Single-stage VASER-assisted liposuction and lymphatico-venous anastomoses for the treatment of extremity lymphedema: a case series and systematic review of the literature

Abstract

Background

A paradigm shift towards the use of combined physiological and excisional surgical approaches for the treatment of lymphedema is permeating the surgical practice worldwide. We describe a single-stage surgical approach combining-vaser assisted liposuction (VAL) and lymphatico-venous anastomoses (LVA) for the treatment of extremity-lymphedema.

Methods

Between March 2018 and March 2019, a retrospective review of patients with extremity-lymphedema stage IIb–III International Society of Lymphology who underwent the combined technique was done. Demographics, operative characteristics, clinical outcomes and complications were assessed. Additionally, a systematic review of studies that reported combined physiological procedures with liposuction for the treatment of lymphedema was conducted.

Results

A total of 24 patients [12 upper extremity lymphedema (UEL), and 12 lower extremity lymphedema (LEL)] were included and analyzed. The mean age was 54.5 years (38–72 years). The mean circumference reduction rate was 90% and 85% for UEL and LEL, respectively. Infection rate decreased to zero postoperatively in all patients. Ten studies were included in the review: six pooling 220 cases included two-stage procedures, and four pooling 66 cases described one-stage surgeries. All patients who underwent a combined approach reported clinical improvement.

Conclusions

Our combined approach is safe surgical option and allows adequate limb size reduction with faster recovery in selected patients with lymphedema with strong fibroadipose component.

Introduction

Advanced stages of lymphedema are characterized by excessive subcutaneous fibrosis and hypertrophy of adipose tissues (1). Surgical procedures are indicated in the management of these stages and those refractory to conservative therapies (2,3). Recently, combined surgical approaches, including a debulking and a physiological procedure, have been described in order to address the different pathological components of lymphedema and to improve treatment outcomes (2,3).

Suction-assisted lipectomy (SAL) is an excisional procedure that has been used for the treatment of lymphedema since its introduction by O’Brien in 1989 (4). It has been shown to effectively reduce the lymphedematous limb circumference by removing fibrotic and fatty tissue. The introduction of vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER) (Sound Surgical Technologies, LLC, Louisville, Col.) technology has enhanced and expanded the use of liposuction and lipoplasty particularly in aesthetic procedures, such as high-definition liposculpture (5-7) and body contouring of fibrous body areas like the back and trunk, and treatment of male and female breast, face and neck. The use of VASER allows a more precise, less traumatic—hence, less painful—procedure with improved outcomes (5). The comparative advantages of this technology allowed us to consider expanding its use for extremity lymphedema, as it facilitates the rupture of subcutaneous fibrotic septa and gentle fragmentation of hypertrophied fat, which is a hallmark of lymphedema.

Patients with lymphedema who have undergone liposuction must adhere to rigorous requirement of postoperative compression to maintain therapeutic results (8-10). Therefore, the combination with a physiological procedure to restore local lymphatic function can theoretically avoid the need for permanent use of compression garments, thus improving quality of life and surgical outcomes.

Different combined protocols have been reported in the literature; however, no consensus has been reached (8,11-13). The aim of this study is to present our experience on the use of VASER-assisted lipectomy (VAL) in combination with lymphatico-venous anastomoses (LVA) as a single-stage procedure to treat moderate-to-severe extremity lymphedema. Herein, we describe the surgical technique, present a case series of this combine approach and analyze the reported literature combining SAL with any physiological surgical procedure.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent VAL with LVA between March 2018 and March 2019 at Ciruesthetic Clinic in Lima, Peru, was conducted after approval by our institutional review board (IRB). The inclusion criteria for the simultaneous approach of VAL and LVA were as follows: cancer-free patients with lymphedema stage IIb or III International Society of Lymphology (ISL) refractory to conservative management (adjusted diet, exercise regimen and complex decongestive therapy) for a minimum of 12 months. Patients with less than 9 months of follow-up, open wounds or previous surgical treatments for lymphedema were excluded.

Demographic data and clinical photographs both pre- and post-operatively were documented. Circumferences of both the edematous extremity and the unaffected counterpart pre and at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperative were recorded to calculate the reduction rate. The anatomic landmarks used to measure the circumference were the following: 10cm below the elbow or knee, 10 cm above the wrist or ankle, and at the midhand or midfoot. To calculate the circumference reduction rate, we used the mean of the circumferences measured. We defined the percentage of improvement as “reduction rate” comparing the affected limb (AL) to the healthy limb (HL) using the following equation:

$$Circumferencereductionrate\text{(\%)}=\frac{[1-\left(postoperativeAL-HL\right)}{\left(pre-operativeAL-HL\right)]}\times 100$$

Surgical characteristics, including operative time, time of VASER device use, liposuction volume, blood loss, and number and location of LVAs were also recorded. Pre and postoperative number of cellulitis episodes were registered. Length of hospital stay and postoperative complications were documented, as well.

Preoperatively, intradermal injections of indocyanine green (ICG) were performed at the second and fourth interdigital spaces of the hand or foot to identify patent distal lymphatic vessels as shown in Figure 1. These sites were identified, marked and respected during the VASER device use and liposuction.

Figure 1.

Pre-operative ICG lymphangiography findings in a patient with unilateral secondary lymphedema showing two linear patterns noted at the dorsum of the right hand. The yellow circle shows the transition from a linear pattern to a diffuse-splash pattern located proximal to the wrist, indication lymphatic dysfunction. These areas were respected during the VASER-assisted liposuction in order to perform the lymphatico-venous anastomoses. ICG, indocyanine green; VASER, vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance.

VAL

Under general anesthesia, access incisions of around 4 to 5 mm in length were marked in the medial and lateral aspects of the wrist and elbow, or ankle and knee, for upper and lower extremity, respectively. Both the VASER-assisted and subsequent liposuction were performed through these incisions. Skin protectors were placed to protect incision edges. A tumescent solution (1 mg/mL epinephrine in 1,000 mL normal saline) was used for infiltration prior to the use of the VASER technology until the extremity was tense to palpation (14). An estimated time of 15 minutes was given after infiltration before the use of VASER to allow adequate distribution of the solution and maximal vasoconstriction.

VAL was performed using a probe with 3.7 mm diameter and three rings, which allows for a better penetration in fibrous tissues and rapid debulking; see Video 1. VASER continuous mode, which allows a faster fat fragmentation and emulsification, was used.

Video 1.

Download video file ^{(5.6MB, mp4)}

VASER-assisted liposuction.

After the VASER device use, aspiration of emulsified fat deposits and fragmented fibrous tissue was accomplished by conventional liposuction using a 5 mm cannula. Finally, one or two LVA are performed as close to the transition zone (where the lymphangiographic image changed from linear pattern to an abnormal pattern) as possible at the previously marked sites at the distal aspect of the extremity.

Postoperative care

All patients were discharged 24 hours postoperatively. Follow-ups in the outpatient clinic were done at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patients were recommended to resume complex decongestive therapy after one week postoperatively to a minimum of 6 months post-operative.

Systematic literature review search methodology

Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) (15), a comprehensive literature search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Ovid Embase, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) search engines. Search terms were defined using the PICO structure (the search strategy and a complete list of search terms are specified in http://fp.amegroups.cn/cms/6547b4af07e4991a0916dfe884bef614/gs.2020.01.13-1.pdf): participants (P) included adult patients with extremity lymphedema; the intervention (I) was liposuction in combination with a physiological procedure; comparisons (C) addressed the specific technique used; and outcomes (O) comprised limb measurements, cellulitis, complications, and quality of life.

Systematic review inclusion and exclusion criteria

All original papers on human studies and in all languages were reviewed to provide a comprehensive compilation of articles. Single case reports and communications were also referenced. Each article was reviewed to verify a liposuction technique was performed together with a physiological procedure, either at the same operative time or as a two-staged procedure. In particular, attention was given towards postoperative surgical outcomes.

Systematic review data extraction

For all included articles, we documented the following: study characteristics, number of patients, mean age, type and stage of lymphedema, mean follow-up time, type of liposuction, related physiological surgical treatment, and timing between surgical procedures. Outcomes were reported: either circumference difference or reduction rate, or excess volume reduction; cellulitis rate reduction; complications; and quality of life.

Quality assessment

To assess the risk of bias and quality of design within the included studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) (16) for nonrandomized cohort studies and the methodological quality assessment proposed by Murad et al. (17) for case series and reports were used. A maximum of 9 stars or points are awarded to each study in the NOS on items related to the selection of the study (4 points), the comparability of the exposed and unexposed groups (2 points), and the ascertainment of outcomes of interest (3 points). For the scale by Murad, a total of 8 points are awarded to each study on items related to the selection (1 point), ascertainment (2 points), causality (4 points), and reporting (1 point).

Statistical analysis

A narrative synthesis was performed. For our cohort, descriptive analyses with measures of central tendency and dispersion were completed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Roselle, IL, USA).

Results

A total of 24 patients (2 males and 22 females) were included in this study. Twenty patients had stage IIb and four had stage III International Society of Lymphology (ISL) (18). The mean age and BMI were 54.5 years (range, 38–72 years) and 26 kg/m² (range, 25–32.4 kg/m²), respectively (Table 1). Mean follow-up time was 14 months (range, 9–17 months). All of the 24 patients included had unilateral, secondary lymphedema: 12 breast, 10 gynecologic and 2 urologic cancer-related. Hence, 12 were upper extremity lymphedema (UEL), and 12 were lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). Mean duration of symptoms associated with lymphedema was 24 months (range, 15–40 months), and the mean duration of conservative therapy preoperatively was 28 months (range, 12–41 months).

Table 1. Demographics and clinical information.

Characteristic	Mean/n	Range/percentage
Total	24
Male	2	8.3%
Female	22	91.7%
Age, years	54.5	38–72
Body mass index, kg/m2	26	25–32.4
Etiology
Breast cancer-related (ULL)	12	50.0%
Gynecologic cancer-related (LLL)	10	41.7%
Urologic cancer-related (LLL)	2	8.3%
Duration of symptoms, months	24	15–40
Preoperative conservative therapy duration, months	28	12–41
Follow-up, months	14	9–17

ULL, upper limb lymphedema; LLL, lower limb lymphedema.

Operative characteristics are summarized in Table 2. Circumference reduction rate was 90% (85–98%) and 85% (80–94%) for UEL and LEL, respectively. The time of VASER device use is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. Volume of the debulked tissue with liposuction was 1,800 mL (range, 1,600–2,800 mL) and 2,600 mL (range, 200–3,600 mL) for UEL and LEL, respectively. Blood loss was minimal in both extremities. The number of LVA performed in each procedure varied between 1 and 2. No patient presented with episodes of cellulitis during follow-up. Minor complications, such as postoperative numbness, were reported by all patients, but resolved in less than 5 months, post-operatively. One patient reported epidermolysis, which was treated conservatively and re-epithelized in 3 weeks. All patients were discharged to home after 24 hours postoperatively. Figures 4 and 5 show clinical pictures of patients who underwent simultaneous VAL and LVA. Figure 6 shows the multilayered compression bandaging used during the first 6 months postoperatively as part of the complex decongestive therapy.

Table 2. Details of the surgical procedure.

Operative characteristic	Upper limb lymphedema (n=12)			Lower limb lymphedema (n=12)
	Mean/count	Range/percentage		Mean/count	Range/percentage
Liposuction volume, mL	1,800	1,600–2,800		2,600	200–3,600
Blood loss, mL	250	150–360		330	220–500
Time of VASER use, min
Anterior arm/thigh	8.4	7–10		9.2	8–10
Posterior arm/thigh	6.4	5–7		7.5	6–8
Anterior forearm/leg	4.4	3–5		7.5	7–8
Posterior forearm/leg	5.5	4–6		6.4	6–8
Circumference reduction rate, %	90	85–98		85	80–94
Number of LVAs	1.5	1–2		1.5	1–2
Number of episodes of infection
Pre-op, per year	0.8	0–1		1.4	1–3
Post-op, at last follow-up	0			0
Complications
Transient postoperative numbness	12	100		12	100
Epidermolysis	0	0		1	8.3
Length of hospital stay, days	1	1		1	1

VASER, vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance; LVA, lymphatico-venous anastomosis.

Figure 2.

Schematic representation of VASER use time in a lymphedematous upper extremity. VASER, vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance.

Figure 3.

Schematic representation of VASER use time in a lymphedematous lower extremity. VASER, vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance.

Figure 4.

A 59-year-old woman with upper extremity lymphedema who underwent simultaneous VASER-assisted liposuction and distal LVA. (A) Preoperative picture. (B) Postoperative picture at 12 months follow-up showing significant decrease in the size of the affected limb. VASER, vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance; LVA, lymphatico-venous anastomoses.

Figure 5.

A 56-year-old man with lower extremity lymphedema who underwent simultaneous VASER-assisted liposuction and distal LVA. (A) Preoperative picture. (B) Postoperative picture at 5 months follow-up wearing compression garments. The patient completed 6 months of complex decongestive therapy, after which it was discontinued. (C) Picture at 15 months postoperative showing significant decrease in the size of the affected limb. VASER, vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance; LVA, lymphatico-venous anastomoses.

Figure 6.

Example of a multi-layered garment used pre-operatively and for the first 6 months post-operatively. Picture shows patient before compression garment placement (A), material used for multilayer garment (B) and after compression garment placement (C).

Study retrieval, procedures and characteristics

Four hundred forty-five citations were identified through the databases searched. A flow diagram outlining the study selection is shown in Figure 7. After duplicates removal, we identified a total of 244 records. Of these, 11 underwent full-text review, and 2 were excluded. A total of 9 studies (8,11-13,19-23) were included for data extraction. Our cohort was also added, yielding a total of 10 studies. In total, these studies represented 286 cases (Table 3). Only one study included patients with primary lymphedema (63 patients, representing 22% of total cases). Patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months, and one study did not report follow-up time.

Figure 7.

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram.

Table 3. Studies characteristics.

Author and year	Number of patients	Average Age, yr [range]	Lymphedema stage	Lymphedema type	Lymphedema site	Average follow-up, months [range]	Type of liposuction	Related physiologic surgical treatment	Timing between surgical treatments	NOS
Shi et al. 2003	10	N/A	ND	Secondary	UL	2×6 mo, 7×2 yr, 1×4 yr	Dry	Lateral thoracic skin flap or LD myocutaneous flap	Single-stage	4
Qi et al. 2009	11	ND [41–74]	ND	Secondary	UL	26 [3–60]	Dry	LD myocutaneous pedicle flap transfer and lymph-fascia grafting	Single-stage	4
Granzow et al. 2014	2	59 [55–63]	ND	Secondary	UL	NR	Dry	Groin VLNT with proximal inset	First stage: SAL; second stage (11–22 mo later): VLNT	1ω
Nicoli et al. 2015	10	54.6 [35–67]	IIα	Secondary	UL	6	Tumescent laser-assisted*	6 Groin and 4 supraclavicular VLNT with distal inset	First stage: VLNT; second stage (1–3 mo later): laser-assisted SAL	5
Cook et al. 2016	1	52	IIIb–IVbβ	Secondary	UL	12	Dry	Supraclavicular VLNT with distal inset	First stage: SAL; second stage (2.5 mo later): VLNT	4ω
Campisi et al. 2016	146	NR [20–60]	IIb-IIIbδ	Primary: 69, secondary: 77	UL: 63, LL: 83	At least 12	FLLA-LVSP, dry	LVA	First stage: LVA; second stage (5.5–11.6 mo later): FLLA-LVSP	5
Chang et al. 2017	49	52 [31-70]	ND	Secondary	LL	12	Tumescent	LVA	First stage: SAL; second stage: (time not specified) LVA	4
Agko et al. 2017	12	52 [27–72]	IIα	Secondary	UL: 6, LL: 6	23.5 [18–28]	Tumescent	Gastroepiploic VLNT with both proximal and distal insetµ	First stage: VLNT; second stage (6–8 mo later): SAL	4
Leppäpuska et al. 2019	21	56.7 [37–74]	IIα	Secondary	UL	48.9 [26–71]	Dry: 18 Wet: 3	Groin VLNTΩ	Single-stage	4
Ciudad et al. 2019	24	54.5 [38–72]	IIb-IIIα	Secondary	UL: 12, LL: 12	14 [9–17]	Tumescent VASER-assisted	LVA	Single-stage	4

*, high-power diodide pulsed laser with 1,470-nm wavelength, LASEmaR 1500-EUFOTON, Trieste, Italy; ^α, International Society of Lymphology Staging System; ^β, modified staging system by Karri et al.; ^δ, campisi staging system; ^µ, flap was divided extracorporeally into two units and placed proximally and distally; ^Ω, for 10 patients, this was combined with a lower abdominal flap (DIEP or ms-TRAM flap) for immediate breast reconstruction; ^ω, methodological quality assessment of case report/series proposed by Murad et al. NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; ND, not discussed; N/A, not applicable; UL, upper limbs, LL, lower limbs; LD, latissimus dorsi; LVA, lymphatico-venous anastomosis; VLNT, vascularized lymph node transfer; FLLA-LVSP, fibro-lipo-lypmh-aspiration with a lymph vessel sparing procedure; Suction-assisted lipectomy.

Most patients were treated with dry liposuction (a total of 188 patients, representing 65.7%), of which 42 (14.7%) were done conventionally and 146 (51%) were done with the fibro-lipo-lymph-aspiration (FLLA) with a lymph vessel sparing procedure (LVSP) (13) technique, and 2 (0.7%). Only 3 patients (1%) were treated with wet liposuction. A total of 95 patients (33.2%) were treated with tumescent liposuction, of which 64 (22.4%) were performed conventionally, 10 (3.5%) laser-assisted, and 24 (8.4%) VASER-assisted. All reported surgical outcomes, although measurement techniques varied widely among studies.

Six studies, which pool 220 cases, described two staged procedures. Out of these 6 studies, 3 had liposuction performed first and the physiological procedure done in a second operative time [2 vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), 1 LVA] with 2.5 to 22 months between procedures; whereas, 3 started with the physiological procedure (2 VLNT, 1 LVA) and had liposuction performed 1 to 11.6 months later. Four studies pooling 66 cases described one-stage procedures. The physiological procedures performed among these were skin or myocutaneous flaps, lymph-fascia grafting, VLNT or LVA.

Outcomes

A summary of the outcomes reported by each study is presented in Table 4. Measurement techniques to assess surgical outcomes varied in every study, although all showed significant improvement after surgical treatment: six studies represented their outcomes as limb circumference difference or circumference reduction rates; 1 included circumference and volume difference; and 3 measured volume or excess volume (either as percentage or absolute units).

Table 4. Studies outcomes.

Author and year	Measurement technique	Circumference (cm)/volume (%)/excess volume (% or mL) reduction	Skin infection rate reduction (SD/range)	Complications	QoL
Shi et al. 2003	Circumference at 5 levels: PC, W, MF, E, MU	Circumference difference: PC: 2–4 cm, W: 2–3 cm, MF: 6–8 cm, E: 5–6 cm, MU: 8–12 cm	ND	ND	Improved limb heaviness and activity
Qi et al. 2009	Circumference at 6 levels: PC, W, MF, E, MU, PU	Preop (n=11): PC: 21.61±0.87 cm, W: 21.27±2.17 cm, MF: 32.55±1.44 cm, E: 32.55±1.44 cm, MU: 34.45±2.23 cm, PU: 35.18±1.8 cm. At 36 mo postop (n=4): PC: 20.60±0.62 cm, W: 20.10±2.17 cm, MF: 29.30±2.17 cm, E: 29.03±1.41 cm, MU: 31.03±1.44 cm, PU: 29.88±0.74 cm	Preop (n=11)*: 6.45±4.34. At 12 mo postop (n=10)*: 0.70±0.82	2 patients presented wound disruptions, 1 arm strength decrease, 2 numbness in fingers, 1 dorsal foot edema, and 1 knee edema	Significant alleviation of symptoms related to lymphedema
Granzow et al. 2014	Volume (ND)	Post-first stage: 90–107% volume reduction; post-second stage: 75–113% volume reduction	No episodes postop	ND	Reduce compression garment use, improved limb heaviness
Nicoli et al. 2015	Circumference at 2 levels: 10 cm AE and BE	Preop: AE: 32.9±1.6 cm, BE: 28.5±3 cm. At 6 mo post-second stage: AE: 30.5±1.6 cm, BE: 25.7±2.4 cm	ND	Noneβ	ND
Cook et al. 2016	Circumference at 5 levels: W, 10 cm AE and BE, E and axilla	Preop: W: 17 cm, MF: 30 cm, E: 31.5 cm, MU: 35 cm, PU: 33 cm. Post-first stage: W: 16 cm, MF: 26 cm, E: 29 cm, MU: 30 cm, PU: 32 cm. Post-second stage: W: 19 cm, MF: 26 cm, E: 28 cm, MU: 30 cm, PU: 31 cm	ND	ND	ND
Campisi et al. 2016	Excess volumeδ	Preop: UL: 20.19%±11.62%, LL: 21.24%±12.38%. At 12 mo postop: UL: 2.68%±2.49%, LL: 2.60%±1.38%	No episodes at 6 mo postop	ND	16 patients eliminated the use of compression garments and all other reduced the frequency of use. Improved limb heaviness.
Chang et al. 2017	Circumference and volume	Preop: 4.92±2.16 cm, 2,729±1,335 mL. At 12 mo: 1.58±1.56 cm, 899±895 mL	No episodes at 12 mo postop	ND
Agko et al. 2017	Circumference at 4 levels: PC/midfoot, 10 cm AW/AA, and 10 cm AE/AK and BE/BK	Circumference reduction rate—Post-first stage: UL: 37.8%±1.5%, LL: 38%±2.1%, total: 37.9%±1.8%. Post-second stage: UL: 97.7%±1.3%, LL: 95%±2.7%, total: 96.4%±2.4%	Preop (n=12): 1.8 [1–3] µ. Post-first stage (n=1): 1. Post-second stage (n=0): 0	5 patients presented transient numbness (3 UL, 2 LL), 1 required blood transfusion (LL)	All completely discontinued compression garments (10.8 mo after second stage)
Leppäpuska et al. 2019	Excess volumeΩ	Preop: 978.2±348.3 mL. Postop: 78.0±184.7 mL	Preop (n=10): 1 episode at least. Postop (n=3): 1 episode during follow-up	9 patients presented minor complications (postop numbness, wound infection, limited skin necrosis, seroma), 1 reoperation	Pain alleviated in 4 of 5 patients. Average compression garment use: preop 4.2, postop 2.7
Ciudad et al. 2019	Circumference at 4 levels: PC/midfoot, 10 cm AW/AA, and 10 cm AE/AK and BE/BK	Circumference reduction rate: UL: 90% (85–98%), LL: 85% (80–94%)	No episodes at 6 mo postop	Postop numbness	Significant alleviation of symptoms related to lymphedema

*, average onset of erysipelas per year; ^β, 5 patients underwent lymph node flap debulking 6 mo postop; ^δ, by measuring circumference at 10 cm intervals and using a truncated cone formula with parallel apex and base, frustum. Excess limb volume was calculated as a percentage in excess compared to the contralateral limb; ^µ, No. episodes per patient; ^Ω, by measuring circumference at 4 cm intervals and using Brorson’s truncated cone model. ND, not discussed; N/A, not applicable; PC, palmar crease; W, wrist; MF, mid forearm; E, elbow; MU, mid upper arm; PU, proximal upper arm; AE, above elbow; AK, above knee; BE, below elbow; BK, below knee; AW, above wrist; AA, above ankle; UL, upper limb; LL, lower limb.

Seven studies measured skin infection episodes reduction after surgery. All reported an overall decrease in skin infection episodes after surgery. In addition, four studies reported complications associated with the surgical procedure. Only two major complications were reported: one patient who underwent two-stage procedure (VLNT as first stage, and tumescent liposuction as second stage) required perioperative blood transfusion; and one patient who underwent a one-stage procedure, VLNT and wet liposuction, required reoperation due to arterial thrombosis. Minor complications reported were transient limb/finger numbness, knee or dorsal foot edema or limited skin necrosis.

Quality of life was improved with the use of these surgical approaches. Various studies reported alleviation of symptoms related to lymphedema, including improved limb heaviness and activity. Compression garment use was also reduced or discontinued.

Discussion

The surgical treatment for lymphedema is generally divided into 2 categories: debulking and physiological procedures. While the purpose of debulking procedures is to alleviate lymphedema burden via removal of all pathological tissues (24,25), physiological procedures aim to restore the aberrant lymphatic drainage system. Liposuction is a debulking procedure; although it is able to provide effective symptomatic relief, patients must adhere to strict lifelong compression therapy as liposuction does not address lymphostasis (1,26). Therefore, the addition of a physiological procedure becomes necessary for a comprehensive surgical management of the fluid component of lymphedema.

Both LVA and VLNT allow the diversion of the lymphatic fluid into the venous system (11). However, the latter entails greater morbidity and complication rates (27). LVA is particularly effective in earlier stages of extremity lymphedema. In a cohort of more than 2,600 patients who underwent multiple LVAs, a significant reduction in excess limb volume of over 84% was reported. Moreover, over 86% of patients with early stage lymphedema progressively discontinued conservative therapies, while 42% with later stages decreased frequency of physical therapies (28). These results suggest additional therapies might be required for later stages.

Although more advanced lymphedema stages are not considered absolute contraindication to LVA for some surgeons (25,29,30), we believe that, for these stages, it is not only necessary to bypass the lymphatic system, but also to address the fibrosis and fat deposition through liposuction. Brorson et al. (31,32) concluded that when the limb volume is dominated by fat, removal of the adipose tissue is a sin equa non for achieving complete volume reduction. In this series of patients, therefore, after performing VAL, we performed one or two LVAs in suitable lymphatic vessels close to the transition zone (from linear to abnormal pattern) identified preoperatively with ICG lymphography at the distal aspect of the extremity. In addition, during dissection, these lymphatic vessels were not skeletonized excessively in order to preserve the wall vascularization and innervation. The rationale of this procedure is that the remaining lymphatic fluid accumulates at the most distal site due to gravitational pull, thus the drainage will be the most effective if bypass is done at the distal site of the lymphangiographic transition zone.

The surgical technique used for liposuction in patients with lymphedema is very different than aesthetic or cosmetic liposuction. Hence, some authors describe it as SAL (26) or suction-assisted protein lipectomy (SAPL) (8). It is usually done circumferentially, step-by-step from distal to proximal (31,33). This procedure was first described by O’Brien et al. (4) in 1989 and since popularized by Brorson (32). Various groups have reported their success using this technique (9,26) with pooled results reporting an excess volume reduction of 96.63% (86.24–107.02%) (34).

In our systematic review, different wetting solutions were used for liposuction in the treatment of lymphedema: dry, wet and tumescent. In the dry technique, liposuction is performed without the addition of subcutaneous solution injection (35). The wet technique injects hypotonic saline within the subcutaneous tissue with the purpose of theoretically inducing swelling and hydrolysis (lipolysis) (36). Even though the wet technique causes less blood loss than the dry, it is still excessive. Therefore, in order to improve the safety of the liposuction, more surgeons are now using the tumescent technique; it is defined as 2–3 cc of infiltrate per 1 cc of aspirate (37-39). Usually, the infiltrate includes a mixture of lidocaine, adrenaline and normal saline.

The search of higher effectiveness for liposuction in the treatment of lymphedema led to the introduction of laser lipolysis by Nicoli et al. (12). The laser beam allows the creation of smaller channels through tissue, which translates to a less aggressive liposuction, easier penetration, and a more potent single-stage fibro-lipolysis. In addition, it can also be used to release significant scar tissue after axillary dissection (12). The safety of this technique has been well documented; however, burns are one of its major drawbacks due to the narrow window between the accumulation of localized thermal energy that denatures fibrotic tissue and dermal-epidermal thermal injury (40).

With the need of overcoming the problems presented by the current liposuction techniques and to improve the surgical effectiveness, we used the fourth-generation ultrasound lipoplasty device, which uses continuous low-power ultrasound and high-efficiency, small-diameter solid titanium probes with unique rings and grooves: VASER (41-43). This technology, which is used mainly for aesthetic body contouring and for the high-definition liposuction proposed by Hoyos (42), uses a method for penetrating fatty tissue with ultrasonic energy. This causes the fragmentation of fibrotic tissue and emulsification of fat by three physiological effects: (I) micromechanical effect; (II) cavitational effects produce cell fragmentation and diffusion of the lipid matrix; (III) thermal effect caused by acoustic waves as they pass tissue (42). The ultrasound waves allow the rupture of fibrotic tissue and septa, which not only facilitates extraction, but also preserves vascularization and lymphatic vessels. To decrease the thermal energy produced by the acoustic waves as they traverse tissue, the device includes multiple rings that dissipate the energy in all direction, decreasing the energy emitted through the tip of the probe (42). In addition, we use a tumescent technique (tissue infiltration) to decrease thermal injury even more. This technique reduces the avulsion trauma of the tissues and the postoperative recovery is better; there is less traumatic bruising, sensitivity and better skin draping (42). Indeed, in our cohort, patients were discharged in 24 hours.

Despite its numerous advantages, this technology still has few downsides: it requires a long learning curve, but the ultimate outcome appears to be superior than previous techniques (42). Even though the thermal injury risk is lower than laser-assisted liposuction, it should be considered and prevented by gently advancing the cannula and avoiding prolonged use in the same region. Lymphedema still poses a challenge for the lymphatic surgeon. Surgical management of lymphedema has entered a slow, but steady change in paradigm towards the use of combined surgical approaches in order to comprehensively address the pathophysiological implications of lymphedema. The ideal surgical management of lymphedema implies thoroughly addressing the solid and fluid component of the condition reducing at its minimum the complication rates and ensuring enduring outcomes.

Conclusions

With the increase in the number of surgical procedures in the armamentarium for the treatment of lymphedema, surgeons and researchers in this field are now driven to find the ideal surgical strategy. Increasingly, the balance leans towards combined surgical procedures. We found that in patients with advanced stage lymphedema, a single-stage surgical procedure including VAL and LVAs is feasible, safe, and adequately allows the reduction of limb size. The findings of this study allow the summary of various techniques, and the use of the described one-stage technique has potentially key implications for the surgical treatment of extremity lymphedema.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The institutional review board approved the study (CC No: DMR002- IRB-112) and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.