Skip to main content
PMC home page
NIHPA Author Manuscripts logoLink to NIHPA Author Manuscripts
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Health Promot. 2018 Apr 15;32(8):1730–1739. doi: 10.1177/0890117118763233

Perspectives on Providing And Receiving Preventive Health Care From Primary Care Providers and Their Patients With Mental Illnesses

Scott P Stumbo 1, Bobbi Jo H Yarborough 1, Micah T Yarborough 1, Carla A Green 1
PMCID: PMC7220499  NIHMSID: NIHMS1576216  PMID: 29658287

Abstract

Purpose:

Individuals with mental illnesses have higher morbidity rates and reduced life expectancy compared to the general population. Understanding how patients and providers perceive the need for prevention, as well as the barriers and beliefs that may contribute to insufficient care, are important for improving service delivery tailored to this population.

Design:

Cross-sectional; mixed methods.

Setting:

An integrated health system and a network of federally qualified health centers and safety net clinics.

Participants:

Interviews (n = 30) and surveys (n = 249) with primary care providers. Interviews (n = 158) and surveys (n = 160) with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar, anxiety, or major depressive disorders.

Measures:

Semi-structured interviews and surveys.

Analysis:

Thematic analysis for qualitative data; frequencies for quantitative data.

Results:

More than half (n = 131, 53%) of clinicians believed patients with mental illnesses care less about preventive care than the general population, yet 88% (n = 139) of patients reported interest in improving health. Most providers (n = 216, 88%) lacked confidence that patients with mental illnesses would follow preventive recommendations; 82% (n = 129) of patients reported they would try to change lifestyles if their doctor recommended. Clinicians explained that their perception of patients’ chaotic lives and lack of interest in preventive care contributed to their fatalistic attitudes on care delivery to this population. Clinicians and patients agreed on substantial need for additional support for behavior changes. Clinicians reported providing informational support by keeping messages simple; patients reported a desire for more detailed information on reasons to complete preventive care. Patients also detailed the need for assistive and tangible support to manage behavioral health changes.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest a few clinical changes could help patients complete preventive care recommendations and improve health behaviors: improving clinician–patient collaboration on realistic goal setting, increasing visit time or utilizing behavioral health consultants that bridge primary and specialty mental health care, and increasing educational and tangible patient support services.

Keywords: preventive health, behavior change, mental illness, provider attitudes, patient attitudes, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder

Introduction

Individuals with mental illness diagnoses, particularly serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, have higher rates of preventable chronic conditions and higher rates of premature death than the general population, even after excluding suicide and other unnatural causes.1–5 One explanation for excess morbidity among people with serious mental illnesses is insufficient use of preventive care.6–8 Lack of awareness about preventive care, poor medical compliance, a high degree of life instability,9,10 avoidance due to fear of finding they have a chronic condition,11 and poor-quality relationships with clinicians or lack of continuity of care with providers12 have all been suggested or identified as potential barriers to preventive service completion among this population.

In contrast to expectations, we recently reported that individuals with mental illness diagnoses were as or more likely than individuals without these diagnoses to receive guideline-concordant preventive screenings.13 Despite these findings; however, screening rates were suboptimal given the higher risk of chronic disease and premature death in this population, raising the question of how primary care clinicians might better address both preventive and routine care to improve long-term health outcomes for patients with mental illnesses. Quality preventive care delivery begins with the relationship between primary care providers (PCPs) and patients,14–16 and this may be especially true for individuals with serious mental illnesses who see the relationship with their PCP as critical to their health.17

The current analyses were part of a larger mixed-methods study designed to assess the rates of preventive care use among patients with mental illnesses in different health settings and explore clinician and patient perspectives on preventive health-care delivery. We used a sequential, developmental mixed-methods design.18 In this design, qualitative results are used to develop or inform quantitative data collection. In the present study, formative qualitative interviews with PCPs informed the development of a web-based clinician survey, as interviewing a large sample of PCPs was infeasible. Formative patient interviews were likewise used to develop a parallel interview guide and survey for use with patients with mental illnesses. Interviews were designed to provide contextual detail that would allow us to understand clinician- and patient-reported beliefs, clinician-reported practice behaviors, and patient-reported preventive health behaviors. Survey data provided a sense of the magnitude of concordance between provider and patient perspectives on preventive health care. By directly comparing clinician and patient viewpoints, we sought to identify barriers and facilitators salient to both groups, as well as discordant views that could indicate areas where beliefs and practices could be modified to improve care.

Methods

Setting

Participants were recruited from PCP and patient populations at Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) and from federally qualified health centers and safety net community health clinics (CHC) belonging to the OCHIN network. KPNW is a not-for-profit, private integrated health plan that, during the study period, provided care for about 500 000 members in Oregon and southwest Washington, including individuals with Medicare and Medicaid coverage. OCHIN provides a common electronic health record (EHR) platform for its members, more than 400 federally qualified health centers in 18 states. Primary care clinicians from 34 OCHIN member organizations in 5 states met study eligibility criteria (ie, clinic provided primary care to adult patients and had an established EHR system by May 1, 2012). Of those, 27 organizations representing 107 clinics in California, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon and Wisconsin agreed to participate. The KPNW Human Subjects Protection Office approved and monitored all research activities. Informed consent was obtained during patient interviews; clinician consent was by survey response.

Primary Care Providers

Formative clinician interviews.

Primary goals of the interviews were to understand attitudes and beliefs about providing preventive care to patients with mental illnesses and to use the resulting insights to construct a brief clinician survey to be administered to a larger group of PCPs. We identified clinicians at KPNW and participating CHCs who had ≥100 patients on their panel. To increase our likelihood of interviewing clinicians with varying experience treating patients with serious mental illnesses, we stratified samples by the proportion of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder diagnoses on each clinician’s panel and by clinician gender. Because the intent was to conduct interviews in-person, we restricted recruitment to clinicians in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area, although subsequent surveys were conducted in all participating sites. We randomly selected 62 clinicians (n = 31 at each system) for recruitment. Semi-structured interviews took an average of 15 minutes. We completed 30 interviews, 15 at each setting (17 female, 13 male) from March to July 2013; inability to contact and schedule clinicians was the most common reason for not completing an interview.

Clinician Survey.

The web-based survey focused on attitudes, beliefs, and practices related to providing preventive care to patients with mental illnesses. All PCPs with ≥100 total patients on their panel and ≥10 empaneled patients with mental illness diagnoses (n = 489) were invited to complete the survey. Primary care providers were sent a letter (including a chocolate bar as a token of appreciation), followed by an e-mail including a link to the survey. We telephoned nonresponders 1 to 2 weeks following the e-mailed invitation. The survey was available from December 2013 through February 2014 and took approximately 25 minutes to complete. We received 249 completed surveys, a 51% response rate. This response rate is higher than those reported by others conducting online clinician surveys,19 and double the rate received by a group conducting topically similar work in a comparable population.20 We could not conduct nonresponder analyses due to the lack of information about individuals who did not complete the survey. Additional details on PCP characteristics and survey content are available elsewhere.21

Patients with Mental Illnesses

Formative patient interviews.

Instruments to measure reasons for use or avoidance of preventive services among this population did not exist. Therefore, between September and December 2013, we conducted formative interviews with patients (n = 30) to ascertain patient interest in, and barriers and facilitators of, preventive health-care engagement, and to understand how patients thought about and talked about prevention, to improve construct and content validity of the survey.

Patient interviews and surveys.

Using formative interview results, we constructed an interview guide and survey for use with a larger sample of patients. Patients were eligible to participate if they were ≥19 years old and had one of the following disorders: schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar/affective psychosis, major depressive, or anxiety. Individuals were excluded from participation if they had diagnoses associated with a serious cognitive or developmental disability, or if master’s level–trained interviewers with extensive experience working with individuals with mental illnesses determined they were unable to provide informed consent. Because interviews were conducted in person, we only recruited patients who resided in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area (all KPNW members and OCHIN patients at 8 community health centers).

We targeted our enrollment to include a variety of different patterns of engagement in preventive care, across psychiatric diagnoses and balanced on gender. This type of sampling is purposeful22–24 in that it samples intentionally from within defined clusters based on predefined characteristics, in this case preventive care patterns, patient psychiatric diagnoses, and gender. Preventive care patterns were derived from the EMR based on 7 common preventive services or screenings (body mass index, cholesterol level, blood pressure, flu shot, pap smear, mammogram, colorectal cancer screening), and individuals were grouped by the number of gaps on these screenings (0,1,2,3+). After purposefully creating the sampling clusters we used a randomization procedure included in SAS (v.9.3; Cary, North Carolina) to randomly select individuals from each cluster in each setting for interviews. All individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in both settings were included in the sample pool as there were relatively few from which to sample. Of 1130 recruitment letters mailed to potential participants, 231 were undeliverable or associated with disconnected phone numbers, leaving 899 available for recruitment. We telephoned potential participants up to 6 times over the following month and were unable to contact 429 (48%) individuals. Of the 470 with whom we had contact, 227 refused; typical refusal reasons were “not interested” or “too busy.” We enrolled 163 individuals for an overall response rate of 18%. Among those with whom we had contact (n = 470), the participation rate was 35%. Individuals we recruited did not meaningfully differ from those who chose not to participate or whom we could not contact. However, as we purposefully set out to achieve certain recruitment goals (eg, gender parity, see above), we adjusted our recruitment strategy to successfully meet our targets and thus some potential participants received more/fewer recruitment contacts. See Supplemental Table 1 for additional patient nonresponder analyses. Interviews and surveys were completed between July 2014 and August 2015.

Self-administered surveys were sent to participants’ homes to complete prior to interview appointments. Surveys took approximately 45 minutes to complete and focused on health-related practices, interest in changing health behaviors, quality of care, and barriers and facilitators to preventive care. Participants brought completed surveys to the interview, or completed them at the appointment if they needed assistance or were not finished (3 were returned uncompleted or were never returned).

At the interview appointment, we used a structured interview guide with semi-structured and open-ended follow-up questions to elicit context and detail. We compensated participants for their time with a $50 gift card to a local shopping chain. Five participants never completed interviews despite several attempts to reschedule. Questionnaires and interview guides are available upon request.

Data Analysis

Quantitative analysis.

We report descriptive statistics using SPSS v.22 (IBM).

Qualitative analysis.

Provider and patient interviews were recorded using encryption-enabled devices, and transcribed verbatim. The qualitative analysis team met weekly while reading initial interview transcripts to develop descriptive code lists. Starting with open coding techniques to identify broad concepts being expressed by participants,25 coders continued to meet weekly until no new codes emerged, then met monthly for the remainder of the project to discuss emerging themes. The team used Atlas.ti software queries to identify examples and counter examples of codes applied to transcripts.26 Thirty-six (23%) of 158 patient transcripts were randomly selected and double-coded; agreement was 85% between coders.

We used thematic analysis27,28 to characterize patients’ and clinicians’ descriptions of stated beliefs and actions related to preventive service delivery and preventive service use themes. We actively sought disconfirming quotes and modified themes to accurately represent the descriptive range expressed by participants.

Results

Sample Characteristics

Primary care providers who returned surveys had a mean age of 47 years (standard deviation [SD] = 10; range: 28–76), and had been practicing medicine, posttraining, for an average of 14 years (SD = 10; range <1–42). Provider respondents were 57% female (n = 135) and 85% white (n = 195). Patients’ mean age was 47 years (SD 14; range: 19–87); 53% were female (n = 87) and 68% were white (n = 99). Patients had diagnoses of bipolar (n = 54, 33%), schizophrenia spectrum (n = 44, 27%), major depressive (n = 40, 25%), and anxiety (n = 25, 15%) disorders. Patients reported suboptimal health, with more than 4 in 10 patients reporting that their health was fair (n = 50, 31%) or poor (n = 17, 11%). Table 1 presents additional demographic characteristics for providers and patients.

Table 1.

Provider and Patient Participant Demographic Characteristics.

Providers (n = 249) Patients (n = 163)
KPNW (n = 113) CHC (n = 136) KPNW (n = 93) CHC (n = 70)
Valid n Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Valid n Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Age 234 47.8 (8.6) 45.4 (10.4) 163 47.9 (15.4) 45.5 (10.8)
Years practicing 239 15.7(9.1) 12.8 (10.1) – – –
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Female 239 48 (44.9) 87 (65.9) 163 57 (61.3) 30 (42.9)
Hispanic 238 1 (1) 8(6.1) 152 14 (16.5) 15 (22.4)
Race 230 146
 White 8I (78.6) 114 (89.8) 55 (66.3) 44 (69.8)
 Black 1 (1.0) 2(1.6) 21 (25.3) 11 (17.5)
 Asian 17 (16.5) 8 (6.3) 4 (4.8) 1 (1.6)
 Native American 0 1 (0.8) 0 3 (4.8)
 Multiple race 4 (3.9) 2(1.6) 3 (3.6) 4 (6.3)
Diagnosis – 163
 Schizophrenia – – 21 (22.6) 23 (32.9)
 Bipolar disorder – – 27 (29.0) 27 (38.6)
 Major depressive disorder – – 30 (32.3) 10 (14.3)
 Anxiety disorder – – 15 (16.1) 10 (14.3)
Open in a new tab

Abbreviation: KPNW, Kaiser Permanente Northwest; CHC, community health/safety-net clinics; SD, standard deviation.

We organized survey responses and interview data from patients and clinicians into 3 overarching themes that emerged during analysis: Patient interest in preventive health care, likelihood of patients following preventive health-care recommendations, and support needed for patients to change health behaviors.

Patient Interest in Preventive Health Care

Clinicians believe patients with mental illnesses are not interested in preventive care.

Answers to several survey questions indicated that clinicians felt that patients with mental illnesses were not as interested in preventive health as patients without mental illnesses. Fifty-three percent (n = 131) reported they believed patients with mental illnesses cared about preventive health slightly to a great deal less than the rest of their patient population. Sixty-eight percent (n = 163) reported that “lack of patient interest in prevention” had moderately or greatly affected their ability to deliver preventive care to individuals with mental illnesses. Even more (80%, n = 191) reported their ability to deliver preventive care was moderately or greatly affected by the fact that “patients come in with acute problems.” Additional clinician-reported barriers to preventive care delivery are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Perceived Barriers to Preventive Care Completion among Providers and Patients.a

Great deal Moderate amount A little Not at all
Providers Valid n n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Lack of time in visit 239 147 (61.5) 65 (27.2) 22 (9.2) 5 (2.1)
Patients come in with acute problems 239 109 (45.6) 82 (34.3) 40 (16.7) 8 (3.3)
Lack of patient interest 239 54 (22.6) 109 (45.6) 63 (26.4) 13 (5.4)
Communication difficulties with patient 238 42 (17.6) 100 (42.0) 79 (33.2) 17(7.1)
Cultural differences 238 10 (4.2) 63 (26.5) 125 (52.5) 40 (16.8)
Often Sometimes Rarely Never/DNA
Patients Valid n n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Need to focus on more important health problems 159 35 (22.0) 60 (37.7) 29 (18.2) 35 (22.0)
Not interested in prevention 154 19 (12.3) 32 (20.8) 24 (15.6) 79 (51.3)
Communication difficulties with provider 160 14 (8.8) 33 (20.6) 36 (22.5) 77 (48.1)
Open in a new tab
a

Provider item was framed as “How much does each of the following potential barriers affect the delivery of health promotion and disease prevention to the patients with serious mental illnesses in your practice?” Patient item was framed as “How often do any of the following make it harder for you to get preventive health services (eg, getting a flu shot, having your cholesterol checked)?” Both providers and patients were asked about other personal or system-related barriers not reported here. Providers were asked about insufficient reimbursement and lack of a system to prompt for preventive service reminders. Patients were asked about several personal characteristics (work schedule, financial barriers), logistical issues (transportation, proximity of clinics), and structural factors (insurance coverage) DNA, does not apply.

In interviews, clinicians elaborated on how, from their perspective, patients’ needs to focus on acute health concerns, whether related to mental health or physical health, interfered with discussions about prevention. As one explained:

When they do come in they tend to focus on what really bothers them. They’re not really concerned as much as other patients with. … preventive care. … if they’re having mental health issues that seems to be the major thing that causes a lot of difficulties. Like they’re having problems with depression, or they’re not feeling good, or if they’re. … you know, schizophrenic. … So trying to get through that to just regular routine things is sometimes hard.

(male physician)

Another described a sentiment we heard from several clinicians who felt patients with mental illnesses came to appointments in crisis, inhibiting their ability to focus on preventive care:

These are patients that do live very chaotic lives and maybe are less aware of their physical body, and so it’s just less of a priority. Until something very acute happens. Which then they often end up in the emergency department.

(female physician)

Patients report they are interested in preventive care.

In contrast to clinician impressions, patients reported a high level of interest in “improving health-related practices such as diet, exercising, smoking, drinking:” 53% (n = 84) reported that they were “very interested,” and an additional 35% (n = 55) reported that they were “somewhat interested.” Further, 77% of patients (n = 121) disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement “I don’t really want to focus on preventive care when I see my doctor.” Additional patient-reported barriers to preventive care are presented in Table 2.

Some patients specifically noted a lack of communication about preventive care during primary care visits:

And she [doctor] does what she can do to help make things better. I am kind of concerned though. … about the lack of dialogue between me and doctors about preventive medicine. It seems like I’m always going there because of something and they treat what that is, but they don’t say, well, let’s talk about how we can avoid going back to this. Maybe, you know, changing your diet or maybe taking some vitamins, or whatever warrants the situation.

(female, major depressive disorder)

On explaining the importance of prevention in her own life, another participant said:

I think it’s the most important thing. … That’s what healthcare is for. … the whole idea to me is trying not to get sick. Not going and getting help once you’re already sick. … I eat very, very healthy. I try to get exercise. And pay attention to things.

(female, bipolar disorder)

Likelihood of Patients Following through with Preventive Health Care Recommendations

Clinicians lack confidence that patients with mental illnesses will follow preventive care recommendations.

Eighty-eight percent (n = 216) of clinicians reported they were “slightly” or “not at all” confident patients with mental illnesses would follow through on making behavior changes needed to improve their health, while only 42% (n = 102) reported similar low levels of confidence for patients without mental illnesses. In interviews, this belief was closely related to the belief that patients with mental illnesses do not prioritize their long-term health:

Well, compliance is pretty poor in general within that group. And, self-care is lousy: extra chemicals, tobacco, following healthy diets and exercising is probably nonexistent in the seriously mentally ill. … I probably put preventive care way down on the list because of their mental illness. … I probably have a prejudice against even going into preventive care. Because I think that mostly we’re putting out fires about short term things. … I probably bring a fatalistic prejudice to the encounters.

(male physician)

Another believed that patients with mental illnesses were less likely to live long enough to reap the benefits of preventive care:

I don’t think it’s [preventive care] going to make much of a difference. … this patient is going to die at an earlier age just from social unrest or living on the streets or the drugs they’re abusing. … I don’t see it necessarily being in the same longitudinal benefit as there would be for, you know, middle income Americans. Which I think is unfortunate and clearly, you know, it’s a bias on my part. And it’s one that probably contributes to poorer health care for that population. …

(male physician)

Clinicians who were more optimistic tended to note that patients with mental illnesses experience a wide range of functioning, and patients’ ability to follow through on care is better when their mental health is stabilized.

So when people are treated, and are stable on medication. … who are very well controlled, they do very well. … They follow-up. They want preventive services. I find that people who are not treating their psychosis as well as they should, and bipolar and schizophrenia, do not then follow through with any preventive measures.

(female physician)

To be sure, clinicians reported their general patients also experienced difficulties following through with recommendations, but felt that individuals with mental illnesses were particularly challenged, especially around changing health behaviors, including smoking:

I feel like I want them to quit but a lot of times they have no interest at all in quitting. And so, oftentimes my counseling kind of ends at that point. If someone has no interest in quitting, then I’ve brought it up and talked about why I think they should quit, and encourage them to do so. But if they have no interest then going farther is kind of a waste of both of our time. And so I feel like it gets lost right there for folks a lot of times because they just have no interest.

(female physician)

Patient confidence about following through with preventive care recommendations was mixed.

When considering lifestyle changes generally, 82% of patients (n = 129) agreed or strongly agreed with the statement “If my doctor advises me to change my lifestyle, I will try to do it.” When asked to report on the likelihood of following through on specific provider recommendations for preventive tests or behavioral changes, patients reported being considerably more likely to complete preventive services (eg, labarotary work, screenings) than they were to make behavioral changes (eg, stop drinking or smoking). Nearly 90% (n = 142) reported that they would be “extremely” or “very likely” to complete recommended laboratory work; 43% (n = 30) of current smokers said they would be “extremely” or “very likely” to cut back or stop smoking if recommended by their doctors. Nonetheless, for all behaviors except for smoking, over 50% of patients reported that they were “very” or “extremely likely” to make changes following a doctor’s recommendation. See Table 3 for additional details.

Table 3.

Patient-Reported Likelihood of Completing Preventive Services or Making Behavioral Changes Following Their Doctor’s Recommendation.

Extremely Likely Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not at All Likely
Valid n n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Complete laboratory work 158 92 (58.2) 50 (31.6) 13 (8.2) 3 (1.9)
Complete mammogram 82 39 (47.6) 30 (36.6) 8 (9.8) 5 (6.1)
Complete colon cancer screening 87 46 (52.9) 26 (29.9) 8 (9.2) 7 (8.0)
Get influenza vaccination 156 72 (46.2) 32 (20.5) 19 (12.2) 33 (21.2)
Reduce alcohol/drug use (among those who report use) 73 17 (23.3) 28 (38.4) 22 (30.1) 6 (8.2)
Improve diet/nutrition 156 30 (19.2) 56 (35.9) 60 (38.5) 10 (6.4)
Increase exercise 153 31 (20.3) 52 (34.0) 58 (37.9) 12 (7.8)
Cut back/stop smoking (among smokers) 70 13 (18.6) 17 (24.3) 21 (30.0) 19 (27.1)
Open in a new tab

Although patients were somewhat more optimistic than clinicians, both were largely in agreement about the difficulty of making behavioral changes, particularly around smoking behavior. As one patient noted:

He’s [doctor] told me more than once now, probably multiple times [to quit smoking]. And I even. … was introduced to the [quit] program, or he set me up to be introduced. Somebody called me and talked to me and I denied [declined to join]. You know, I went into denial and basically told him that. … I didn’t need help or something. I didn’t follow through with it because I don’t believe I can achieve it. I don’t have faith in myself. I use it as a recreational thing to take and help break my stress points at times.

(male, anxiety disorder)

Another patient described his lack of confidence in changing nutritional habits:

It’s just hard to lose weight and change your diet, just [finger snap] cold turkey like that. … I try to change my diet sometimes, you know, eat more salad or those nutrition bars, nutrition drinks and whatever, but, just it’s hard to resist sweets and all that stuff [Laughs.]

(male, schizophrenia spectrum disorder)

Support Needed for Patients to Change Health Behaviors

Clinicians believe patients with mental illnesses need additional preventive care support, but time is a major barrier.

The most common barrier to preventive care identified by providers was lack of time: 89% (n = 212) of providers felt time constraints moderately or greatly affected their ability to deliver preventive care. In interviews, providers noted time was especially limited in visits with patients with mental illnesses because of the need to address psychiatric issues:

The entire appointment is used to try to counsel the patient on actually taking medication for their psychosis. So then room to actually have a robust conversation about prevention is often left to the notes in the after visit summary.

(female physician)

Sixty percent (n = 142) of providers suggested that communication difficulties with patients with mental illnesses moderately or greatly affected their ability to deliver preventive care. In interviews, some providers reported that patients needed additional information on preventive care in order to understand or comply with recommendations, and those needs required additional time:

The people that don’t have mental illness, the majority of them readily accept screening tests and they readily accept most vaccinations. … but I think that people who are mentally ill require a lot more hand holding. They require a lot more reassurance and a lot more explaining of what the tests are about. And it’s more challenging for them. … Sometimes it does make the visit longer. …

(female physician)

A majority of providers (53%; n = 129) reported that they believed patients needed “a great deal” more support than they currently received to be successful with preventive care, and another 39% (n = 94) reported that they needed a “moderate” amount more support. In interviews, some providers interpreted that support as adopting simpler messages in order to make information more concrete for patients with mental illnesses. As one explained:

I try to simplify it [prevention message]. So I don’t talk about simple carbs versus complex carbs or the Mediterranean Diet. I usually just say, do you drink soda? Don’t drink soda. Do you drink juice? Don’t drink juice. Do you smoke? Don’t smoke. And just realize if I can make small steps to make a bigger difference.

(male physician)

Patients would like more time with providers to develop a trusting relationship and additional support to follow preventive care recommendations.

Like providers, patients frequently mentioned lack of time during visits as a barrier to care. From the patient perspective, hurried providers often failed to understand their concerns or took time to develop trusting relationships. Although patients appreciated when they felt doctors and medical staff took extra time with them, they also understood that doctors were busy and noted that small changes in behavior and demeanor could make them feel more respected and listened to:

Well, I don’t have a problem with quick service. But anyone can do quick service, and still be polite and acknowledge that you’re a human being and not just a little part of the job they have to come in and do really quick.

(male, major depressive disorder)

Another patient described the impact that a small investment of time can have on making a patient feel comfortable:

And every time she [doctor] would see me, the first thing she would come into the room and sit and just sit and talk with me. No paper, no chart, no computer screen. Nothing. Just, how are you today? What’s going on? Do you like the weather? Wasn’t necessary [and it only] took about a minute of her time.

(female, schizophrenia spectrum disorder)

Sixty percent (n = 95) of patients said they would like “a great deal” or “a moderate amount” of additional support to help them succeed with following health recommendations, something providers also noted. Patients disagreed with providers about key elements of that desired support, however, in particular stating they would like additional information about why certain preventive care is needed:

Depend[s] on what it [the recommendation] applies to. If I think it’s not necessary to do it, I just don’t think it’s necessary, I just don’t see the point. …, like if they told me, ‘okay, get this vaccine because it’s for the best, but we don’t know. … Like I want to know the statistics and research on it before I do it. Like how accurate is it?

(female, major depressive disorder)

When it came to assessing their needs for making behavioral changes, patients said they would benefit from additional information and concrete suggestions about how to make and maintain health changes, not simplified messages:

If it’s coming back specifically to changing my diet, I would need a lot of help to get a lot of specifics because I can follow directions and instructions, but just saying, ‘You should eat nutritional’ is not going to help me. So ‘Increase these things in your diet’, that’s like ‘Whoa’! What does that mean? I need. … practical. You know, if you give me some recipes, I can follow a recipe, yeah, throw in. … ‘You should eat this’, or ‘You should eat this’.

(male, bipolar disorder)

Another individual also pointed out that the lack of resources and support for making dietary changes inhibited actually making those changes:

[E]ver since the diagnosis of prediabetes, there’s a one hour, Kaiser online class or something that you can watch about this. That’s it?? You know. … I’m not uneducated on prediabetes and diabetes in general, so I’m like, I feel like what I need is more support with, again, this is where my diet’s at, and this is where it should be. How can we, you know, move that along? Yeah, you know, looking up glycemic index and glycemic load. … it’s what I can find on the internet. Which is a great resource, but I would much prefer. … to be able to see some nutritionist or dietician. …

(male, major depressive disorder)

Discussion

Our findings suggest clinically relevant differences in perspectives between clinicians and patients about the importance of delivering and following through on preventive care. One important discrepancy was the finding that a majority of patients report interest in making behavioral health changes, despite some clinicians’ beliefs to the contrary. Previous research focused specifically on cardiovascular screening found similar discrepancies between providers and their patients with mental illnesses.29 In our findings, providers were especially discouraged about their perception that patients with mental illnesses were uninterested in smoking cessation, yet 43% of patients with mental illnesses who smoked reported a willingness to engage in cessation efforts should their doctor recommend them. This substantial proportion is consistent with previous findings in this population,30,31 and presents an important opportunity for clinicians to motivate and support cessation efforts. Primary care providers do not appear to recognize the potential positive influence they have on these patients, and beliefs that patients with mental illnesses are uninterested in preventive care, won’t attend visits, or are unwilling to make health changes may be negatively affecting quality of care.32–35

Patients expressed a desire for further information about why preventive services are important and additional, concrete, support for enacting behavioral changes. Clinicians struggled to find time and sometimes had low expectations that patients would follow through with recommendations, thus avoiding taking the time to make them. Given the fatalistic orientation expressed by some clinicians in our study and others,34,36 clinicians may be falsely interpreting patients’ desire for more assistance or information as resistance to recommendations. Sometimes clinicians interpreted the need for more information as distrust or suspicion. However, rather than elaborate, explore barriers, and build trust, clinicians responded by reducing or simplifying messaging, the opposite of what patients were looking for. Communication difficulty between providers and patients with mental illnesses, including those resulting from mental illness symptoms or lack of patient self-advocacy, have been noted.9 Yet patient desire for improved communication and positive relationships with clinicians37,38 and a collaborative clinician–patient relationship to enhance patient-directed health management39 have also been noted. Improving communication and shared decision-making may aid in assessing and developing realistic health goals and implementing practical behavioral change strategies.40,41 When developmental delays, lower reading level or lower educational attainment, or comprehension challenges due to psychotropic or illicit drug use create provider–patient communication difficulties, alternative approaches to shared decision-making, goal setting, and health behavior coaching may be necessary. Health systems could support the health management of individuals with mental illness diagnoses by flagging upcoming appointments and expanding visit time to allow for more robust communication and support between clinicians and patients; whether this improves health outcomes should be evaluated in future research. Given time constraints noted by clinicians, and physicians’ low confidence in patients’ abilities to make health changes, additional ancillary, nonphysician support for behavior change seems warranted. Increased engagement with and support from clinical staff including nurses,42,43 care managers,44 or peers45 has been shown to be effective in managing health and health-related practices. Behavioral health specialists embedded in primary care clinics are also a potential solution.46 Availability of these counselors allows an immediate, warm hand-off to a skilled clinician with time to explore the lack of interest or self-efficacy, use motivational interviewing techniques, engage patients in supported, tailored behavioral change interventions or triage them to existing resources (eg, quit-lines), and follow-up beyond the primary care visit to coordinate ongoing care and address social determinants of health.47 Future research should assess the effectiveness of such a model of care.

Initiating and maintaining behavioral changes are a complex, nonlinear process48,49 that is challenging for individuals with29 and without50,51 mental illnesses. Consistent with this, our patient participants recognized these difficulties and reported needs for additional, individually tailored support. Many patients with mental illnesses realize that behavioral change is a process that involves periods of greater or lesser focus on specific goals; mental health recovery is a parallel process for many people as it also involves strides forward cycling with setbacks. Contrary to negative clinician expectations, meaningful health-related behavioral change outcomes are possible52 when patients have access to tailored programs such as for weight loss53–55 and smoking cessation56 that take into account their unique needs related to mental health. Making such interventions available, and providing adequate support to patients to facilitate intervention attendance and adherence, could result in significant improvements in health outcomes.

A few limitations should be noted. First, attitudes and beliefs of nonresponders to our clinician survey may differ from those who responded. Second, our patient participation rate was somewhat low. Although individuals who joined our study did not differ demographically from individuals who we could not recruit, we cannot be certain that their beliefs about preventive health would not have differed. We were also unable to compare nonresponders with study participants on variables that were not derived from the EHR (eg, homelessness). Finally, our results may be not be generalizable outside integrated care and federally qualified health center settings.

Conclusions

Clinicians working with patients with mental illnesses ascribed a lack of interest in preventive care to their patients that patients themselves did not report. Implications of these beliefs, combined with time constraints, include the possibility that clinicians focus mostly on providing straightforward preventive care that does not require much time (eg, laboratory tests) rather than more time-consuming care (eg, smoking or nutritional counseling). Inattention to supporting more important behavioral changes may result in missed opportunities to address the very changes that could reduce early morbidity and mortality.

Supplementary Material

Supplemental table

So What?

What is Already known on this Topic?

Individuals with mental illnesses are a vulnerable population with higher than average morbidity and earlier mortality rates. Reasons for this disparity include the effects of antipsychotic medications and lifestyle behaviors that may be amenable to behavioral change efforts.

What does this Article Add?

Despite fatalistic beliefs from providers on the ability of their patients with mental illnesses to engage in and change health-related behaviors, we found that individuals with mental illnesses are very interested in improving their health and changing their health-related behaviors.

What are the Implications for Health Promotion Practice or Research?

Along with PCPs, ancillary providers—including nurses, behavioral health specialists, care managers, and peers—could play a larger role in working with patients with mental illnesses on achieving behavioral health goals.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH096795). The funding agency played no role in the design or conduct of the study, the preparation of this manuscript, nor the decision to submit the report for publication. The authors would like to thank Julie Cavese and Alison Firemark for their work in conducting the patient interviews.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Supplemental Material

Supplementary material for this article is available online.

References

  • 1.Colton CW, Manderscheid RW. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Prev. Chronic Dis 2006;3(2):A42. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Miller BJ, Paschall CB III, Svendsen DP. Mortality and medical comorbidity among patients with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(10):1482–1487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(4):334–341. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Druss BG, Zhao L, Von ES, Morrato EH, Marcus SC. Understanding excess mortality in persons with mental illness: 17-year follow up of a nationally representative US survey. Med Care. 2011;49(6):599–604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.De Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(1):52–77. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Druss BG, Rosenheck RA, Desai MM, Perlin JB. Quality of preventive medical care for patients with mental disorders. Med Care. 2002;40(2):129–136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Lawrence D, Kisely S. Inequalities in healthcare provision for people with severe mental illness. J Psychopharmacol. 2010; 24(suppl 4):61–68. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Roberts L, Roalfe A, Wilson S, Lester H. Physical health care of patients with schizophrenia in primary care: a comparative study. Fam Pract. 2007;24(1):34–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Kaufman EA, McDonell MG, Cristofalo MA, Ries RK. Exploring barriers to primary care for patients with severe mental illness: frontline patient and provider accounts. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012;33(3):172–180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.McDonell MG, Kaufman EA, Srebnik DS, Ciechanowski PS, Ries RK. Barriers to metabolic care for adults with serious mental illness: provider perspectives. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2011;41(4):379–387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Ye J, Shim R, Rust G. Health care avoidance among people with serious psychological distress: analyses of 2007 health information national trends survey. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2012;23(4):1620–1629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Borba CP, DePadilla L, McCarty FA, von Esenwein SA, Druss BG, Sterk CE. A qualitative study examining the perceived barriers and facilitators to medical healthcare services among women with a serious mental illness. Womens Health Issues. 2012;22(2):e217–e224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Yarborough BJ, Perrin NA, Stumbo SP, Muench J, Green CA. Preventive Service Use among People with and without Serious Mental Illnesses. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(1):1–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Peterson EB, Ostroff JS, DuHamel KN, et al. Impact of provider-patient communication on cancer screening adherence: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2016;93:96–105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Smith SM, Wallace E, O’Dowd T, Fortin M. Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 3:CD006560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Walsh JM, McPhee SJ. A systems model of clinical preventive care: an analysis of factors influencing patient and physician. Health Educ Q. 1992;19(2):157–175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Lester H, Tritter JQ, Sorohan H. Patients’ and health professionals’ views on primary care for people with serious mental illness: focus group study. BMJ. 2005;330(7500):1122. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Onwuegbuzie AJ, Collins KM. A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. Qual Rep. 2007; 12(2):281–316. [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Cunningham CT, Quan H, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Exploring physician specialist response rates to web-based surveys. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15:32. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Morrato EH, Brewer SE, Campagna EJ, et al. Glucose testing for adults receiving medicaid and antipsychotics: a population-based prescriber survey on behaviors, attitudes, and barriers. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(7):798–802. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Yarborough BJ, Stumbo SP, Muench J, Perrin NA, Hanson G, Green CA. Effects of primary care clinician beliefs and perceived organizational facilitators on the delivery of preventive care to individuals with serious mental illnesses. BMC Fam Pract. 2018; 19(1):16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc; 2007. [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Patton MQ. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Vol 3 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc; 2002. [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2015;42(5):533–544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Strauss AL, Corbin J. Open coding In: Corbin JaSA, ed. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc; 1998:101–121. [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Saldaña J The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London, UK: Sage; 2009. [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Braun V, Clarke V. Using Thematic Analysis In Psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis In: Cooper H, Camic PM, Long DL, Panter AT, Rindskopf D, Sher KJ, eds. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol 2: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2012:57–71. [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Pitman AL, Osborn DP, Wright CA, Nazareth I, King MB. Cardiovascular screening of people with severe mental illness in England: views of service users and providers. Psychiatr Serv. 2011;62(11):1338–1345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Prochaska JJ, Fletcher L, Hall SE, Hall SM. Return to smoking following a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization. Am J Addict. 2006;15(1):15–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Acton GS, Prochaska JJ, Kaplan AS, Small T, Hall SM. Depression and stages of change for smoking in psychiatric outpatients. Addict Behav. 2001;26(5):621–631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.McGinty EE, Baller J, Azrin ST, Juliano-Bult D, Daumit GL. Quality of medical care for persons with serious mental illness: a comprehensive review. Schizophr Res. 2015;165(2–3):227–235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Welch LC, Litman HJ, Borba CP, Vincenzi B, Henderson DC. Does a physician’s attitude toward a patient with mental illness affect clinical management of diabetes? results from a mixed-method study. Health Serv Res. 2015;50(4):998–1020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Sullivan G, Mittal D, Reaves CM, et al. Influence of schizophrenia diagnosis on providers’ practice decisions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(8):1068–1074; quiz 1074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Corrigan PW, Mittal D, Reaves CM, et al. Mental health stigma and primary health care decisions. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1–2): 35–38. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Burton A, Osborn D, Atkins L, et al. Lowering cardiovascular disease risk for people with severe mental illnesses in primary care: a focus group study. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Cabassa LJ, Gomes AP, Meyreles Q, et al. Primary health care experiences of hispanics with serious mental illness: a mixed-methods study. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2014;41(6):724–736. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Lester H, Tritter JQ, England E. Satisfaction with primary care: the perspectives of people with schizophrenia. Fam Pract. 2003; 20(5):508–513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Green CA, Polen MR, Janoff SL, et al. Understanding how clinician-patient relationships and relational continuity of care affect recovery from serious mental illness: STARS study results. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2008;32(1):9–22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Institute of Medicine. Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance-Use Conditions. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, Committee on Crossing the Quality Chasm: Adaptation to Mental Health, Addictive Disorders, Board on Health Care Services; 2006. [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Happell B, Davies C, Scott D. Health behaviour interventions to improve physical health in individuals diagnosed with a mental illness: a systematic review. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2012;21(3): 236–247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Happell B, Scott D, Nankivell J, Platania-Phung C. Nurses’ views on training needs to increase provision of primary care for consumers with serious mental illness. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2013;49(3):210–217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Druss BG, von Esenwein SA, Compton MT, Rask KJ, Zhao L, Parker RM. A randomized trial of medical care management for community mental health settings: the primary care access, referral, and evaluation (PCARE) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010; 167(2):151–159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Druss BG, Zhao L, von Esenwein SA, et al. The health and recovery peer (HARP) Program: a peer-led intervention to improve medical self-management for persons with serious mental illness. Schizophr Res. 2010;118(1–3):264–270. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Scharf DM, Schmidt Hackbarth N, Eberhart NK, et al. General Medical Outcomes From the Primary and Behavioral Health Care Integration Grant Program. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(11):1226–1232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Dale H, Lee A. Behavioural health consultants in integrated primary care teams: a model for future care. BMC Fam Pract. 2016;17:97. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot. 1997;12(1):38–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Elder JP, Ayala GX, Harris S. Theories and intervention approaches to health-behavior change in primary care. Am J Prev Med. 1999;17(4):275–284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Barte JC, ter Bogt NC, Bogers RP, et al. Maintenance of weight loss after lifestyle interventions for overweight and obesity, a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2010;11(12):899–906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Hajek P, Stead LF, West R, Jarvis M, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T. Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; (8):CD003999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.McGinty EE, Baller J, Azrin ST, Juliano-Bult D, Daumit GL. Interventions to address medical conditions and health-risk behaviors among persons with serious mental illness: a comprehensive review. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(1):96–124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Bartels SJ, Pratt SI, Aschbrenner KA, et al. Clinically significant improved fitness and weight loss among overweight persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(8):729–736. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Daumit GL, Dickerson FB, Wang NY, et al. A behavioral weight-loss intervention in persons with serious mental illness. N Eng J Med. 2013;368(17):1594–1602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Green CA, Yarborough BJ, Leo MC, et al. The STRIDE weight loss and lifestyle intervention for individuals taking antipsychotic medications: a randomized trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(1): 71–81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Tsoi DT, Porwal M, Webster AC. Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;28(2):CD007253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplemental table
NIHMS1576216-supplement-Supplemental_table.docx (16.1KB, docx)

RESOURCES