial 70 °C, 50 °C/min up to 200 °C, then 30 °C/min up to 300 °C (4.07 min). Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min; injection volume 0.5 μL. The MS detector was operated in the scan mode, acquiring ions from m/z 40 to 550. The total analysis time was 10 min.
2.5. Derivatization
100 μL of the methanol mixture to be derivatized are withdrawn and put a microvial, the solvent is evaporated with a gentle stream of nitrogen. 50 μL of TFAA and ethyl acetate are added. The mixture is heated at 70 °C for 15 min, the solvent is evaporated and the mixture is dissolved in 100 μL of ethyl acetate.
3. Results and discussion
All the standard substances were analysed one by one, to create a library of the mass spectra of these NPS, useful to recognize them, when seized by the judicial authority and delivered to our laboratory. Molecular m/z ions and fragments, which reflect the molecular structure of these drugs, are reported in the Supplementary Material (Figs. 2S–9S). After characterizing all the substances available a FAST GC-TOF method able to discriminate them was studied. The oven temperature program was taken into account to optimize the separation among the peaks. A mixture of 26 synthetic cannabinoids was injected with different oven programs (Table 2).
Table 2.
Oven programs; initial temperature (T1); first increment of temperature (R1); Intermediate temperature (T2); second increment of temperature (R2); final temperature (T3); final time (FT); time of analysis (TA).
| Method | T1 (°C) | R1 (°C/min) | T2 (°C) | R2 (°C/min) | T3 (°C) | FT (min) | TA (min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 70 | 50 | 200 | 30 | 300 | 4.07 | 10 |
| 2 | 70 | 50 | 250 | 30 | 300 | 3.74 | 9 |
| 3 | 200 | 30 | 300 | – | – | 3.67 | 7 |
| 4 | 180 | 50 | 250 | 30 | 300 | 2.96 | 5 |
The method 1 for oven temperature program allowed the best separation of the peaks (Fig. 1) in 10 min. With FAT-GC/MS-TOF analysis (Fig. 1) only a few superimpositions were observed: JWH-073/AM-694; 4′-methyl-JWH-073/JWH-007/JWH-307; JWH-398/CB-13; JWH-310/JWH-147 and IS2/JWH-098. The Dani FAST-GC/MS-TOF system is equipped with the software MasterLab which is able to select the m/z ions of interest once the TIC chromatogram is acquired. Through automatic deconvolution procedures the software allows to detect and separate peaks even when they are superimposed. Then for the recognition, the collected mass spectra are submitted and matched with the laboratory mass spectra library, or if they are identified as unknowns to the well-known NPS libraries: SWGDRUG MS Library Version 3.0 [19] and library of analytical report from European project RESPONSE with National Forensic Laboratory of Ljubliana [20]. Separation and identification of the superimposed peaks are reported in the Supplementary Material (Figs. 10S–14S). The full chromatogram can be easily divided into two regions on the basis of NPS class. Synthetic cannabinoids have retention times from 6 to 9 min (Fig. 1), so they are eluted during the final isotherm at 300 °C. Synthetic cathinones are among 2 and 5 min (Fig. 2), so these substances are eluted during the increment of the oven temperature. To the mixture of five synthetic cathinones, representative of the different structural classes, other NPS were added (Fig. 3); the method resulted adequate for cathinones, metoxethamine and 5-MeO-DALT. The peaks of the other substances resulted broad and the resolution was low. Good results were found with the derivatization with TFAA prior the analysis (Fig. 4). TFAA derivatization was applied only when strictly necessary (Table S1), such as in case of peaks presenting a low resolution (e.g. 5-EAPB/Brephedrone). Finally the mixture of 50 NPS (100 μg/mL), without derivatization, was evaluated by FAST-GC/MS-TOF (Fig. 5). So FAST-GC/MS-TOF thanks to the shorter and narrower capillary column and to the fast acquisition of the TOF detector is able to separate in a more efficient way all the substances respect to traditional GC/MS in a shorter time of analysis. Moreover, the software gives the possibility to deconvolute the peaks recognizing overlapped compounds. The FAST-GC/MS-TOF performance was tested only for 39 standards NPS taking into account linearity by five-points calibration curve (50 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 15 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL) and LOD, with a S/N > 3 [21]. The results obtained are summarized in Table 3. The FAST-GC/MS-TOF method for the screening of NPS was applied to 63 powders seized by the judicial authority in the period 2014–2017 at Malpensa airport in northern Italy. In detail, most of NPS seized were synthetic cannabinoids contained in herbal material (33/63), synthetic cathinones (19/63) and miscellanea (11/63), e.g. compounds belonging to different chemical classes, in the form of tablets or powders. Synthetic cannabinoids were normally found as a mixture of different substances (11/33), from two to even seven, in the same herbal sample. By contrast, synthetic cathinones and miscellanea were found singularly in the samples. On some packages it was reported “research chemical” or “not for human consumption” accompanied by the IUPAC or commercial name of substances declared to be contained. In the majority of the cases the chemical identification on the label, when provided, was incomplete or totally misleading. Due to the constant evolution of the illegal market different new molecules were detected, respect to those used to develop the analytical method. Although the new generation NPS were not included in the list of standards, the method was able to separate and identify also those molecules (Table 4), so this approach could be adapted to accommodate the constant stream of new NPSs entering the market. Within the last years, several NPS seizures were collected and successfully analysed by our laboratory. Special attention was necessary since NPS seizures are increasing in Italy and they are not completely controlled by Italian authority and thus they represent a serious warning to public health. This situation is similar to that reported in the EMCDDA study [3]; the synthetic cannabinoids are the largest group of substances monitored, and reflect the overall demand for cannabis within Europe and the rapid pace by which manufacturers can produce and supply new cannabinoids in order to circumvent drug laws. The large number of seizures of synthetic cathinones reflects the demand for stimulants in Europe, with many of them used as replacements for MDMA, amphetamine and cocaine. The same trend is reported by UNODC [22]: synthetic cannabinoids constitute the largest category in terms of the number of different substances reported (251 substances), followed by the categories of “other substances” (155), synthetic cathinones (148) and phenethylamines (136). In this frame a rapid method capable of discriminating among different NPS with diverse chemical structures is very important and can help laboratories to fight against this phenomenon (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
FAST-GC/MS-TOF analysis of the mixture of 18 synthetic cathinones.
A: 4-Fluoromethcathinone (RT: 1.96); B: Methcathinone (RT: 2.02); C: Thiothinone (RT: 2.07); D: Dimethylcathinone (RT: 2.15); E: Ethcathinone (RT: 2.21); F: Buphedrone (RT: 2.24); G: 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) (RT: 2.26); H: Mephedrone (4-MMC) (RT: 2.40); I: 4-Methylmethcathinone (RT: 2.45); J: Pentedrone (RT: 2.51); K: 4-MEC (RT: 2.78); IS1(diphenylamine) (RT: 2.97);
M: Brephedrone (RT: 3.09); N: Methylone (RT: 3.26); O: Ethylone (RT: 3.37); P: Butylone (RT: 3.68); Q: Pentylone (RT: 3.76); R: MDPV (RT: 4.67); S: Naphyrone (RT: 5.21).
Fig. 3.
FAST-GC/MS-TOF analysis of the mixture of 5 synthetic cathinones and other NPS
A: Thiothinone (RT: 2.07); B: 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) (RT: 2.26); C: Pentedrone (RT: 2.51); D: 4-MEC (RT: 2.78); E: 5-APB (RT: 2.82); F: 5-MAPB (RT: 2.91); G/H: 5-EAPB/Brephedrone (RT: 3.09); I: Methylone (RT: 3.26); J: MXE (RT: 3.68); K: BK-2CB
(RT: 3.85); L: MDPV (RT: 4.67); M: MEO-DALT (RT: 5.12).
Fig. 4.
FAST-GC/MS-TOF analysis of the mixture of 5 synthetic cathinones and other NPS derivatized with TFAA. A: Thiothinone (RT: 2.39); B: 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) (RT: 2.50); C: Pentedrone (RT: 2.62); D: 4-MEC (RT: 2.75); H: Brephedrone (RT: 2.79); E: 5-APB (RT: 2.91); F: 5-MAPB (RT: 3.05); G: 5-EAPB (RT: 3.14); I: Methylone (RT: 3.19); J: MXE (RT: 3.75); K: BK-2CB (RT: 3.93); L: MDPV (RT:4.22); M: MEO-DALT (RT: 4.76).
Fig. 5.
FAST-GC/MS-TOF analysis of the mixture of 50 NPS.
Table 3.
Representative ions, linearity correlation (R2) and LOD of NPS we had the reference standards. In bold are reported the quantifier m/z ions of each NPS analysed.
| NPS | Molecular Mass (g·mol−1) | m/z Ions | R2 | LOD (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) | 177.25 | 58-91-119 | 0.9993 | 0.1 |
| Mephedrone (4-MMC) | 177.24 | 58-91-119 | 0.9993 | 0.1 |
| 4-Fluoromethcathinone | 181.21 | 58-95-123 | 0.9999 | 0.1 |
| 4-MEC | 191.27 | 72–44 | 0.9998 | 0.1 |
| AM-2201 | 359.44 | 359-284-232-342 | 0.9954 | 1.0 |
| AM-2233 | 458.33 | 98–231 | 0.9989 | 0.5 |
| AM-694 | 435.27 | 232-220-144 | 0.9925 | 1.0 |
| Buphedrone | 177.24 | 72-57-77 | 0.9999 | 0.1 |
| Butylone | 221.25 | 72-121-149 | 0.9985 | 0.1 |
| CB-13 | 368.46 | 171-298-281 | 0.9996 | 1.0 |
| CP-47,497 | 318.49 | 215-233-318 | 0.9901 | 0.5 |
| CP-47,497-C8-homolog | 332.52 | 215-233-314 | 0.9922 | 0.5 |
| Dimethylcathinone | 177.24 | 72-77-105 | 0.9973 | 0.1 |
| Ethcathinone | 177.25 | 72-44-77 | 0.9986 | 0.1 |
| Ethylone | 221.25 | 72-44-149 | 0.9999 | 0.1 |
| JWH-007 | 355.47 | 355-155-127 | 0.9933 | 1.0 |
| JWH-016 | 341.44 | 341-155-127-326 | 0.9937 | 1.0 |
| JWH-018 | 341.44 | 341-284-324-214 | 0.9942 | 1.0 |
| JWH-019 | 355.47 | 355-284-228-127 | 0.9986 | 1.0 |
| JWH-073 | 327.42 | 327-310-284-200 | 0.9926 | 1.0 |
| JWH-081 | 371.47 | 371-354-314-214 | 0.9997 | 1.0 |
| JWH-122 | 355.47 | 355-338-298 | 0.9997 | 1.0 |
| JWH-200 | 384.47 | 100-384-127 | 0.9819 | 0.5 |
| JWH-203 | 339.86 | 214-144-116 | 0.9966 | 0.5 |
| JWH-210 | 369.50 | 369-352-312 | 0.9957 | 1.0 |
| JWH-250 | 335.44 | 214-144-335 | 0.9966 | 0.5 |
| JWH-251 | 319.44 | 214-144-116 | 0.9964 | 0.5 |
| JWH-307 | 385.47 | 385-155-127 | 0.9995 | 1.0 |
| MDPV | 275.34 | 126-161-84 | 0.9998 | 0.1 |
| Methcathinone | 163.22 | 58-77-105 | 0.9990 | 0.1 |
| Methylone | 207.23 | 58–149 | 0.9994 | 0.1 |
| Naphyrone | 281.39 | 126-155-96 | 0.9999 | 0.1 |
| Pentedrone | 191.27 | 86-44-77 | 0.9997 | 0.1 |
| Pentylone | 235.28 | 86-44-121 | 0.9990 | 0.1 |
| Pravadoline | 378.46 | 100–135 | 0.9979 | 0.5 |
| RCS-4 | 321.41 | 135-321-264-214 | 0.9902 | 0.5 |
| RCS-8 | 375.50 | 254-144-91 | 0.9989 | 1.0 |
| Thiothinone | 169.24 | 58-83-111 | 0.9996 | 0.1 |
Table 4.
Judicial seizures of NPS at Malpensa airport in 2014–2017. NPS categories: “SCN” (syntenthic cannabinoids),“SCT” (synthetic cathinones), “M” (miscellanea, compound belonging to different chemical classes). Library search: “Lab” means that spectra were confronted with standard reference ones; “SWG” means that spectra were matched with ones collected in SWGDRUG MS Library Version 3.0 [19]; “NFLL” means analytical report from National Forensic Laboratory Ljubljana [20]. In bold are reported the quantifier m/z ions of each NPS analysed.
| Compound | NPS categories | Frequency | m/z Ions | Library search |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JWH-018 | SCN | 2 | 341-284-324-214 | Lab |
| JWH-073 | SCN | 2 | 327-310-284-200 | Lab |
| JWH-122 | SCN | 2 | 355-338-298-214 | Lab |
| JWH-210 | SCN | 2 | 369-352-312 | Lab |
| JWH-250 | SCN | 2 | 214-144-335 | Lab |
| AM-2201 8-quinolinyl carboxamide |
SCN | 10 | 232-144-116 | SWG |
| UR-144 | SCN | 1 | 214-144-296 | SWG |
| 5F-APINACA | SCN | 3 | 233-145-294-355 | SWG |
| AB-CHMINACA | SCN | 7 | 241-312-145 | SWG |
| NM2201 | SCN | 1 | 232-144-212 | SWG |
| XLR-11 | SCN | 1 | 232-144-314 | SWG |
| mexedrone | SCT | 5 | 88-91-119-162 | SWG |
| buphedrone | SCT | 5 | 72-105-148 | Lab |
| 3-MMC | SCT | 2 | 58-91-119 | Lab |
| 4-MEC | SCT | 1 | 72–44 | Lab |
| MDPV | SCT | 1 | 126-161-84 | Lab |
| α-PVP | SCT | 2 | 126-77-105 | SWG |
| α-PHP | SCT | 3 | 140-77-105 | SWG |
| MXE | M | 1 | 190-134-219 | SWG |
| 4-Me-TMP | M | 1 | 84–105 | SWG |
| HDEP-28 | M | 1 | 141-214-115 | NFLL |
| IPPD | M | 1 | 84-91-218 | NFLL |
| 4-F-MPH | M | 1 | 84–109 | NFLL |
| 3-FPM | M | 1 | 71-56-195 | SWG |
| MPA | M | 2 | 58-97-140 | SWG |
| 5-MeO-DIPT | M | 1 | 114-72-160 | SWG |
| 5-MeO-MIPT | M | 1 | 86-44-117 | SWG |
| 2-CB | M | 1 | 230-215-77 | SWG |
4. Conclusions
In this paper we presented a FAST-GC/MS-TOF methods of screening of more than fifty NPS in a time of analysis of 10 min. Thanks to the narrower inner diameter of the capillary column and to its shortness a huge number of substances were separated in a very short time. A few peaks were overlapped, but the Masterlab software, applying the deconvolution of the superimposed peaks, allowed the unequivocal identification of the overlapped substances. So this method is suitable for the screening of NPS, even when the chromatographic peaks are not completely separated and it represents an effective alternative to high resolution mass spectrometry approach, which employs much more expensive instruments.
The method was applied to 63 cases of powders seized by the judicial authority at the airport of Malpensa in northern Italy in the period 2014–2017. The method was able to separate and identify also new generation NPS that were not included in the list of standards used to develop the method. The findings showed a wide number of several NPS sold by internet and shipped to northern Italy by other EU countries. Thus, the rapid identification of new NPS emerge as a priority for the promotion of a warning system to protect public health.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Footnotes
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.04.003.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
The following are the supplementary data related to this article:
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