. 2020 May 11;8:e9025. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9025

Table 1. Demographic, health risk behavior and clinical characteristics of the analytical sample stratified by gender.

	Males (n= 3,593)		Females (n= 2,141)		Overall (n= 5,734)
Characteristics	n	%/Mean ± SD	n	%/Mean ± SD	n	%/Mean ± SD
Age (years)		47.6 ± 9.5		48.3 ± 10.0		47.8 ± 9.7
Education (College and above)	2,164	60.2	1,256	58.7	3,420	59.6
Family history of diabetes	676	18.8	558	26.1	1,234	21.5
Current smoking	1,476	41.1	10	0.5	1,486	25.9
Heavy alcohol drinking	925	25.7	60	2.8	985	17.2
Physical activity
Active	834	23.2	517	24.1	1,351	23.6
Moderately active	1,502	41.8	701	32.7	2,203	38.4
Inactive	1,257	35.0	923	43.1	2,180	38.0
Nocturnal sleep duration
<6 h	530	14.8	337	15.7	867	15.1
6∼h	1,286	35.8	638	29.8	1,924	33.6
7∼h	1,326	36.9	811	37.9	2,137	37.3
≥8 h	451	12.6	355	16.6	806	14.1
Items of Athens insomnia index
Difficulty with sleep induction	230	6.4	272	12.7	502	8.8
Awakening during the night	224	6.2	216	10.1	440	7.7
Final awakening earlier than desired	196	5.5	180	8.4	376	6.6
Insufficient total sleep duration	336	9.4	285	13.3	621	10.8
Unsatisfactory overall quality of sleep	306	8.5	288	13.5	594	10.4
Decreased sense of well-being during the day	62	1.7	63	2.9	125	2.2
Decreased functioning during the day	164	4.6	140	6.5	304	5.3
Sleepiness during the day	537	14.9	278	13.0	815	14.2
Body mass index (kg/m²)		24.4 ± 2.8		22.6 ± 2.9		23.7 ± 3.0
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		131.1 ± 16.2		127.1 ± 19.6		129.6 ± 17.6
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		79.0 ± 10.9		74.7 ± 10.6		77.4 ± 11.0
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)		5.2 ± 1.3		5.0 ± 1.1		5.1 ± 1.3
Diabetes	251	7.0	103	4.8	354	6.2

Notes.